HomeMy WebLinkAbout05/03/2011 10 Maple Street Incinerator Historic Property Designation DEFERRED FOR 30 DAYS • BUSINESS OF THE CITY COUNCIL
YAKIMA, WASHINGTON
AGENDA STATEMENT
Item No. / O
For Meeting of: May 3, 2011
ITEM TITLE: Adoption of Resolution approving the Maple Street Incinerator designation as a
historic property and placement on the Yakima Register of Historic Places.
SUBMITTED BY: Joan Davenport
Acting Director of Community and Economic Development
CONTACT PERSON /TELEPHONE: Vaughn McBride
Associate Planner (576 -6315)
SUMMARY EXPLANATION:
As property owners the City Council must authorize the resolution • granting the Historic
Preservation Commission's recommendation for designation of the Maple Street Incinerator as
a historic property on the Yakima Register of Historic Places.
On January 26, 2011, the Historic Preservation Commission issued a written recommendation
for approval of this application nominating the Maple Street Incinerator to the Yakima Register
of Historic Places. The Historic Preservation Commission conducted an open record public
0 hearing on January 26, 2011 to review the nomination. This nomination has been a topic of
discussion and public participation at several subsequent Commission monthly meetings. The
Commission has worked diligently to include pertinent and relevant information. The Historic
Preservation •Commission and Council Liaison Lover recommend acceptance of this
nomination.
Resolution X Ordinance_ Contract _ Other Report of Findings
Funding Source
APPROVAL FOR SUBMITTAL: C~`�-
City Manager
STAFF RECOMMENDATION: Adopt Resolution
BOARD RECOMMENDATION: Yakima Historic Preservation Commission recommends
approval of this nomination of the Maple Street Incinerator to the Yakima Register of Historic
Places.
COUNCIL ACTION:
0
• RESOLUTION NO. R- 2011 -
A RESOLUTION relating to historic preservation; adding the City of Yakima Maple Street
Incinerator, a property designated by the Yakima Historic . Preservation Commission under
Chapter 11.62 of the City of Yakima Municipal Code, to the Yakima Register of Historic Places;
and imposing controls upon construction, renovation and /or repair thereof.
WHEREAS, the Yakima. Historic Preservation Ordinance For Special Valuation, codified at
Chapter 11.62 of the City of Yakima Municipal Code, establishes a procedure for the
identification, designation, preservation and rehabilitation of structures and areas having
historical, cultural, architectural, archaeological engineering or geographic importance; and
WHEREAS, pursuant to the provisions of Section 11.62.045 of the City of Yakima Municipal
Code, after public meeting held on January 26, 2011, the Yakima Historic Preservation
Commission voted to approve the nomination of the property described below as a historic
property based on findings of fact which constitute the basis for the approval, has transmitted its
decision to the City Council for consideration, and has recommended that the same be approved
by the City Council; and
WHEREAS it appears that the property embodies the distinctive architectural characteristics of a
method of design; and exemplifies Yakima's political history, and such designation would foster
civic pride in the beauty and accomplishments of the past; that the designation thereof would
enhance the City's attraction to tourists and visitors; that the use of the historic building for the
education, stimulation, and welfare of the people would be promoted, and the continued
economic viability of the building would be preserved; and
0 WHEREAS, based upon said findings, the Yakima City Council believes that it would be in the
best interest of the City to so designate the property described below as a historic property and
place it on the Yakima Register of Historic Places;
Now, Therefore, be it resolved by the City Council of the City of Yakima:
Section 1. DESIGNATION. That, pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 11.62 of the City of
Yakima Municipal Code, the Yakima City Council approves the designation of the following
property as a historic property and places said property on the Yakima Register of Historic
Places:
Maple Street Incinerator; more particularly described as:
ADDRESS: 317 Fair Avenue, Yakima, WA 98901
LEGAL DESCRIPTION: Located in the. SW corner of the original 10 -acre tract within
Parcel # 191320- 23030, which is within Parcel A, also known as "the East 300 feet of ,
the South 396 feet of the SW 1 /4 of the NW 1 /4 of Section 20, Township 13 North,
Range 19 E.W.M., EXCEPT the South 39 feet for street. Also the West 475 feet of
the SE 1 /4 of the NW 1 /4 of Section 20, Township 13 North, Range 19, E.E.M. EXCEPT
the South 30 feet for street.
PARCEL NUMBER: 191320 -23030
is designated as a historic landmark based upon its satisfaction of the following standards of
YMC11.62.045(A):
Category 1: Embodies the distinctive architectural characteristics of a type, period, style, or
• method of design or construction, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity
whose components may lack individual distinction;
- r
Category 2: Exemplifies or reflects special elements of Yakima's cultural, special, economic,
political, aesthetic, engineering, or architectural history; and
Category 4: Exemplifies or reflects special elements of. Yakima's cultural, special,
economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, or architectural history.
SECTION 2. CONSTRUCTION, RESTORATION AND REPAIR. Prior to the commencement of
any construction, restoration and /or repair work on a property listed on the Yakima Register of
Historic Places, the owner shall request and receive any necessary Certificate of
Appropriateness from the Historic Preservation Commission for the proposed work pursuant to
YMC Section 11.62.045D and 11.62.050, and shall comply with the provisions of YMC Section
11.62.050 when prosecuting said work. Any violations of these requirements shall be grounds
for the Commission to review the property for possible removal from the Yakima Register of
Historic Places.
ADOPTED BY THE CITY COUNCIL this 3rd day of May, 2011.
ATTEST: Micah Cawley, Mayor
City Clerk
,..-‘ 4ritik t
• 1
CITY OF YAKIMA
HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION
Staff Report of Findings
Nomination to the Yakima Register of Historic Places
Staff Report of Findings
Nomination to the Yakima Register of Historic Places
Date: January 26, 2011
•
Applicant: City of Yakima Maple Street Incinerator
Address: 317 Fair Avenue, Yakima
Nomination Author: Nancy Kenmotsu, Ph. D
City of Yakima
Historic Preservation Commission
Staff Liaison: Vaughn McBride, Associate Planner,
Nomination
City of Yakima Historic Preservation Commission member, Nancy Kenmotsu, on
behalf of the city's Historic Preservation Commission, has initiated nomination
procedures for designation review of the City of Yakima Maple Street Incinerator,
located in the vicinity of Maple Street and Fair Avenue, Yakima at 317 Fair Avenue
• to be placed on the Yakima Register of Historic Places.
2
Under the provisions of the Yakima Historic Preservation Ordinance the Yakima
Historic Preservation Commission .(Commission) is directed to initiate and maintain
a Yakima Register of Historic Places (YRHP or Register) and to review nominations
to the Register.
Any building, structure, site, object or district may be placed on the Register if:
1. The Commission determines that it meets YRHP criteria; and
2. The Yakima City Council grants approval.
Any individual, group of property owners or other interested group or association,
City Council member, Yakima Historic Preservation Commission member or
Commission as a whole may nominate a building, structure, site, object or district
for inclusion on the Register. Owner consent is required for placement of said
property on the Yakima Register of Historic Places.
Yakima Register of Historic Places Criteria
The following are criteria for the inclusion of properties on the Yakima Register of
Historic Places:
Any building, structure, site, object or district may be placed on the Register if it is
significantly associated with the history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, or
cultural heritage of Yakima; has integrity; is at least 40 years old, or if younger,
possesses exceptional importance; and if it meets at least one of the following
criteria:
1. It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to
the broad patterns of national, state or local history.
2. It embodies the distinctive architectural characteristics of a type, period,
style, or method of construction, or represents a significant and
distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
3. Is an outstanding work of a designer, builder or architect who has made a
substantial contribution to the art.
4. It exemplifies reflects special elements of the City's cultural, special,
economic, political, aesthetic, engineering or architectural history.
Commission Members
Byron Gumz • Scott Irons • Nancy Kenmotsu • Joe Mann • Karl Pasten • Greg Rainka
Jenifer Wilde- McMurtrie
3
5. It is associated with the lives of persons significant in national, state of
local history.
6. It has yielded or is likely to yield important archaeological information
related to history or prehistory.
7. It is a building or structure removed from its original location but which is
significant primarily for architectural value, or which is the only surviving
structure significantly associated with an historic persons or event.
8. It is a birthplace or grave of an historical figure of outstanding importance
and is the only surviving structure or site associated with that person.
9. It is a cemetery that derives its primary significance from age, from
distinctive design features, or from association with historic events or
cultural patterns.
10. It is a creative and unique example of folk or vernacular architecture and
design created by persons not formally trained in the architectural or
design professions, and which does not fit into formal architectural or
historical categories.
• FINDINGS OF FACT
Any building, structure, site, object, or district may be designated for inclusion in the
Yakima Register of Historic Places if it is significantly associated with the history,
architecture, archaeology, engineering, or cultural heritage of the community; if it has
integrity; is at lease forty (40) years old, or is of lesser age and has exceptional
importance; and it falls in at least one of the following categories:
The City of Yakima Maple Street Incinerator meets the 40 -year age criteria
established for listing on the Yakima Register of Historic Places. The Yakima
Incinerator was constructed in 1935: as a safe, responsible method of waste disposal
to address a growing population and the resultant increase in pollution and health
concerns, as a viable alternative to landfills. Located in the vicinity of Maple Street
and Fair Avenue (317 Fair Avenue), the Maple Street Incinerator is eligible for listing
in the Yakima Register of Historic Places under Criteria One and Two and Four.
•
Commission Members
Byron Gumz • Scott Irons • Nancy Kenrotsu • Joe Mann • Karl Pasten • Greg Rainka
Jenifer Wilde - McMurtrie
4
Criterion 1: It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to
the broad patterns of national, state or local history. •
The Maple Street Incinerator is associated with the programs and
projects of the New Deal under Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
Criterion 2: Embodies the distinctive architectural characteristics of a type, period,
style, or method of design or construction, or represents a significant
and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual
distinction.
The Maple Street Incinerator represents one of the incinerators built
using the "United States Standard" during the first half of the twentieth
century by the Pittsburg Des Moines Steel Company. The Maple Street
Incinerator has had almost no alterations and retains its original integrity
of design and workmanship.
The Maple Street Incinerator was constructed as a rectangular, two -story
building. The west side of the structure, where the furnace was placed,
was built into the terrace as was the chimney; the remainder of the •
incinerator was built on the lower ground level. The structure itself was
constructed using red brick with a reddish /orange tiled roof. The low-
pitch gabled roof consists of metal covered in Spanish tile. The gable
ends have high parapets that follow the roof slope but turn horizontal
several feet before reaching each corner, giving the structure a simple,
appealing facade. The parapets are also of the same red brick used in
the remainder of the structure. The ground floor has a double door to
serve as a loading dock and double utilitarian doors for human entry.
Only one facade of the ground floor is fully visible. The north and south
walls of the ground floor are mostly blocked by the dirt entry ramps
leading to the center metal drawstring doors where garbage was
delivered for incineration. Like the remainder of the .structure, these
ramps remain largely as originally built.
The second story of the structure was the primary work area where
garbage was delivered and placed into the furnace. All four walls of this
level each have two windows with sturdy metal frames that appear to •
Commission Members
Byron Gumz • Scott Irons • Nancy Kenmotsu • Joe Mann • Karl Pasten • Greg Rainka
Jenifer Wilde- McMurtrie
5
have once had the ability to swing open for ventilation. The upper and
lower sills of the windows were made of brick placed in a perpendicular
fashion to add detail to the structure. Adjacent to the west wall of the
incinerator is an approximately 100 -foot tall chimney constructed of
cement with steel reinforcing rods, built by the Rust Engineering
Company of Pittsburg. The Maple Street Incinerator chimney measures
eight feet in diameter at ground level, tapering to approximately six feet
at its highest point. A series of metal rungs, used to inspect the
structure, were placed along the north side of the chimney from the
ground to the top.
Although incineration ceased over 50 years ago, few changes have been
made to the structure. Some of the boulders used along the sides of
each ramp have been removed. Some window panes are broken and in
need of repair;, these windows are grated on their interior to prevent
vandalism of the structure's interior. Most of the brick has been painted
a variety of colors, and a few of the lower metal rungs on the chimney
were removed to prevent people from climbing to the top. In all other
aspects the structure and its ramps and chimney remain intact.
Criterion 4: Exemplifies or ,reflects special elements of Yakima's cultural, special,
economic, ' apolitical, aesthetic, engineering, or architectural history.
The Maple Street Incinerator reflects the city's political history in a
unique manner. Specifically, elected officials in the mid -1930s were
concerned with existing waste disposal methods and determined that it
was time to turn to alternative solutions. The Yakima Incinerator
exemplifies municipal efforts to improve community health and
sanitation with then state -of- the -art technology, and removed a
hazardous and visibly unattractive open landfill that was polluting the
Yakima River.
Prior to the construction of the Maple Street Incinerator household and
municipal waste were often discarded at private, informal open landfills
outside of the city or along the fringes of farmlands. Often expanding
• populations in a city would form as a separate but adjacent community
Commission Members
Byron Gumz • Scott Irons • Nancy Kenmotsu • Joe Mann • Karl Pasten • Greg Rainka
Jenifer Wilde - McMurtrie
6
around these landfills. By the end of the 19th century municipalities,
large and small faced daunting challenges with disposal of wastes.
Publically- funded removal of garbage imposed consideration of where to
put it and how to fund its operations. In landlocked cities commercial
waste and household garbage was disposed via burn piles or taken to
open landfills. Most of these landfills were unregulated and private until
the 20th century. This disposal method was thought to contribute to the
spread of disease and an increase in pollution caused by the use of both
burn piles and landfills. Incinerators represented a safe, responsible,
state -of- the -art alternative.
SUMMARY
The City of Yakima Maple Street Incinerator building and associated chimney
followed a prototype of incinerator built using the "United States Standard" during
the first half of the 20th century by the Pittsburg Des Moines Steel Company which
by 1920 had begun constructing incinerators for municipalities and private
businesses across the United States. The adjacent 100 -foot tall chimney was built 41
by the Rust Engineering Company of Pittsburg which p Y g ch operated from 1905 ca.
1995. The tapering walls of the chimney and the details at the top . of the chimney
closely matches details of chimneys of that era shown in a collection of images
from the Rust Engineering Company at the Historic Pittsburg Image Collection at
the University of Pittsburg.
The City of Yakima Maple Street Incinerator represents a fine example of municipal
efforts; specifically the efforts of Mayor Harry C. Temple, to improve community
health and sanitation with then state-of-the-art technology and remove a
hazardous and visibly unattractive . open landfill that was polluting the Yakima
River. The incinerator is also representative of the programs and projects of the
New Deal under Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt's New Deal Projects -the
Project Works Administration (PWA) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA)-
gave Yakima the financial backing for infrastructure projects to employ men on the
relief roles.
Commission Members
Byron Gumz • Scott Irons • Nancy Kenmotsu • Joe Mann • Karl Pasten • Greg Rainka
Jenifer Wilde- McMurtrie
r ..
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
• 4 )f' Yakima Register of Historic Places Received
Nomination Form
Type all entries
1. Name of Property
Historic: Maple Street Incinerator
And /or common: Yakima Incinerator
2. Location
Street and number: Maple St and Fair Avenue (in vicinity of 317 Fair Avenue)
City: Yakima State: WA Zip: 98901
3. Classification
Category Ownership Status Present Use
District X Public Occupied Agriculture Museum
Building(s) Private X Unoccupied Commercial X Park
X Structure Both Work in progress Educational Residential
Site Public Acquisition. Accessible Entertainment Religious
Object In process X Yes: restricted X Government Scientific
Being considered Yes: unrestricted Industrial Transportation
• No Military Other
4. Owner of Property
Name: City of Yakima
Street and number: 129 N. 2nd Street
City: Yakima State: WA Zip: 98901
Telephone (509) 575 -6000 Email
5. Physical Description
Condition Check one Check one
Excellent Deteriorated X Unaltered X Original site
X Good Ruins Altered Moved Date
Fair Unexposed
Narrative description of the present and original physical appearance is found on one or more continuation
sheets.
•
6. Significance 110
Year Built .1936 Builder /Architect Pittsburg -Des Moines Incinerator Company
Significant under Criterion 1: is associated with the programs and projects of the New Deal under Franklin
Delano Roosevelt; Criterion 2: embodies the distinctive architectural characteristics of a method of design;
and, Criterion 4: exemplifies Yakima's political history. .
Narrative description of the history and significance of the property to Yakima's heritage is found on one or
more continuation sheets.
7. Major Bibliographical References .,
•
Bibliography is found on one or more continuation sheets.
8. Additional Documentation
•
Maps and photographs are attached.
9. Geographical Data
Verbal Boundary Description: Located in the vicinity 317 Fair Avenue, Yakima. The structure is located in
the SW portion of the original 10 -acre tract, approximately 375 feet east of Fair Avenue and 400 NE of the
intersection of Fair Avenue and Maple Street.
Legal Description: Located in the SW corner of the original 10 -acre tract within parcel # 191320- 23030,
which is within Parcel A, also known as "the East 300 feet of the South 396 feet of the SW 1/4 of the NW'/
of Section 20, Township 13 North, Range 19 E.W.M., EXCEPT the South 39 feet for street.. Also the West
475 feet of the SE % of the NW'/ of Section 20, Township 13 North, Range 19, E.W.M. EXCEPT the
South 30 feet for street.
•
Tax Parcel Number: 191320 -23030
Plat Name: Block: Lot(s)
10. Form Prepared By
Name/Title: Nancy Kenmotsu, Ph.D.
Organization: Yakima Historic Preservation Commission Date: February 12, 2011
Street and number: 129 N Second Street Telephone: (509) 965 -3020
City or town: Yakima State: WA Zip: 98901
Email: nkenmotsu @geo- marine.com
Name /Title: Maud Scott, SENIC agent
Organization: South East Neighborhood Improvement Date: February 12, 2011
Committee (SENIC)
Street and number: 309 Union Street Telephone: (509) 457 -1060
City or town: Yakima State: WA Zip 98901
Email: senicyakima @gmail.com
11. Signature of Property Owner
•
•
5. Physical Description.
•
The only items covered by this nomination are the incinerator building, its two ramp s, and the associated
chimney. No other part of Kiwanis Park is part of this nomination.
The Maple Street Incinerator is a rectangular, two -story structure built into a natural bench formation near
the southwestern corner of what was originally a 10 -acre tract bounded on the west by Fair Avenue and on
the south by Maple Street. The natural bench is actually part of the terrace system for the Yakima River, a
braided river whose modern course lies some 0.75 miles east of the structure (Figures 1 -3). The
placement of the incinerator at this location within the tract was a deliberate choice as the intent was to
dispose of the ash from the incinerator in the lower portions of the tract (i.e., the former flood plain of the
river) that lay to the east of the structure (Yakima Daily Republic 1935d). The west side of the structure,
where the furnace was placed, was built into the terrace as was the chimney; the remainder of the
incinerator was built on the lower ground surface.
An approximately 100 -foot high concrete smokestack is attached at the foundation of the structure's west
wall. The structure itself was constructed using red brick with a reddish /orange tiled roof (Figure 4). The
plant was constructed as a two -level American bond - patterned red brick structure. The American bond
pattern consists of a row of brick "headers" (bricks laid with their narrow ends to the exterior) followed by
. five rows of bricks laid parallel to the surface of the wall.. This pattern, a structurally strong pattern often
used in 19 and 20 century structures and buildings, was employed throughout the incinerator. The
incinerator measures 38 feet east -west by 35 feet north- south, and is approximately 20 feet tall (see Figure
2). The gabled roof has a low pitch and consists of metal covered by Spanish tile. The gable ends have
high parapets that follow the roof slope but turn horizontal several feet before reaching each corner, giving
the structure a simple, appealing facade (Figure 5). The parapets are also of the same red brick used in
the remainder of the structure. Wide bands of brickwork in relief set out along the vertical center, edges,
and corners of the building outline the east face of the building. Brickwork in relief emphasizes the roofline
in the same manner, with three courses of detailing around the gable and the wide horizontal brick header
above two large sets of windows.
The ground floor, from where the ash was removed, has an industrial -sized double door to serve as a
loading dock and double utilitarian doors for human entry. Only one facade of the ground floor (the
eastern one) is fully visible (Figure 6). The north and south walls of the ground floor are mostly blocked by
- the dirt entry ramps leading to the center metal drawstring doors where garbage was delivered for
incineration (see Figure 4). Like the remainder of the structure, these ramps remain largely as originally
built. They were buttressed by large, dry-laid river rocks. The side walls of the final approximately 1 feet
of the ramp was reinforced with mortared cement blocks that were also used in construction of the
structure's foundation. These ramps are 75 feet (north ramp) and 90 feet long (south ramp); they each
gradually rise to meet the metal doors. While operating details of the incinerator were not found, it is likely
that the trucks entered, from one ramp, drove into the second story to discharge their loads, and, once
emptied, drove out on the opposite ramp.
The second story of the structure was the primary work area where garbage was delivered and placed into
the furnace. All four walls of this level . each have two rectangular windows. All windows are multi -paned
and have sturdy, utilitarian steel frames. The second and third rows of windows tilt, on pivots to allow
natural airflow. The front or east face of the building has the largest surface of windows, with two twenty-
paned sections adjacent to one another (with a total of 40 glass panes) on either side of the protruding
center column brickwork for a total of 80 glass panes on the upper story. The upper arid lower sills of the
windows were made of brick placed in a perpendicular fashion to add detail to the structure (see Figure 7).
On the lower level of the eastern half of the structure,. between the brickwork columns on the north and
south ends of the incinerator and the entry and exit ramps, are two windows that are presently boarded
over. The. width of the area matches that of the upper floor windows above them, but they are four rather
than five rows high due to the closeness to the foundation of the structure. These windows are otherwise
of the same design and materials but with only 16 panes.
•
0 Adjacent to the west wall of the incinerator is an approximately 100-foot tall chimney (Figure 8). It was
constructed of cement with steel reinforcing rods' and was built by the Rust Engineering Company of
Pittsburg (Figure 9), using Edgar Boyd Kay's patented "smokeless incinerator" design. Their name is on
the door at the base of the chimney. That company operated out of the same city as the Pittsburg Des
Moines Steel Company from 1905 to ca. 1995; by 2006 it had become part of the Washington Group, one
of the' largest construction and engineering firms in the country (Rust 1940). The Rust Engineering
Company, in addition to providing the furnace for the Maple 'Street Incinerator, also constructed many
industrial chimneys or smoke stacks across the country. The tapering walls -of the chimney in the Maple
Street Incinerator and the details at the top of the chimney match closely details of chimneys shown in a
collection of images from the Rust Engineering Company at the Historic Pittsburg Image Collection at the
University of Pittsburg. The design consists of two linear bands encircling the tower and situated above
and below equilateral triangles imprinted in the concrete. The triangles in the design are also part of the
■
Rust Engineering logo that is seen in the details on the cast metal door affixed to the base of the
smokestack .(see .Figure 9). As well, the introduction to that collection states that the Rust Engineering
Company specialized in the design and construction of equipment and structures for heavy industry and
was a leading builder. of industrial chimneys and furnaces in the 20 century. The Yakima Incinerator
chimney measures eight feet •in diameter at ground level; tapering to ca. 6 feet at its highest point (based
on visual estimates). A series of metal rungs, used to inspect the structure, were placed along the north
side of the chimney from the ground, to the top. .
The Maple Street Incinerator ceased to function in 1942 (Yakima Daily Republic 1'949), a short six years
after it was constructed. For a sustained period, the plant was used for storage: During this time most
incineration equipment was removed. At the completion of construction of the incinerator in 1936, the City
of Yakima was given a bronze plaque. The plaque was discovered in 2007 stored in the warehouse of
Yakima Public Works. The plaque is approximately two -feet by 2.5 -feet in size and bears the words:
ID CITY OF YAKIMA
MAPLE STREET INCINERATOR
Erected A. D. 1936
Harry C. Temple, Mayor
Ray Washburn, Commissioner - Finance
Geo. W. Clark, Commissioner — Public Works
Pittsburgh —Des Moines Steel Co
General Contractor
•
Although incineration ceased over 50 years ago, few changes have been made to the structure. Some of
the boulders used along the sides of each ramp have been removed. Some'wiindow panes are broken and
need to be repaired;, all are grated on their interior to prevent vandalism of the structure's interior. Most of
the brick has been painted a variety of colors, and a few of the lower metal rungs on the chimney were
• removed to prevent people from climbing to the top. In all other respects the structure and its ramps and
chimney remain in tact. . .
As noted, when the incinerator ceased operation before 1952, the 10 -acre tract including the structure
were quit claim' deeded to the Yakima Kiwanis Club. The property at the east end of Maple Street had •long been a park; it' was designated as Sumach Park by William SteinWeg its builder (who may have
created or expanded the existing ponds in Kiwanis Park) and "provided welcome relief from summer heat
for those families unable to make the long trek to Soda Springs" (Martin et al. 1985:69). The Kiwanis Club
made the property into a park for all residents, and the property has been designated as Kiwanis Park
since that time (Yakima Republic 1'957). In 1954, the. Kiwanis Club signed a Warranty Deed granting
ownership of the property to the Metropolitan 'Park District of Yakima (Record No 19563). In 1969, the
• Park District was dissolved. Shortly before its dissolution, it granted a quit claim deed for the Park
District's assets, including this structure and park, to the City of Yakima (Record 2209208). In the years
since the incinerator ceased operations, the Kiwanis Club and the City have purchased or been given
funds to acquire additional acreage for the park, and to make improvements such as picnic shelters, paved
•
parking, ball fields, and, most recently, a skate park_ that is immediately west of the incinerator (Yakima
Herald Republic 2003; Yakima Republic 1957). Surrounded by these improvements, the structure today i�
currently used to store lawn mowers and Yakima Parks and Recreation equipment.
It. is worth noting that during the various transfers or additions to Kiwanis Park, decisions have always
included the retention of the Maple Street Incinerator. Consideration of removal of the structure was made
in 2007 during planning of the skate "park. However, that would have resulted in additional environmental
review for possible contaminants or carcinogens at the site. As part of the 2007 review for the skate park,
the Maple Street Incinerator was determined eligible for listing on the National Register by the Department
of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (draft May 4, 2007 letter by Dick Zais on file at the Yakima Parks
and Recreation Department).
•
6. Significance..
Yakima's Maple Street Incinerator is an industrial structure that represents a fine example of municipal
efforts to improve community health and sanitation with then state -of- the -art technology and remove a
• hazardous and visibly unattractive open landfill that was polluting the Yakima River. It was constructed in
1936 on 10 -acres purchased for this specific project by the City of Yakima at the height of the Great
Depression using President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal Federal Emergency Relief
Administration's programs to fund materials and manpower. The property is eligible for designation in the
Yakima Register of Historic" Places under criteria 1, 2, and 4 as set forth in 11,.62.065 of Ordinance No.
2005 -02. The period of significance for the Maple Street Incinerator is 1935, the year when it was built, to
1951 the year when the city made decisions to quit claim deed the property to the Kiwanis Club to renovate
the surrounding land into a large park.
Criterion 1 states that the property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to
the broad patterns of national, state, or local history. In the mid- 1930s, the Great Depression was in ful
force. Money for infrastructure repair and expansion was scarce for municipalities. The Great Depression
and Dust Bowl sent destitute families to Yakima in search of work. Small homes and infrastructure were
needed to house the struggling newcomers and families arriving in Yakima. Jobs were needed to support
families. Roosevelt's New Deal Projects —the Project Works Administration (PWA) and the Works
Progress Administration (WPA)---gave Yakima the financial backing for infrastructure projects to employe
men on the relief roles. The Yakima Maple Street Incinerator is a project of the New Deal.
In the 1910 census, Yakima had a population of 14,082. By 1920, the figure had grown to 18,539. During
the decade after World War I, Yakima had established itself as the largest city in central Washingtion.
Agriculture and associated warehouses and canneries were the principle industry. The 1930 census
reported the city with a population of 22,100: Another 5,000 people were densely settled in surrounding
unincorporated areas, making a population of ca: 30,000.
The peace and prosperity of the decade following victory in World War I had been shattered at home in
October 1929 when the stock market crashed. Banks and small businesses failed; factories closed. One
quarter of all workers were unemployed. An estimated 12 to 15 million people were unemployed at the
height of the Great Depression. Foreclosures on homes, businesses, family farms, and farmland became
common (World Book Encyclopedia 1988).
This period was marked by a struggle for life in America's midsection. Years of poor farming practices on
grasslands, combined with dramatic climatic changes, created the "Dust Bowl." Farning families and
communities from the Dakotas to Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico saw once productive land turn
fallow, their fortunes and health destroyed, as topsoil blew away in gigantic dust storms around them.
Transition from the decade of. the "Roaring Twenties: to the :Dirty Thirties" was a financial and emotional
roller coaster ride. Americans lost more than their fortunes and property. They lost hope, and were losing
faith in our government. In 1932: President Herbert Hoover's opponent, Roosevelt, successfully
campaigned on the promise of "a new deal for the American people."
Following his inauguration in March 1933, President Roosevelt called Congress into a special session
known as The One Hundred iDays. Legislation enacted during that session reformed financial institutions
• and business practices. Programs were created to help the needy get back to work. For example, Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC) provided housing, training, and jobs in conservation and reforestation for needy
young men across the nation. The PWA created large numbers of jobs for people, building new roads,
irrigation canals, schools, parks, courthouses, bridges, etc. During the Second One Hundred Days,
Congress approved the WPA to-provide employment to those on relief roofs building public facilities (World
Book Encyclopedia 1988):
"Nationwide, the 1930s was the first decade in the United States' history when the number of young
children declined. Never before had the birthrate, at Tess than 20 children per 1,000 women of
childbearing age been so low" (Egan 2006:169). Yet, during this same period, Yakima experiences
tremendous growth in school enrollment and it became necessary to expand building capacity, in particular
in the area surrounding the Yakima Maple Street Incinerator. That growth resulted . from the mass
migration of thousands of destitute farm families to productive agricultural areas with better climate. The
fruit orchard country of Washington was one such destination, adding a new dimension to the increasing
population of Yakima and outlying regions (Egan 2006:165).
- New Deal programs for Yakima County include many examples of PWA and WPA projects such as
campgrounds, parks, logging roads, etc. (Abel n.d.: 272 -285). Parents of children attending local schools
often worked close to their neighborhoods on WPA projects building streets, curbs, irrigation lines, sewer
lines, or water lines. They were common men struggling in uncommon times. One such parent was J. E.
Appleby, father of three young boys, who moved his family from South Dakota to Washington in 1935. By
1936 the family lived just out side the city limits of Yakima and the boys were enrolled in Adams
Elementary School. Projects funded by PWA and WPA provided Mr. Appleby steady work, took him off
relief rools, and stabilized his uprooted family (Appleby n.d.).
The Yakima Maple Street Incinerator and grounds were built using both PWA and WPA programs. In his
•
application for funding from the WPA, City Engineer C. E. Crownover estimated that it would employ local
citizens on relief rolls for site preparation, plant construction, and landscaping the grounds. He estimated
skilled labor would consist of an average daily number of 31 men working as masons (3), carpenters (7),
cement workers (4), plasterers (3), iron workers (2), painters (3), and other trades (6) and foreman (2).
Three days later he amended this estimated to 69 men working on the construction. An additional team of
clerical and professional service providers brought the estimated total to 107 people employed on the
project. Yakima received proportionate reimbursement for the time certain regular employees spend on
correspondence, accounting, engineering, testing, and oversight of the project (WPA Archives 1935).
Although 10 acres of land were purchased from Edith Taylor for the purpose of building the plant, when the
bill itemizing costs incurred , by the City were submitted for reimbursement, the PWA officials only
authorized 50 percent of the land acquisition. The City justified the purchase of such a large site stating
that it was the intent of city engineers that should greated capacity be required in the future, additional
facilities could be fuilt on the remainder of the property.
Though this project was only in operation from 1936 to 1942, it stands today as a reminder of the hard -
times when hardworking Americans endured. This visible landmark is a monument to the New Deal and to
President Roosevelt, to deliver on his pledge of "a new deal for the American people." It embodies the
original intent and character of a WPA- funded industrial property.
Criterion 2 states: "[The property] embodies the distinctive architectural characteristics of a type, period,
style, or method of design or construction, or represents a significant distinguishable entity whose
components may lack individual distinction." The function of the Maple Street Incinerator was utilitarian.
The architecture was intended to appeal to the human perspective from the street. The building is
modestly embellished red brick, with a massing of daylight glass and a towering Art Deco smoke Stack.
The smokestack is a highly visible icon in East Yakima. The project was designed to utilize the existing
topography. Substantial buildings of this type are rare in Yakima. The Yakima Incinerator was built by the
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Pittsburg Des Moines Steel Company which was formally established as a business in Pennsylvania in
1916 (FTC 2005). By about 1920, the company had begun constructing incinerators for municipalities an
private businesses across the United States (Yakima Daily Republic 1936). The incinerators built by the
an
Pittsburg Des Moines Steel Company followed a Y
p y prototype a YP that varied primarily size between one
location and another. This variation was to accommodate the size of the municipality and the quantity of
garbage to be incinerated. In an advertisement in the American Journal of Public Health in 1928, the
company stated that its incinerators represented the "United States Standard." In another advertisement
from about the same time period (Figure 10), the company states that its incinerator "is the one incinerator
built upon standard principals" and that these structures are the "United States Standard" (Pittsburg Des
Moines Steel n.d.). Figure 10 illustrates one of Pittsburg Des Moines' incinerators at Rockville Center,
New York, and it shows remarkable similarities to the. Yakima Incinerator. The lower (ground) floor of the
Rockville Center structure is greatly expanded beyond the lower floor' at the Yakima Incinerator, but the
second floor is small with two loading /unloading docks and an external tower or chimney mirroring the
Yakima facility, indicating that the Maple Street Incinerator followed a prototype (Le., the "United States
Standard ") designed and built by the Pittsburg Des Moines Steel Company in numerous other cities
throughout the country. Small modifications could be made to the design to adjust the design to the local
topography and unique needs of each local community.
Use of a prototype design may help explain why this company turned in the lowest bid of the four firms that
bid on the project. The Pittsburg Des Moines Steel Company bid $46,500 for the project. This was not
only lower than the bids of the other three firms that bid, it was considerably lower than the costs the city
engineer had estimated would be needed for the project. He estimated the cost, excluding the cost of the
land, would be approximately $76,000 .(Yakima Daily Republic 1935a). In fact, in anticipation of the
project, Yakima sought and received from the state's federal office of the Public Works Administration
(PWA) a grant of $76,889 (Yakima Daily Republic 1935b). However, because that grant was predicated
on the PWA paying no more than 45 percent of the total costs, the PWA's actual payment was
substantially less because the winning bid was substantially less than anticipated (Yakima Daily Republi�
1935c).
The Maple Street Incinerator, then, represents one of the incinerators built using the "United States
Standard" during the first half of the twentieth century by the Pittsburg Des Moines Steel Company. No
data could be found on how many of these "United States Standard" incinerators are still standing. It is
likely, however, that some (perhaps many) have been demolished particularly if they were located in
heavily growing urban centers: The Maple Street Incinerator, in contrast, has had almost no alterations.
Under Criterion 2, the essential aspects of integrity are location, design, materials, workmanship, and
feeling. These aspects of integrity would be required to convey the architectural characteristics that were
inherent in industrial properties from the 1930s. Integrity of setting and association are less important to
Criterion 2 as these types of properties are generally considered without regard to their physical
surroundings and are not associated with an event. In the case of the Maple Street Incinerator, the
structures retains its original integrity of location, design, materials, workmanship, and feeling. Therefore,
it meets Criterion 2 for listing on the Yakima Register of Historic Places.
Criterion 4 states: "[The property] exemplifies or reflects special elements of Yakima's cultural, special,
economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, or architectural history." The Maple Street Incinerator reflects
the city's political history in a unique way. Specifically, elected officials in the mid -1930s were concerned
with existing waste disposal methods and determined that it was time to turn to alternative solutions. This
is discussed below, beginning with a more general history of waste disposal in the United States and
elsewhere.
Burning to get rid of waste is a very old technology, with the private "bum pile" being the most commonly
accepted method (Pichtel 2005; Wikipedia 2010). It represented a simple and easy form of disposing of
household discard, and is still practiced in some places of the world. The industrial revolution, however,
which wrought changes in nearly all aspects of production and consumption, created significant changes in
patterns of disposal. That revolution led to products of common and not -so- common household goods
being much more readily available (Rogers 2005:31 -36). During the. 18 century, these products were
•
largely manufactured in Europe andtoo expensive for most people in the United States. Many Europeans,
however, could afford them and because they readily available, could replace these products if they
• broke or fell into disrepair. Old patterns. of repairing clothing when torn or worn or recycling the cloth to
quilts, rugs, washcloths, etc., were gradually abandoned. Similarly, repair of tool% .. broken pottery,
furniture, or other items was less commonly practiced; instead the item was simply replaced with a new
one: At the same time, with mass production goods were becoming more ,plentiful.. As they became more
plentiful, they became Tess expensive. More families could afford more. than "one bed, a table, a few
.benches, and a chest or two for clothing" (Rogers 2005:32), and the need to save fat to make candles and
soap less compelling. The discarded food and other items created ever greater household and municipal
waste.. These wastes were often taken to informal landfills outside of the city or at the edge of farnland
boundaries. Often expanding populations in a .city would form as 'a separate but adjacent community
around these landfills. .
.
A similar process was followed in the United States although it lagged behind Europe. In the early 19
century, garbage was . a consistent. theme of annoyance in large urban centers such as New York, •
Chicago, and Seattle, :although it was rarely treated as a public utility. The Civil War acted as another
major catalyst, "unleash[ingj massive economic and technological transformations" in the United States,
reshaping American manufacturing, and "triggering unprecedented change in the quantity and quality of
• the country's garbage" ( Rogeers 2005 :48). Previously household waste in large urban centers had primarily
consisted of food and other perishable materials: Swine were commonly used to not only provide food for
people in the poorer neighborhoods -who still raised their own food —but also to clean up wastes by letting
them feed off the piles of refuse tossed into streets and alleys. In more affluent neighborhoods, citizens
paid to have wastes removed, and, disliking the hogs that ranged freely, persuaded elected officials to
pass anti -hog lainws. However, it was not until the 1860s, during the Civil War, that hogs were actually
removed. To accommodate;, the war effort, small cottage industries that made soap, guns, wagons,
candles, and other commodities on a small scale were consolidated into facilities producing them in large
quantities. Mass production not only resulted in greater quantities of industrial garbage, it also lured large
• ' numbers of workers from farms or from overseas: to live together in urban centers producing yet greater
quantities of household garbage. By the end of the 19 century, large and small municipalities faced
daunting challenges with wastes. Figure 11 illustrates the challenge faced by New York ca. 1895 and the
difference created that year when routine street cleaning was required.
Publically- funded removal of garbage imposed consideration of where to put it. European cities close to
the sea, along with American cities of Seattle, New York, Chicago, and others, 'simply took barges off
• shore and dumped it into the 'oceans or lakes (Royte 2005 :1 -22). In landlocked cities and towns garbage
• was taken to small and largeilllandfills. Most of these were unregulated and private until the 20 century.
Early in the 19 century, Europeans had a. growing sense that disease and pollution were caused by both
burn piles and landfills. Thus, when cholera raged in Hamburg, Germany in the 19 century, communities .
surrounding the city refused the tainted waste from their large neighbor (Pitchel 2005:37). This and similar
situations elsewhere in Europe forced municipalities to seek other alternatives. •
Incinerators represented one, of those alternatives. . The first incinerators for waste. were built by the.
Manlove, Alliott. & Co. Ltd. in 1874 in England (Wikipedia 2010). In countries where land is a scarce
resource, such as Japan, Denmark;, and Sweden, incinerators continue today as a popular form of waste
management:
In the United States, Allegheny, Pennsylvania installed the first municipal incinerator in 1885, followed by
Pittsburg and Des Moines in 1887, Yonkers, New York in 1893, and Elwood, Indiana in 1893 (Pichtel
2005). Design and operator problems plagued the earliest incinerators, but by 1910, they were generally
considered a safe and responsible method of waste disposal. The peak era of incinerator construction in
the United States was in the 1930s and 1940s when some 600 -700 incinerator plants were built (Pichtel
• 2005:37): In part, their popularity during these years was due to available funding from the PWA.
Municipalities like Yakima, grappling with growing populations and concerned with. pollution or health
concerns, turned to incinerators as a viable alternative to landfills.
The idea of an incinerator to dispose of garbage from homes and businesses had been broached in
Yakima as early as 1910 when L. L. Linbarger submitted a proposal to the City Council (Yakima Dail
Republic 1910): The timing of his proposal was, in part, a reflection of a continuing problem in the valley
with Typhoid Fever; 43 cases were reported in Yakima by July 1910 (Martin et al. 1985:70). Most of the
patients lived near and used the water main that flowed through the Cascade Lumber Mill but had earlier
been a dump and a dairy. Under Linbarger's proposal, he would build and operate the incinerator, city -
owned wagons and horses would collect the garbage and take it to his incinerator, and the city would fund
his plant through fees levied on residents and businesses. At the time, costs to build such a plant were
estimated to be approximately $4000 to $5000 (Yakima Daily Republic 1910).
While the City Council at that time expressed their belief that incinerators would eventually be needed in
Yakima, they declined to approve the proposal for several reasons. First, they did not wish to take on the
burden of garbage collection, a burden that Linbarger refused. In 1910, the primary dump was located on
private and north of the west end of the bridge leading to Terrace Heights (see Figure 3). Individuals and
businesses took their waste to that facility and paid their own fees. The City did not wish to shoulder those
costs. Second, they expressed concern that the City would eventually have to take over such an
incineration plant and by then it "will be appraised at a good deal more than the city will care to pay for it"
(Yakima Daily Republic 1910).- Another possible reason to refuse the proposal was that some businesses
were concerned that stories about typhoid in Yakima would discourage people from moving here (Martin et
al. 1985 :71). Nonetheless, business and civic groups did form a Sanitary League to assist in public
sanitation and a health officer hired by the city in 1911 (Martin et al. 1985:70).
By 1935, the. City Council was of a different mind, especially Mayor Harry C. Temple. The Yakima Daily
Republic (1935a) described the dump as follows: "The garbage dump now is and has been for many years
infested with rats, serves as a feeding ground ow swine, adds materially to stream pollution of the Yakima
river, is unsightly and a menace to public health, the three commissioners contend." A series of other
articles in the Yakima Daily Republic between mid - October and mid- December of 1935 illustrate a number
of quick steps taken by the Council to move forward with an ordinance for garbage collection and disposal,
making such collection and disposal a public utility, contracting for construction of an incinerator, and
assessment of a fee for collection and disposal. The ordinance was modeled after one passed by the City
of Tacoma in 1929 (Yakima Daily Republic 1935a). A month after passing the ordinance, the Council
received notice that the PWA had approved its $76,889 request to help fund a "garbage and refuse
incinerator" (Yakima Daily Republic 1935b), and prior to December the City closed on a 10 -acre tract at
Maple and Fair avenues (see Figure 3) where the incinerator would be constructed (Yakima Daily Republic
1935b). In early December, bids were received for the incinerator's construction on the lot purchased
(Yakima Daily Republic 1935d) and later that month, the contract was signed and an assessed monthly fee
of 50 cents for each household was passed by the Council (Yakima Daily Republic 1935c).
The City Council's quick action was in part fueled by the availability of New Deal funding under the PWA.
In addition to their acquisition of funding for the incinerator, the Council sought and received federal
funding of $116,270 toward construction of the City's first sewage disposal plant and sewer system in the
fall of 1935 - (Yakima Daily Republic 1935e). Those funds also came with a commitment by the local WPA
office to furnish ca. 350 men to work on the sewer project. •
The incinerator, however, seems to have been a particular interest of then Mayor Temple, and his fellow
councilmen lent support to his program moving swiftly through the steps needed to realize its completion.
Speaking to the Rotary Club on December 19, 1935, Mayor Temple's remarks were quoted stating his
overall goal:
With the installation of the incinerator, the present city dump [known as the Valley Junk Company],
which has been an eyesore and health menace for many years, will be completely eradicated. It is the
• intention of the commission [City Council] to clean up this imminent danger to the entire city and its
adjacent territory (Yakima Daily Republic 1935c).
The landfill of the Valley Junk Company (see Figure 3) was situated adjacent to the Yakima River at that
time, but located in the County and outside the City's jurisdiction. Therefore, as part of his plan, Mayor
' Temple had, earlier in December, sent a formal letter to the County Board of Commissioners requesting
the removal of the dump (Yakima Daily Republic 1935f). He told reporters that his office had been
besieged with requests for the dump to be removed once news was out that the incinerator would be built.
In the letter, he stated that while the dump was on private land, the County's Health Board had the
authority to abate it as a nuisance, and he urged that this be done.
Mayor Temple's vision and purpose for the ordinance, public utility, and incinerator were expressed at
length at the Rotary luncheon:
The question of sewage disposal and cleaning up stream pollution is not a new subject, as it has been
tossed into the lap of every mayor of Yakima by residents of this city and lower valley communities
since the practice of emptying raw sewage into the,Yakima River was started. The present program,
now a realization, was started. last May when I threw down the gauntlet and publicly stated that this city
commission would take the lead in cleaning up the disgraceful condition existing in the valley.
This statement was made in a conference called by myself and attended by officials of all communities
in the Yakima River drainage area (as quoted in the Yakima Daily Republic 1935c).
In his address, then, the Mayor informed the Rotary and, through the newspaper, the citizenry that he had
felt an obligation to resolve an issue that had been under. discussion nearly since the town had been
formed when it moved north from Yakima City (now Union Gap). Like other municipalities in the United
States and elsewhere, Yakima grappled with how and where to dispose of its increasing garbage. Prior to
1936, when the incinerator was completed, businesses and citizens either disposed of these wastes
through burn piles or discard on their own property or they took the materials to a privately owned dump
• adjacent to the Yakima River and the west side of the bridge to Terrace Heights, In 1935, the Mayor
concluded that was no longer a viable option for a city of some 30,000 people (Yakima Daily Republic
1935c). Rather, he and his Council found that the situation would require establishment of a public utility
and construction of a facility 'that could manage the City's ever - increasing garbage: The Maple Street
Incinerator, therefore, exemplifies Yakirna's political history. While it no longer operates as an incinerator,
the structure was built to resolve a local problem that affected all residents and the political solution was to
establish a public utility with a monthly assessment, a process that continues to the present day. As noted
under Criterion 2, the incinerator also retains its integrity of location, design, materials, workmanship, and
feeling. These are also the most important aspects of integrity for Criterion 4. Therefore, the Maple Street
Incinerator meets Criterion 4 for listing on the Yakima Register of Historic Places.
7. Additional Documentation. .
Figure 1. Location of the Maple Street Incinerator within the City of Yakima and Kiwanis Park (Yakima
East 7.5 min. USGS Topographic Map).
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Figure 2. Scale drawing (plan view).of Maple Street Incinerator. •
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Figure 3. Pre 1940 Kroll map of Yakima showing approximate locations of Valley Junk Company Dump
and the Maple Street Incinerator (courtesy Yakima Valley Museum).
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Figure 4. Photograph looking north up the southern ramp with the incinerator at the upper part of the
ramp; note orange tile roof, chimney on the west side, and orange -red brick used in the construction
(photograph courtesy of J. Wilde).
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Figure 6. Looking northwest at the eastern facade of the incinerator.
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Figure 7. Brick window detailing on the incinerator.
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Figure 8. The chimney for the Maple Street Incinerator.
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Figure 9. Plaque on the west side of the Maple Street Incinerator.
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Figure 10. Advertisement in The American City magazine for incinerators built by the Pittsburg Des Moines
Steel Company using the "United States Standard." Note the similarity of the building with the Maple Street
Incinerator.
•
•
- -•
MUNICIPAL
!GARBAGE DISPOSAL
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unt:vcrlled in disitlning :louts char.
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And ut irn an: nl nkr'u yeti• itktut stugt. Vs thrlJ hr pleated
tlrntt, Haunt,. and communing:A, ltt 4,Ity still Ail dn.. inlnrttlatlan ?•rut
when short rr111nta a tllrthtnt of !Met) :1utt NttI1s1.N t•Ila►'t t', t.ln /,
itathage th14111.1411 Ow. (auk in 1111,
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torsi' jail. tit `t 'nitvtl %tort titnrdanl."
Pittsburgh -Den Moines
Steel Company
et N,ci s It4nd, P.n. bursa. ha
SIS Hudson 14.2411ed Bad; , New York CA*
Doh..
Ltd,.*- ie. rtarw.
Figure 11. New York's Fifth Street before and after the initiation of routine street cleaning, ca. 1895. From
Rogers 2005:59, original at Museum of the City of New York. The Jacob A. Riis Collection.
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8. Major Bibliographical References.
•
- American Journal of Health
1928 Directory of Exhibits. American Journal of Health XX,VIII:3
s
Appleby, J. E.
n.d. Family Album. Data on file with Vernon Appleby, ca. 1938 -1939. Yakima, Washington.
Egan, Timothy
2006 The Worst Hard Times, The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dust
Bowl. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
Federal Trade Commission
2005 Pitt -Des Moines, Inc. Briefing on Complaint Counsel's Motion for Clarification. Docket Number
9300, BRMFSI 57421v4. On file at the Federal Trade Commission, Washington D.C.
Historic Pittsburg Image Collection
2010 . Digital Research Library, University of Pittsburg. Accessed July 19, 2010 at
http: // digital. library.pitt.edu /images /pittsburgh /rust.html.
Martin, George M., Paul Schafer, and William E.Scofield
1985 Yakima A Centennial Reflection 1885 - 1985. Yakima Centennial Commission, Yakima.
Pichtel, John
2005 Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial. Taylor & Francis Group,
• New York.
Pittsburg Des Moines Steel
n.d. Municipal Garbage Disposal. The American City ca. 1928, p. 47.
Rogers, Heather
2005 Gone Tomorrow, The Hidden Life of Garbage. The New Press, New York.
Royte, Elizabeth
2005 Garbage Land: On the Secret Trail of Trash. Little, Brown and Company, New York.
Rust, Ellsworth M.
1940 The S. Murray Rust Family of Virginia — Ancestral Family Tree. Accessed on July 19, 2010 at
http : / /forwardturn.org/ Historical %20Overview %205. Murray %2ORust %20Family.pdf.
Wikipedia
2010 Incineration. Accessed on June 9, 2010 at http: / /en.wikipedia.org /wiki /Incineration. .
WPA (Works Progress Administration) Archive
1935. Project Files, Docket Number Wash. 1252, Applicant Yakima, Loan, Grant $19,330.78. Project
Type: Incinerator. Microfile of the Federal Worksp Agency Public Works Administration Project
Files, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D. C.
Yakima Daily Republic
1910 Incinerator May Be Built by City. Yakima Daily Republic April 13, 1910.
1935a City Plans Shift in Garbage Work. Yakima Daily Republic, October 14, .1935.
411
.
1935b Hoffman Approved Funds for Yakima Incinerator. Yakima Daily Republic, November 15, 1935.
1935c Temple Says Advance of 15 Per Cent Soon. Yakima Daily Republic, December 19, 1935.
1935d Four Firms Bid on Incinerator. Yakima Daily Republic, December 9, 1935.
1935e Sewage Disposal Plant Underway. Yakima Daily Republic, November 27, 1935.
1935f Mayor Asks for Removal of Dump. Yakima Daily Republic, December 11, 1935.
1936 Incinerator Now Ready to Operate. Yakima Daily Republic, September 10, 1936.
1937a Inspector Seeks Dry Garbage. Yakima Daily Republic, January 30, 1037.
1937b Inspector Speaks of Incinerator at City Engineers Club. Yakima Daily Republic, April 16, 1937.
1949 Long. Idle Incinerator May Cause City Headache. Yakima Daily Republic, January 26, 1949.
Yakima Herald Republic
2003 Future Uncertain for Closing Incinerator, Chimney. Yakima Herald Republic, June 16, 2003.
Yakima Republic
1957 Kiwanis Members Told of Yakima Park Programs, Yakima Republic, July 17, 1957.