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HomeMy WebLinkAbout04/20/2017 02 Mastering Council Meetings with Ann Macfarlane 1 r xs .1 �5 .may 4 s n. BUSINESS OF THE CITY COUNCIL YAKIMA, WASHINGTON AGENDA STATEMENT Item No. 2. For Meeting of:April 20, 2017 ITEM TITLE: Mastering Council Meetings with Ann Macfarlane SUBMITTED BY: Cliff Moore, City Manager SUMMARY EXPLANATION: Ann McFarlane, an accomplished trainer and author of Mastering Council Meetings:A Guidebook for Elected Officials and Local Governments, will lead the City Council through a session aimed at providing tools necessary to conduct productive and successful meetings. Ann is a Professional Registered Parliamentarian (National Association of Parliamentarians)and a Certified Association Executive (American Society of Association Executives). She is a regular presenter at conferences and training sessions for organizations like the Association of Washington Cities, the Washington Association of Counties, numerous city councils, non-profit boards, special purpose district governing bodies, etc.Ann's unique training approach, vast knowledge of strategies needed to conduct successful meetings, and broad experience with groups from a wide variety of sectors has made her a highly sought after consultant throughout the U.S. and beyond. I n the early 2000s,Ann partnered with Andrew Estep to found Jurassic Parliament, a Seattle- based consulting firm focused on helping governing bodies conduct business as efficiently and effectively as possible. Before establishing Jurassic Parliament, Ann served for many years in the U.S. Foreign service in Pakistan and on the Bangladesh and Soviet desks of the U.S. State Department. She was the first woman to serve as a staff assistant in the Near East South Asia Bureau. Ann has also served as a translator in the Congo, Nepal, and Tanzania. She was the president of the American Translators Association and the executive director of the National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators. ITEM BUDGETED: STRATEGIC PRIORITY: APPROVED FOR SUBMITTAL: "~City Manager 2 STAFF RECOMMENDATION: BOARD/COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATION: ATTACHMENTS: Description Upload Date Type d powerpoint 4;18/2017 Co\,er Memo Jurassic Successful Council Meetings: Rules of Procedure Ann G.Macfarlane,CAE,PRP Jurassic Parliamen Thursday,April 20,2017 City of Yakima,Washington I Disclaimer The material contained in this presentation is based upon the principles and practices of parliamentary procedure. I am not an attorney and nothing in this presentation constitutes legal advice. �rassic Par wmcnt _ Our topics I. What are rules anyway? II. Seven basic rules III. More on meeting discussion IV. Unacceptable remarks V. Authority of council,chair and members VI. Principles of democratic governance VII. Public comment 1 ;IC harliament I. What are rules anyway? (with thanks to Dov Seidman, author of HOW: Why how we do anything means everything) h ..r What are rules anyway? • Rules are a social phenomenon —they are not hard-wired. • They start off as limits imposed by others, when we are children. • They become guidelines that we internalize. I — Assic Parhaniclit What are rules anyway? • What would you think if a council member pulled out his cell phone and started filming a member of the public while she was speaking? 2 Jurassic r I li.nmmit What are rules anyway? • Rules are often created in reaction to behaviors deemed unacceptable to the larger goals of the group. ..r What are rules anyway? • Rules are proxies—substitutes—for VALUES. • You can choose your rules and choose your values. Jurassic Ruli.uncnt What is your value? • Some people have the value, "I want my views to prevail come hell or high water." 3 ler3551c What is your value? • My personal value: "I believe in the democratic process for group decision- making, even if I don't always like the result." A An invitation • This presentation is an invitation to you,the seven council members of the City of Yakima,to choose a certain set of time-tested rules. • They have evolved over 500 years and when properly understood,they work well. i'u°, . My promise to you • Your meetings will be more productive and more pleasant if you adopt these rules and live by them. • It's up to you! 4 Nobody can make you! • There are no "parliamentary police." • YOU have the responsibility to choose and enforce your own rules. • I hope to show you that you will like the result. "Laws control the lesser man, but right conduct controls the greater man." Confucius ,4 Jurassic II. Seven basic rules 15 5 Jerafisic Parliament Fantasy world • We are in the City of Bonny Dino in the League of Northwest Dino Cities. • This is not entirely realistic—it is a fantasy—but there is some overlap with real life! • We use broad strokes to convey the big picture. Jurassic Par unlLi Workshop method • We're going to have a city council meeting. • You are the council members. • Everyone has"remarks"to make,printed on white paper. • Please look through them and be prepared to speak up when your number is called. • "Special instructions"are just for you—don't read them aloud. 17 a Jurassic Unanimous consent • Form of voting—a type of"fast track." • Very efficient. • Presider suggests something,and if you agree, REMAIN SILENT.Silence means consent. • If you disagree,say"OBJECTION." • Presider then knows that everyone does not agree, and abandons the fast track to use the regular method. 18 6 N fra sic Parliament ., .— Seven basic rules 1. All members have an equal right to speak and make motions. 2. Non-members do not have the right to speak or to make motions. 3. One subject at a time. 4. One person speaks at a time. 5. No interrupting. 6. Courtesy and respect are required at all times. 7. No member may speak a second time until every member who wishes to do so has spoken once. is .era sic Parliament . 1. Equal right to speak • All members have an equal right to speak. • This is critical —chair must enforce it. �ra$ Parliasicment 2. Non-members have no right to speak • HOWEVER council may invite anyone it chooses to speak. • Staff are invited to speak. • Members of the public are invited to speak at certain times. Nim , i'w4. 3. One subject at a time • ONLY one subject at a time. 1 • If someone brings up another topic, chair or members should object and get group back on track. 1.4prosic Parliamcnt 4. One person speaks at a time • When a member has the floor,they have the right to speak, without interruption, until they have completed their comments. One person speaks at a time • This also means ✓No whispering ✓No sidebar conversations 8 1111.=.1,- 5. No interruptingi • This is ABSOLUTELY FORBIDDEN. • Members may not interrupt each other, and chair may not interrupt members. • Only exception —point of order. ra sic Parliament 6. Courtesy and respect • Are REQUIRED at all times. . i I';?,„ Why the rules on courtesy? "Generally speaking, if a human being never shows anger,then I think something's wrong. He's not right in the brain." Dalai Lama iNIIN sic Parliament -, ._ Why the rules on courtesy? "Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding." Mahatma Gandhi i _t . � Abp. 4 ,% •illIik 1 %1 ktl w + �_,r 41/4141 Amygdala % , 29 �N l i!i +. Why the rules on courtesy? • Amygdala vs. prefrontal cortex • Emotions are contagious. • Anger and rage prevent people in the room from thinking clearly. 10 I'w4. , I , 7. No one may speak a second time • Until everyone who wishes to do so has spoken once. • Most neglected rule in all of Robert's Rules! rassic I.illl.ini,iit Point of Order flying dinosaur • When ANOTHER MEMBER breaks one of the rules, a member may make a POINT OF ORDER. • Chair rules on whether the point is well- taken (correct) or not. ifIL ' Part ta cmcnt Point of Order • A motion claiming that a mistake has been made. • According to Robert,can be made only by a member. • We recommend authorizing staff to do this also • May interrupt a speaker if necessary. • Must be timely-at the time of the offense. 33 11 11 1111•.=.i,- Point of Order Script Member:Point of Order! Chair:State your point. Member:That remark breaks our rules of courtesy. Chair:The point is well taken.Members will refrain from such improper language,OR Chair:The point is not well taken.The remark is acceptable. ,�a SSIC I Use the "third person" • Note that the chair states the general rule. • The chair is speaking on behalf of the rules of procedure. • Do you say,"You are out of order"or"You made a mistake." • Use the"third person"to keep things neutral and lessen conflict. i fra!sic Parliament Chair doesn't say "point of order" • The chair has the duty of maintaining order and decorum, so doesn't need to say"point of order." • Just needs to take appropriate action. j36 12 Jurassic r ,li.n„�nr When the chair offends... • When the CHAIR breaks one of the rules, a MEMBER may make a point of order challenging the chair's action. • Chair rules on the point—even though the chair's own action is the issue. 37 �fasslc I%a.l i.nn,nr When in doubt, a7.] ! • Chair can always ask thdif a point of order is cotaken") or not. E Point of order! 13 Point of order! State your point. The point is well taken OR The point is not well taken. Appeal The most important motion in all of Robert's Rules— and the least known! 14 Jurassic Parliament ._ Chair's rulings can be appealed • The CHAIR enforces order and decorum. • The GROUP is the final authority. • Any TWO MEMBERS can appeal a ruling of the chair. • EXCEPTION:If the ruling is a matter of fact on which there cannot be two interpretations,the ruling cannot be appealed. 43 ` 1111 Par I!.:ICI Appeal • Chair must take care in explaining vote to members. • Question being voted on is, "Shall the decision of the chair be SUSTAINED? • Takes a NEGATIVE vote for the appeal to win. A majority vote or a tie upholds the chair's decision. 44 MM. • Some,though not all, appeals can be debated. • Be alert:the debate process is different from anything else in Robert's Rules. 45 l� 15 ralsic harnament _ The heart of democracy • By using Point of Order and Appeal,the group is the final authority. • In our view this is the heart of our democracy. 46 3 III. More on meeting discussion i ),,;=,: Principle of Equality All members have equal rights, privileges and obligations. 16 is=i: Key Point Discussion in council and committee meetings is NOT A CONVERSATION. 11. Rules for discussion • No one may speak a second time until everyone who wishes to do so has spoken once. Jurassic This is CRITICAL! • Applying this rule will transform your meetings. • It is a MUST if you wish to maximize your effectiveness. immi 17 Why don't we follow this rule? • Councils tend to discuss their affairs in conversational mode. • In conversations,dominant people tend to dominate, • And agreeable people tend to let them. • Must have a structure to make sure that everyone has an equal chance to speak. • This is both fair and efficient. 52 . �CISSIC r arll.ilt 1,. Role of the Chair • In large assemblies, chair may not participate in debate. • Exception: Chair may relinquish position as presider and sit on the floor with other members. Vice-Chair presides until issue is resolved. Tf 1•.=.iilil,- Role of the Chair • Robert has special rules for small boards. • In a small board, up to about 12 people, the chair may take part in discussion, make motions, and vote (if bylaws do not say otherwise). • Nevertheless, chair must exercise restraint... 18 ferosiC Parliament .. ._ Role of the Chair • To achieve this, we recommend that the chair speak and vote last. • Note that this is a Jurassic Parliament recommendation. It is not taken from Robert's Rules. N Jerassic Parliament _ . HOW to do this? • Members seek recognition before speaking. • Members speak to the chair,not to each other. • Chair keeps track of who has spoken and who wishes to speak. • Can empower vice-chairto keep track—great training for them. • Can use the"round robin"(described in our book). i fra�sic Parliament Seeking recognition • Raise your hand and wait to speak until the chair calls your name, nods at you, or gives some other sign that you have permission to speak(you "have the floor") 57 19 ;IC harliamcnt _ Seeking recognition • DO NOT raise your hand and start to speak at the same time.This is unacceptable. 58 i S=.I: Speak to the chair • Speak to the chair, NOT to another member. • It is a kind of"SONAR."Everything pings back and forth between the chair and the members. • This depersonalizes issues and improves clarity of discussion. immi ,�,_,: Speak to the chair • This means that members may not say "YOU"to another member. • Insist on this rule! 20 Jurassic Parliament Down the rabbit hole... • If members speak to one another,often the discussion degenerates into a conversation between two members. • "Down the rabbit hole"results in the rest of the group being left out. • The"principle of equality"is violated. �ra$Srsic Pari nlLI Speak to the chair • Sometimes members resist this idea as too formal. • We recommend giving it a try for two-three months,and then assessing how well it works for your group. i � — - r; If your members still can't stand to do this... • Chair keeps a watchful eye to make sure no two people"hijack"the meeting. • Chair can intervene and say, "We need to hear from everyone.Does anyone else wish to speak on this topic?" • 21 ;IC parliament � ._ HOW to do this? • No interrupting! • No whispering! • No sidebar conversations! • No texting! • No checking cell phones! • 'w Violating elementary respect • Communicating with other council members via texting during meetings should NEVER happen. Jurassic ';li.im�nt Violating elementary respect • It is a selfish and undemocratic thing to do. • It undercuts the possibility of collegial work among the council members. • It puts you at risk for violation of the Open Public Meetings ask. 22 An example • See sample policy from Clark County Transit District (C-TRAN). N! No serial meetings • In this regard, be careful to avoid any communication that could lead to a "serial meeting." • Council members from my home city of Shoreline lost a serious court case over their use of email. What about time limits? • Robert's general rule is that each member may speak TWICE on each subject per day. • Each speech may be up to 10 minutes. 23 N - fra$$sic Parhamcnt -, -, •— What about time limits? • However,in the"special rules for small boards,"Robert says there is no limit on the number of times members may speak. • For councils and committees,we do not believe it is necessary to limit number of speeches,provided that you follow the "principle of equality." • iiiiiPrasstc What about time limits? • However, if length of speaking is an issue, we recommend that councils and committees adopt a shorter time limit— 3 or 5 minutes. • See our blog entry on "adopting special rules of order." N Jurassic i%a,I,.nmt nr An occasional exception... • Sometimes there is benefit in the conversational style or"informal discussion." • This provides a sparky flow of ideas that can be beneficial,for instance at a study session. • A member can say,"I move that we discuss this in conversational style for 10 minutes." • However,DO NOT make the conversational style your ordinary or"default"style of discussion. 24 C711 44.:: The four big mistakes • No one may speak a second time until everyone who wishes to do so has spoken once. • Members must be recognized before speaking. • Members must speak to the chair,not to each other. • No one may interrupt another speaker(one exception—point of order). Jurosic Parham*.i IV. Unacceptable remarks i N Jerosic Par amcnt Unacceptable remarks 1. Personal remarks 2. Discourteous remarks—insulting language,attacks 3. Inflammatory language 4. Referring to another member's motives(except for conflict of interest) 5. Criticizing past actions of the group(unless subject is under discussion,or about to propose a change) 6. Remarks that are not germane(relevant)to the discussion 75 25 gra.sic Par I MR.1 Important note • We are speaking here about discussion within the Council meetings. • These prohibitions DO NOT APPLY to the public when they are giving public comment. • In addition,we recommend that council members follow these rules OUTSIDE meetings as well. • This will increase the reputation and stature of the council in the eyes of the public. 76 . frassic ParluniLl Personal remarks "The measure, not the member, is the subject of debate." Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised,11 rn edition,p.392 i Jurassic r uli.n„,_rnr Discourteous remarks • Speaks for itself! • No insulting language, no vulgarity, no personal attacks. • This also applies to remarks about the public and other non-members—see your"Principles of Conduct." 26 111 Inflammatory language "That's a lie!" vs. "I believe that there is strong evidence that the member is mistaken." �rassic harli.uncnt Referring to motives • No reference may be made to other member's motives, with the exception of a genuine conflict of interest. • It is fine to talk about your own motives, or the motives of NON-MEMBERS. Elmo Elmo Jurassic I%a,ll.nn�nt Criticizing past actions • Members may not criticize a past action of the group during a meeting,with two exceptions: ✓If the group as a whole is discussing the action,OR ✓If the member plans to introduce a motion to amend(change)or rescind(cancel out)the action at the end of their speech. 27 ftra$sic Parliament Recommendation • We recommend that you eliminate the practice of giving statements about your vote AFTER the vote has been taken. • Such statements belong during debate,not after the decision has been made. • What matters is the decision of the GROUP,not the opinions of individuals. • This will eliminate a potential violation of this rule. 82 . fiassic Parliament . Remarks that are not germane • Discussion must be relevant to the topic at hand. • Be RUTHLESS in insisting on this! • Chair can call a member to order if remarks are not germane. • A member can call another member to order. • The chair can ask the group to decide. .eraSSIC I vita, Remarks that are not germane "Members will kindly keep their remarks strictly to the topic under discussion." 28 Aspic Parliament _ V. Authority of council, chair and members 85 ` 1776-We abandon the entire idea that authority flows from God to the King. Who does authority come from? i t ) � , � �� lL ,� _= 29 1776 The Colonial Rebellion The American Revolution 1783 Treaty of Paris and independence 1789 U.S. Constitution takes effect Jera sic Parhamcnt Your authority comes from U.S.Constitution Washington State Constitution Washington State laws and regulations Yakima City Charter i PartPar saic mu RCW • The City of Yakima is a first-class city with a council-manager type of government. • The council is the legislative body. • The city manager is the chief administrative officer. 30 siC harliament -, ._ To each his own • Each partner in governance,the council and the city manager, has duties as assigned by law, regulation and custom. N fu4rassic Accountability Hierarchy BOSS 1 x x ` \ x x x x x at at x x x x x i N Jurassic I'!JI,iiimit Accountability Hierarchy BOSS it x x x x x x x x x x x x x 31 III t'.°: Voluntary Association x x x x x LEADER x x x x x rrassic rt; lini,iit Voluntary Association x x ( x xr►LEADER —x 3.1'N AL—IPx x x i rassic Two different types of structure • The manager and staff form an "accountability hierarchy." • The council is a "voluntary association." 32 Key Point Each member has an equal right to speak and to try to persuade others to accept her view. Key Point During meetings, the chair controls the process so the group can make the decisions. Key Point During meetings, the chair is the servant of the group, and the group is the final authority. 33 llCl5i1C �— Flow of authority at a meeting The group adopts its rules and guidelines. In attending,members accept the rules of the group. During meetings,the presiding officer applies the rules for the benefit of the group. All persons present at a meeting have an obligation to obey the legitimate orders of the presiding officer. 100 . rra”ic Par$iamcllt r � Flow of authority at a meeting Any member who disagrees with a ruling,decision or order by the presiding officer may appeal the ruling. If another member seconds the appeal,the group will decide by majority vote whether the ruling,decision or order is legitimate. The presiding officer obeys the group's decision. 101 lea$sic Pad iamcllt What is each person's individual authority? 34 e i„,. ZERO Nothing Nada Zip 0 • Jerassic 1.11 11.1 i-11,w What is each person's individual authority? • As a separate individual, you have NO authority. • This seems almost anti-American, but it is deeply and profoundly American. Jurassic 1 1Ji.ims_nt What is each person's individual authority? All members of a governing board share in a joint and collective authority which exists and can be exercised only when the group is in session. The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure 105 35 N .lurosic Parliament _, ._ VII. Principles of democratic governance 106 111113 Alm During discussion • Individual members engage in full,free and frank discussion during the meeting. • They must speak up if they have concerns. • Differences of opinion are expected and welcome. .1111. 1rI,-1 The vote • The vote of the majority determines the decision of the council. • Once a decision has been made, it becomes the decision of the entire council. • The minority must accept it. 36 N - Jurassic r ull.n,,, it •— Suppose the minority is really, really unhappy with the decision? • rassic I.HI ini,iit Example • The council adopted a position on land use by a 4/3 vote and sent the required letter to the Department of Ecology describing their preferences. Jurassic r uli.nn,nt Example • The unhappy minority then wrote their own, separate letter to the Department, contradicting the Council's letter and asking Ecology to look at the minority position. 37 �ra�;IC harliamcnt ._ Example • This was WRONG! • Those minority members had no right to try to undercut/sabotage/subvert the decision of the majority. • They were tearing apart the fabric of democratic governance in their city. , Suppose the minority thinks key information was ignored? • Go back to your colleagues. • Ask them to revisit the issue. • Otherwise, your duty is to accept the outcome. Jurassic I%: li.nmtnt What does "accept it" mean? • Live with it, go along with it. • Here is an example of what you could say outside the meeting... 38 Jerapic harliament __ What does "accept it" mean? "The Council decided to adopt this policy. I didn't vote for it, and I don't agree with it, but I understand that it is Council policy." �rassic What to say in public? • May a council member criticize a council action outside the meeting? Jurassic Ririi.imtnt What to say in public? • Yes, under the First Amendment to the Constitution, elected officials are free to criticize decisions of the body in public...but... INN 39 "There is a difference between what you have a right to do, and what is the right thing to do." Potter Stewart,U.S.Supreme Court Justice .. T. _ • Council members may wish to consider what action will best advance the work of the city. • Political and psychological considerations come into play. Nimm • In our view, emphasizing the council's achievements and the positive side will benefit the City of Yakima more than public criticism. • If any criticism is made, let it be of the measure and not the members. 40 • Beyond speaking in the language of law and duty, I would like to talk about the principles of democratic governance and the high ideals that you are privileged to uphold in your elected position. A! It seems so arbitrary! 1111% A single vote can make the difference. 41 1111.=.1,- Is that really fair? • However it may seem,that is our system. • The decision of the majority is the decision of the body as a whole. �3SSIC Is that really fair? • However it may seem,that is our system. • The decision of the majority is the decision of the body as a whole. • The minority must accept it as their own. "Democracy is the worst system of government in all the world, with the exception of those others that have been tried from time to time." Winston Churchill 42 • Democracy is fragile and depends on mutual acceptance and understanding. • It can only work if everyone agrees to follow its principles and process. "Democratic decision-making requires vigorous contestation of ideas and interests, but also reasonable compromises born out of mutual trust, respect, and a common sense of citizenship." Cornell Clayton and Richard Elgar 1 — i'w4. Bottom line • In a democracy, HOW we decide things is more important than WHAT we decide. 43 r�;IC parliament � ._ Bottom line • I am confident that each of you has a fundamental commitment to the HOW of fairness and respect for each other, and to decisions that are free from force, subterfuge or violence. N! —11 Bottom line • Courtesy and respect, no surprises, no unilateral action, no end-runs...these are essential for the system to work. Jurassic Bottom line • My wish for you—that the council be united in its commitment to the PROCESS. 44 win • When we are passionate,this is hard to do! • We zero in on the substance and sometimes neglect the process. • Keep a clear intention to be civil, no matter how strongly you feel, and all will Ibe well. f (11, ,. , Why? • Not because the law says so. • Not because of fear of outcomes. • But because this is the sacred trust that you hold,from our ancestors, our society, and the people of Yakima. • On your dais,YOU are the authority. • YOU deploy the power of our nation and our history for the people you serve. • YOU model the kind of decorum that you expect from your seatmates and from the community. 45 • You serve the community best when each and every one of you upholds your role within the whole. To keep in mind... • Views on politics and the public sphere are only a part of who we are. • At the deepest level, we all share certain common values. • Seek out those commonalities! • Build bridges rather than walls. 46 Jurassic I•!Lim, "The willingness to engage in honest debate and lose on issues you care deeply about reaffirms your commitment to common citizenship." Cornell Clayton, Washington State University ,39 [...._ �asstc What is the alternative? "The ballot box is sacred because the alternative is blood." Elias Canetti i N Jurassic r uli.n„mnt VIII. Public Comment 47 eral* Parliament Public comment • A council meeting is NOT a meeting of the public. • It is a meeting of the council that is held in public. • The purpose of the"public comment"period is to allow the council members to become informed about the views of the public. • It should be carefully structured. • Best to announce rules at beginning of each session. 142 J.411.0 c Par i:unuit Public comment • For the sake of fairness,rules for public comment MUST be enforced consistently. • Ask staff to time speakers so chair can listen intently. • ALL MEMBERS should listen to the speaker as if there were no one else in the room.This is not easy! i jerosic Parliament Public comment • Public should address remarks to chair,and chair should thank each speaker. • Do not get into back-and-forth with the public. • If individual council members start speaking with the public,the situation quickly becomes confusing. • Do not respond to interjections from the public outside designated portion of meeting. • 48 �ra$sic Par iamc1 Public comment • Invite the public to address factual questions to the staff after the meeting(not during meeting!) • frapic Par iamcid Alm Public comment • The rules pertaining to discussion BY COUNCIL MEMBERS do not apply to COMMENT BY THE PUBLIC. • The council may encourage citizens to speak politely but cannot enforce a requirement to do this. • Under the First Amendment to the Constitution citizens have the right to express their views,even if negative. • A council may have a citizen removed for disorderly conduct, but use care in exercising this authority. • SPEAK WITH YOUR ATTORNEY before taking action. 146 A MaSSIC Attacks on staff • Council members should not criticize staff in public. • If public attacks staff,do not get defensive. • Do not get in a hostile exchange. • Be prepared if appropriate to defend the staff in a calm, positive manner. • WHY?If no response is made,it can seem as if the body agrees with the criticisms. 49 �rapic Parliament Sample policy • Now is the time to hear from our public.We welcome your comments which are very important to us.Note that all comments are limited to three minutes. • As a reminder,please go to the podium to comment.It is helpful for the council if you would give us your name.Please address your remarks to the chair. • Note that we will not be entering into dialogue at this time.The purpose of this agenda item is for YOU,the public,to inform US,the council,about your views. • If members of the public have factual questions,staff will be glad to address them after the meeting. 148 . �rasic Parliament Disclaimer:Nothing in this presentation constitutes business or legal advice. ©Jurassic Parliament 2017.All rights reserved. PO Box 77553,Seattle,WA 98177 Tel:206-542-8422 Email:ann@iurassicparliament.com Web:www.iurassicparliament.com i 50