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01/03/2023 06.N. Resolution authorizing the adoption of the 2022 Yakima County Hazard Mitigation Plan
1 sAirF`Y�'�11�14'+ —icil'or : k(,)' i yes ",,,Z(:,".f.'2,22Y BUSINESS OF THE CITY COUNCIL YAKIMA, WASHINGTON AGENDA STATEMENT Item No. 6.N. For Meeting of: January 3, 2023 ITEM TITLE: Resolution authorizing the adoption of the 2022 Yakima County Hazard Mitigation Plan SUBMITTED BY: Aaron Markham, Fire Chief SUMMARY EXPLANATION: The Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan has been reviewed and approved by the State and has been submitted to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for approval. This is an update to the 2020 City of Yakima Plan and the 2015 Yakima County Plan.A hazard mitigation plan is developed before the disaster strikes. Hazard mitigation planning has a wide range of benefits for our community.A well-organized plan will help us to document the hazards we face, the likelihood they will occur and our community's disruption. Under the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000), communities that do not have a FEMA approved hazard mitigation plan in place are no longer eligible for FEMA project grants under long standing programs such as the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) and the Building Resilience Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC). The next step in this planning process is for each participating municipality to adopt the revised plan. Once adopted, the planning team will meet every year to monitor and report on the progress of identified mitigation actions. ITEM BUDGETED: NA STRATEGIC PRIORITY: Public Safety APPROVED FOR SUBMITTAL BY THE CITY MANAGER RECOMMENDATION: adopt resolution ATTACHMENTS: Description Upload Date Type 0 Resolution 12/20/2022 Corer Memo ❑ Plan 12/20/2022 Corer Memo 2 D Plan 12/20/2022 Cotter Memo 3 RESOLUTION NO. R-2023- A RESOLUTION adopting the 2022 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan as the official Hazard Mitigation Plan for the City of Yakima. WHEREAS, the 2022 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP) meets state requirements for a Public Safety Emergency Management Program, and is the plan for response to emergencies in the City of Yakima; and WHEREAS, the MJHMP provides coordination of emergency operations with the state and federal governments; and WHEREAS, the Yakima County MJHMP includes 17 (seventeen) hazards of concerns, including 12 (twelve) natural hazards and 5 (five) technological and human-caused hazards, and, WHEREAS, keeping the MJHMP up to date is critical to public safety and necessary for active participation in both state and federal programs; and WHEREAS, the adoption of the 2022 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan is necessary and in the public interest, now, therefore, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF YAKIMA: The Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP) is hereby adopted as the official Hazard Mitigation Plan for the City of Yakima. ADOPTED BY THE CITY COUNCIL this 3' day of January, 2023. Janice Deccio, Mayor ATTEST: Sonya Claar Tee, City Clerk 4 2022 YAKIMA COUNTY Multi -Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan JP,,MA VAL4Fh Prepared For: yQe Pm� Yakima Valley Office of �� eo, Emergency Management ‘s ��� ACV MANPG 5 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 12 1.1. Structure of the Plan 13 1.2. Planning Process 17 Plan Update Approach and Timeline 19 HMP Committee and Stakeholder Involvement 20 Public Involvement 22 Plan Updates and Revisions 24 SECTION 2. COMMUNITY PROFILE 25 2.1. Location 25 2.2. Climate 26 2.3. Land Use and Future Development 26 2.4. Demographics 27 2.5. Local Economy 29 Agriculture 29 Health Services 29 Government 30 Retail Trade 30 Manufacturing 30 2.6. Government 31 2.7. Transportation 32 2.8. Utilities 34 SECTION 3. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT 35 3.1. Risk Assessment Methodology 36 3.2. Hazard Identification 38 3.3. Critical Facilities Exposure 43 3.4. Risk Assessment Results 45 3.5.Agricultural Disease Outbreak 46 Strength/Magnitude 47 Strength Error! Bookmark not defined. Past Occurrences 47 Future Probability 48 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 48 Table of Contents Page 2 of 215 6 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Overall Risk Ranking 49 3.6.Avalanche 50 Strength/Magnitude 50 Location 51 Past Occurrences 52 Future Probability 52 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 52 Overall Risk Ranking 53 3.7. Drought 54 Strength/Magnitude 54 Location 55 Past Occurrences 57 Future Probability 57 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 58 Overall Risk Ranking 60 3.8. Earthquake 61 Strength/Magnitude 61 Location 62 Past Occurrences 65 Future Probability 65 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 66 Overall Risk Ranking 67 3.9. Extreme Temperatures 68 Strength/Magnitude 68 Location 69 Past Occurrences 69 Future Probability 70 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 71 Overall Risk Ranking 73 3.10. Flooding 74 Strength/Magnitude 75 Location 76 Past Occurrences 80 Future Probability 85 Table of Contents Page 3 of 215 7 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 86 Overall Risk Ranking 90 3.11. Landslides and Other Geologic Hazards 91 Strength/Magnitude 91 Location 92 Past Occurrences 93 Future Probability 93 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 94 Overall Risk Ranking 96 3.12. Public Health Emergency 97 Communicable Disease 97 Environmental Health 98 Strength/Magnitude 99 Location 100 Past Occurrences 100 Future Probability 102 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 102 Overall Risk Ranking 104 3.13. Severe Weather 105 Strength/Magnitude 105 Location 108 Past Occurrences 108 Future Probability 112 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 113 Overall Risk Ranking 114 3.14. Severe Winter Weather 115 Strength/Magnitude 116 Location 116 Past Occurrences 116 Future Probability 120 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 121 Overall Risk Ranking 122 3.15. Volcanic Eruption 123 Strength/Magnitude 123 Table of Contents Page 4 of 215 8 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Location 124 Past Occurrences 125 Future Probability 125 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 125 Overall Risk Ranking 127 3.16. Wildfire 128 Strength/Magnitude 128 Location 129 Past Occurrences 131 Future Probability 133 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 134 Overall Risk Ranking 136 3.17. Cyber Threat/Attack 137 Strength/Magnitude 137 Past Occurrences 138 Future Probability 140 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 140 Overall Risk Ranking 142 3.18. Dam and Levee Failure 143 Strength/Magnitude 144 Location 145 Past Occurrences 152 Future Probability 152 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 152 Overall Risk Ranking 154 3.19. Hazardous Materials Release 155 Strength/Magnitude 156 Location 157 Past Occurrences 158 Future Probability 159 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 159 Overall Risk Ranking 162 3.20. Nuclear Release/Radiological Incident 163 Strength/Magnitude 163 Table of Contents Page 5 of 215 9 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Location 163 Past Occurrences 164 Future Probability 164 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 164 Overall Risk Ranking 165 3.21. Terrorism 166 Strength/Magnitude 167 Location 167 Past Occurrences 167 Future Probability 167 Yakima County Vulnerabilities 168 Overall Risk Ranking 169 SECTION 4. MITIGATION STRATEGY 170 4.1. Mission 170 4.2. Mitigation Goals 170 4.3. Action Plan Matrix 172 Coordinating Organization 172 Participating Jurisdictions and Supporting Agencies 172 Relevant Plan Goals 172 Timeline 173 Funding 173 Priority 173 4.4. Review of 2015 Action Plan 189 4.5. Analysis and Prioritization 196 Benefit/Cost Analysis 196 Prioritization 198 SECTION 5. MITIGATION STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND PLAN INTEGRATION 199 5.1. Existing Policies and Programs 199 Yakima Valley Emergency Management 201 Yakima Countywide Flood Control Zone District 201 Yakima County Planning Division 201 Yakima County Building and Fire Safety Division 201 5.2. Plan Integration 202 5.3. Funding 205 Table of Contents Page 6 of 215 10 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Federal Emergency Management Agency Grant Programs 205 National Flood Insurance Act Grant Programs 205 Other Federal Grant Programs 207 SECTION 6. PLAN MAINTENANCE, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION 209 6.1. Plan Adoption 209 6.2. Plan Maintenance 210 Yakima County HMP Committee 210 Cities and Towns 210 Special Districts 211 Plan Revisions 211 6.3. Continued Public Involvement 212 6.4. Five Year Formal Review Process 213 6.5. Procedures for Additional Jurisdictions to the HMP 215 APPENDIX A. ACRONYMS APPENDIX B. PLANNING PROCESS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT APPENDIX C. COMMUNITY SURVEY RESULTS APPENDIX D. COMPLETE HAZARD HISTORY FOR YAKIMA COUNTY APPENDIX E. DETAILED MITIGATION STRATEGY APPENDIX F. HAZARD MAPS JURISDICTION ANNEXES Annex 1. City of Grandview Annex 2. City of Granger Annex 3. City of Moxee Annex 4. City of Selah Annex 5. City of Sunnyside Annex 6. City of Tieton Annex 7. City of Toppenish Annex 8. City of Union Gap Annex 9. City of Yakima Appendix 9.1. 2016 and 2017 Flooding—An Historic Perspective Annex 10. Town of Harrah Annex 11. Town of Naches Annex 12. Yakima County Fire Districts Annex 13. Yakima County-wide Flood Control Zone District Table of Contents Page 7 of 215 11 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation PlanI 2022 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Section 322 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act(Stafford Act), 42 U.S.C. 5165, as amended by the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA) (P.L. 106-390), provides for States, Tribes, and local governments to undertake a risk-based approach to reducing risks to natural hazards through mitigation planning. The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 4001 et seq, reinforced the need and requirement for mitigation plans, linking flood mitigation assistance programs to State, Tribal and Local Mitigation Plans. After a presidential major disaster declaration, mitigation funding becomes available. The amount is based on a percentage of the total federal grants awarded under the Public Assistance and Individuals and Households Programs for the entire disaster. Projects are funded with a combination of federal, state, and local funds. Section 322 of the amended Stafford Act essentially states that as a condition of receiving a disaster loan or grant: "The state and local govemment(s) shall agree that natural hazards in the areas affected shall be evaluated and appropriate action taken to mitigate such hazards, including safe land-use and construction practices. For disasters declared after November 1, 2004, all potential applicants (sub-grantees)must have either their own, or be included in a regional, locally adopted and FEMA approved all hazard mitigation plan to be eligible to apply for mitigation grant funds." The regulations governing the mitigation planning requirements for local mitigation plans are published under 44 CFR §201.6. Under 44 CFR§201.6, local governments must have a FEMA- approved Local Mitigation Plan to apply for and/or receive certain project grants under various FEMA hazard mitigation assistance programs. About the Plan Update The 2022 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdiction Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) is an update to the 2015 Yakima County and 2020 City of Yakima plans. This plan update included a thorough review of each required element, as well as the addition of 11 municipalities, one county-wide special district, and five Yakima County fire districts. The plan update was led by Yakima Valley Emergency Management(YVEM)in coordination with a Planning Committee representing county departments involved in hazard mitigation and participating municipalities and special districts. The Planning Committee met monthly between April —September 2022 to inform the plan update with contract support from Integrated Solutions Consulting. Municipalities and special districts not participating in the 2022 MJHMP update can work with YVEM to annex into the plan in the future, and a full update to the plan will be completed by 2027. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Hazard events happen somewhere in the world every day. Whether such events become a disaster depends on whether there are injuries, deaths, or significant property, natural resource, or cultural damage. Conducting a risk assessment can provide information on the location of hazards, the value of existing land and property in hazard locations, and an analysis of risk to life, property, and the environment. At the most fundamental level, both the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and FEMA recognize that: Risk= Frequency of a Hazard X Consequence from that Hazard Executive Summary Page 8 of 215 12 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 To reach a certain level of risk, there must be a probability or likelihood for that event to occur (frequency). Likewise, if the event does happen, but there is no impact or consequence, the level of risk is negated or substantially reduced. To determine the risk for each hazard, this assessment considers frequency of the hazard based on historic occurrence and future climate conditions, as well as potential consequences. The 2022 HMP includes 17 hazards of concern, including 12 natural hazards and 5 technological and human-caused hazards. The Planning Committee analyzed and scored each of the 17 hazards using a risk assessment methodology which considered probability, frequency, and six impact criteria, including: Human Health, Property Damage, Economic Disruption, Environmental Resource Damages/Degradation, Emergency Services Burden, and Critical Facilities Exposure. Total risk scores for each hazard were further refined into three categories to better illustrate which hazards present the greatest threat to Yakima County. Table ES.1 provides a summary of the risk assessment results, as well as a comparison to the 2015 HMP risk assessment. It is important to note that the methodology has changed between the 2015 and 2022 HMPs, so a direct comparison of scores is not applicable. Table ES.1. Risk Assessment Summary Natural Hazards 2022 Risk Ranking and 2015 Risk Ranking Score Wildfire 25- High Medium Flooding 24- High IkI[,j _ Public Health Emergency 24- Hi• N/A Severe Winter Weather MI IMIWIF IN Medium Drought 22- Medium _ Not Ranked Agriculture Disease Outbreak 21 - Medium _ N/A Landslide and Geologic Hazards 20- Medium Medium Severe Weather 20- Medium Medium-Low Extreme Temperatures 19- Medium Not Ranked Earthquake 18- Medium Medium-Low Avalanche 1H - Not Ranked Volcanic Eruption Technological and Human-caused 2022 Risk Ranking and 2015 Risk Ranking Hazards Score Dam/Levee Failure 24- High Medium Hazardous Materials Incident Medium-Low Cyber Incident 18- Medium N/A Nuclear/Radiological Incident il _�,�,.�� N/A Terrorism il _�,�,.�� N/A Executive Summary Page 9 of 215 13 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Hazard Mitigation Strategy The mitigation strategy is made up of three parts: Mission, Goals, and Action Items. The mission of the Yakima County HMP is to promote sound public policy designed to protect community members, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss-prevention, and identifying activities to guide the county towards building a safer, more sustainable community. The plan goals describe the overall direction that Yakima County agencies,jurisdictions, and community members can take to minimize the impacts of hazards. The goals are stepping- stones between the broad direction of the mission and the specific action items. Protect Life, Property and Public Welfare • Implement sustainable activities that assist in protecting lives by making homes, businesses, infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resilient to natural and technological hazards. • Reduce losses and repetitive damages for chronic hazard events while promoting insurance coverage for catastrophic hazards. • Improve hazard assessment information to make recommendations for encouraging higher standards for safer development in areas vulnerable to natural and technological hazards. Public Awareness • Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with natural and technological hazards. • Provide information on tools, partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in implementing mitigation activities. Natural Systems • Balance watershed planning, natural resource management, and land use planning with natural hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment. • Preserve, rehabilitate, re-establish, and enhance natural systems to serve natural hazard mitigation functions. Partnerships and Implementation • Strengthen communication and coordinate participation among and within public agencies, community members, non-profit organizations, business, and industry to gain a vested interest in implementation. • Encourage leadership within the public and private sector organizations to prioritize and implement local, county, and regional hazard mitigation activities. Emergency Services • Prioritize mitigation projects for critical facilities, services, and infrastructure. • Improve understanding of hazard risks through monitoring and assessment projects. • Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, non-profit organizations, business, and industry. • Coordinate and integrate natural and technological hazard mitigation activities, where appropriate, with emergency operations plans and procedures. Executive Summary Page 10 of 215 14 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Action items are activities which county agencies, participating jurisdictions, special districts, and other stakeholders can implement to reduce risk. There are 70 total action items that represent a range of investments and projects to mitigate risk for the 17 identified hazards. For each action item, the following information is included: Coordinating Organization, Participating Jurisdictions and Supporting Agencies, Relevant Mitigation Goals, Timeline, Estimated Cost, Funding, and Potential Benefit. This information was used to complete a prioritization process based on a simple benefit-cost analysis, as well as support effective implementation by participating agencies. Mitigation Strategy Implementation and Plan Integration Successful implementation of the mitigation strategy depends on the capability of Yakima County and participating jurisdictions. The essential components for successful implementation are funding, resource allocation, and organizational capacity. The multi jurisdictional mitigation strategy identifies the principal Yakima County and municipal agencies and departments that are responsible for implementing each identified action item. The strategy also considers other jurisdictions and state or federal partner agencies for collaboration. FEMA requires the evaluation of existing hazard management policies, programs, and capabilities that exist and could be used to implement the mitigation strategy. Many Yakima County departments, programs, and collaborative groups can help reduce losses from emergencies and disasters. The capability of participating jurisdictions to implement mitigation activities is described briefly in each Jurisdiction Annex. Plan Maintenance, Monitoring, and Evaluation YVEM will lead a formal process to ensure that the HMP remains an active and relevant document. The process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the HMP annually and producing a plan revision every five years. YVEM will be responsible for facilitating the adoption of the HMP in coordination with participating jurisdictions. The Yakima County Board of County Commissioners (BOCC)will be responsible for adopting for the county, city councils for the cities/towns, and governing bodies for the special districts.These governing bodies have the authority to promote sound public policy regarding natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. Once the plan has been reviewed and approved by the HMP Committee, YVEM will be responsible for submitting it to the Mitigation Officer at WaEMD. WaEMD will then submit the plan to FEMA for review. This review will address the federal criteria outlined in FEMA Interim Final Rule 44 CFR Part 201. FEMA will designate the HMP as"Approved Pending Adoption", giving each governing body up to 12 months to formally adopt the plan. Upon local adoption, Yakima County and the participating jurisdictions will gain eligibility for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds. YVEM and each participating jurisdiction will maintain documentation of local plan adoption. The HMP will be reviewed on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or mitigation priorities. YVEM will convene meetings of the HMP Committee for the annual review. Plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among the jurisdictions, but YVEM is responsible for plan maintenance. Jurisdictions will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the HMP based upon their area of expertise. Annual review of the plan allows for "mid-course" corrections to the plan and consider additional funding opportunities. Executive Summary Page 11 of 215 15 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 SECTION 1 . INTRODUCTION Throughout history, the residents of Yakima County have dealt with various natural, technological, and human-caused hazards affecting the area. The county is subject to 54 hazards. Table 1.1 lists the 17 hazards of concern identified for this mitigation plan, including 12 natural hazards and 5 technological and human-caused hazards. Table 1.1. 2022 Yakima County Hazards Natural Hazards Technological and Human-caused Hazards Agricultural Disease Outbreak Cyber Attack/Threat Avalanche Dam/Levee Failure Drought Hazardous Materials Incident Earthquake Nuclear Release/Radiological Incident Extreme Temperatures Terrorism Flood Landslides and other Geologic Hazards Public Health Emergency Severe Weather Severe Winter Storm Volcanic Eruption Wildfire It is impossible to predict exactly when these disasters will occur, or the extent to which they will affect the county. However, with careful planning and collaboration within the community, it is possible to minimize the losses that can result from disasters. Yakima County is located in the south-central portion of Washington State. It is the second largest county in Washington State with a total land area of 4,273 square miles. The county's western boundary generally follows the crest of the Cascade Mountain range. The widest portion of the county measures approximately 80 miles from north to south. The most eastern boundary measures 48 miles from north to south and runs along the Columbia River for approximately 9 miles. From east to west the county measures approximately 75 miles. The terrain of Yakima County varies from areas of irregular, densely timbered, mountainous terrain in the west to broad valleys and arid sagebrush-covered foothills in the east. The arable lands within the county are made up of basin lands, bottom lands, terraces, and lower uplands tributary to the Yakima River and are collectively called the Yakima Valley. The area north of Ahtanum and Rattlesnake Ridges is generally referred to as the Upper Yakima Valley while the area south of them is often referred to as the Lower Yakima Valley. The Upper Valley is more heavily populated while the Lower Valley is characterized by smaller towns and contains more productive farmland. Much of the recent development in Washington State occurs in or near floodplains. This development increases the likelihood of flood damage in two ways. First, new developments near a floodplain add structures and people in flood areas. Secondly, new construction alters surface water flows by diverting water to new courses or increases the amount of water that runs off impermeable pavement and roof surfaces. This second effect diverts waters to places previously safe from flooding. Section 1. Introduction Page 12 of 215 16 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 1.1. Structure of the Plan Each section of the mitigation plan provides information and resources to assist people in understanding the county and the hazard-related issues facing residents, critical facilities and operations, businesses and the local economy, and natural and cultural resources. Combined, the sections of the plan work together to create a document that guides the mission to reduce risk and prevent loss from future hazard events. The structure of the plan enables people to use a section of interest to them. It also allows county jurisdictions to review and update sections when new data becomes available. The ability to update individual sections of the mitigation plan places less of a staffing burden on jurisdictions. Decision-makers can allocate staff resources to selected pieces in need of review, thereby avoiding a full update, which can be time-consuming. New data can be easily incorporated, resulting in a hazards mitigation plan that remains current and relevant to Yakima County jurisdictions The mitigation plan is organized in six sections, as described below. Section 1: Introduction The Introduction describes the background and purpose of developing the mitigation plan for Yakima County. This section also describes the process for engaging local stakeholders and the public in plan development and review. This section addresses the following aspects of FEMA's Local Mitigation Plan requirements under 44 CFR§201.6: • Al. Does the Plan document the planning process, including how it was prepared and who was involved in the process for each jurisdiction? (Requirement§201.6(c)(1)) • A2. Does the Plan document an opportunity for neighboring communities, local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities, agencies that have the authority to regulate development as well as other interests to be involved in the planning process? (Requirement§201.6(b)(2)) • A3. Does the Plan document how the public was involved in the planning process during the drafting stage? (Requirement§201.G(b)(I)) • D3. Was the plan revised to reflect changes in priorities? (Requirement§201.6(d)(3)) Section 2: Community Profile Community Profile presents the history, geography, demographics, and socioeconomics of Yakima County and its jurisdictions. It serves as a tool to provide an historical perspective of hazards in the county. This section addresses the following aspects of FEMA's Local Mitigation Plan requirements under 44 CFR§201.6: • D1. Was the plan revised to reflect changes in development?(Requirement §201.6(d)(3)) Section 1. Introduction Page 13 of 215 17 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment provides information on hazard identification, describes the methodology and results of the risk assessment, and summarizes the frequency, location, extent, and expected vulnerabilities or impacts from the 17 hazards identified in the HMP Update. This section addresses the following aspects of FEMA's Local Mitigation Plan requirements under 44 CFR§201.6 for the entirety of Yakima County. Each Jurisdiction Annex addresses these aspects at the local level. • BI. Does the Plan include a description of the type, location, and extent of all natural hazards that can affect each jurisdiction(s)? (Requirement§201.6(c)(2)(i)) • B2. Does the Plan include information on previous occurrences of hazard events and on the probability of future hazard events for each jurisdiction?(Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(i)) • B3. Is there a description of each identified hazard's impact on the community as well as an overall summary of the community's vulnerability for each jurisdiction? (Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(ii)) • B4. Does the Plan address NFIP insured structures within the jurisdiction that have been repetitively damaged by floods?(Requirement§201.6(c)(2)(ii)) Section 4: Mitigation Strategy Mitigation Strategy provides information on the process used to develop goals and action items that cut across the 17 hazards addressed in the mitigation plan. The plan action items are included in this section, and address both multi-hazard and hazard-specific activities that can be implemented to reduce risk and prevent loss from future hazard events. This section also describes FEMA's requirements for benefit-cost analysis in hazard mitigation, as well as approach for conducting an analysis and prioritization for the proposed mitigation activities. This section addresses the following aspects of FEMA's Local Mitigation Plan requirements under 44 CFR§201.6 for the entirety of Yakima County. Each Jurisdiction Annex addresses these aspects at the local level. • C2. Does the Plan address each jurisdiction's participation in the NFIP and continued compliance with NFIP requirements, as appropriate? (Requirement§201.6(c)(3)(ii)) • C3. Does the Plan include goals to reduce/avoid long-term vulnerabilities to the identified hazards? (Requirement§201.6(c)(3)(i)) • C4. Does the Plan identify and analyze a comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions and projects for each jurisdiction being considered to reduce the effects of hazards, with emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure?(Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(ii)) • C5. Does the Plan contain an action plan that describes how the actions identified will be prioritized (including cost benefit review), implemented, and administered by each jurisdiction? (Requirement§201.6(c)(3)(iv)); (Requirement§201.6(c)(3)(iii)) • D2. Was the plan revised to reflect progress in local mitigation efforts?(Requirement §201.6(d)(3)) Section 1. Introduction Page 14 of 215 18 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Section 5: Mitigation Strategy Implementation &Plan Integration Mitigation Strategy Implementation &Plan Integration describes Yakima County's capacity and capability to implement the mitigation strategy, including other plans that have been integrated in the HMP, or where the HMP can be integrated in the future. This section addresses the following aspects of FEMA's Local Mitigation Plan requirements under 44 CFR§201.6 for the entirety of Yakima County. Each Jurisdiction Annex addresses these aspects at the local level. • A4. Does the Plan describe the review and incorporation of existing plans, studies, reports, and technical information? (Requirement§201.6(b)(3)) • Cl. Does the plan document each jurisdiction's existing authorities, policies, programs and resources and its ability to expand on and improve these existing policies and programs?(Requirement§201.6(c)(3)) • C6. Does the Plan describe a process by which local governments will integrate the requirements of the mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms, such as comprehensive or capital improvement plans, when appropriate?(Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(ii)) Section 6: Plan Maintenance Plan Maintenance provides information on plan implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. This section addresses the following aspects of FEMA's Local Mitigation Plan requirements under 44 CFR§201.6: • A5. Is there discussion of how the community(ies)will continue public participation in the plan maintenance process?(Requirement§201.6(c)(4)(iii)) • A6. Is there a description of the method and schedule for keeping the plan current (monitoring, evaluating, and updating the mitigation plan within a 5-year cycle)? (Requirement§201.6(c)(4)(1)) Appendices The HMP Appendices provide additional detail and resources on various aspects of the HMP. • Appendix A: Acronyms: This appendix provides a list of acronyms for county, regional, state, and federal agencies and organizations, as well as industry terms that may be referred to within the HMP. • Appendix B: Planning Process and Public Involvement Documentation: This appendix provides detailed documentation of stakeholder engagement in the planning process, as well as outreach efforts to involve the public throughout the planning period. • Appendix C: Community Survey Results: This appendix includes the complete results of a Community Survey distributed as one strategy for public involvement. • Appendix D: Complete Hazard History for Yakima County: This appendix includes a complete hazard history for Yakima County as recorded by in the NOAA Storm Events Database. This database is the most comprehensive public source for hazard history but does not include some natural hazards(such as wildfire) or technological or human- caused hazards. All hazard events during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021)are included in Section 3 of the base plan. Section 1. Introduction Page 15 of 215 19 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Appendix E: Detailed Mitigation Strategy with Revisions Notes:This appendix provides the complete detail of the mitigation strategy. Given the amount of detail in the complete mitigation action matrix, a summarized version is included in Section 4 of the base plan for clarity and readability. • Appendix F: Hazard Maps: This appendix includes full-size versions of hazard maps provided throughout the plan. Participating Jurisdiction Annexes Each jurisdiction participating in the 2022 HMP Update has an individual annex to be adopted by their respective governing bodies. Each annex details the unique hazard risks,vulnerabilities, capabilities, and mitigation strategy for the jurisdiction. Please note that the Yakima County Fire Districts are included together in one annex. Jurisdiction annexes include the following: • City of Granger Annex • City of Grandview Annex • City of Moxee Annex • City of Selah Annex • City of Sunnyside Annex • City of Tieton Annex • City of Toppenish Annex • City of Union Gap Annex • City of Yakima Annex • Town of Harrah Annex • Town of Naches Annex • Yakima County Fire Districts Annex • Yakima County-wide Flood Control Zone District Annex 2022 Yakima County Community Wildfire Protection Plan Annex In tandem with the 2022 HMP Update, a Planning Committee, made up of Yakima Valley Office of Emergency Management, Yakima Fire Department, Senator Murray's Office, Yakima County Fire Marshal's Office, Yakima County Commissioners, Washington Department of Natural Resources, and other agencies updated the Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP)for Yakima County. The 2022 CWPP will be adopted by the Yakima County Commissioners as an Annex to the HMP. The CWPP identifies and prioritizes wildland-urban interface (WUI) areas within Yakima County(including state, county, federal and other lands)for hazardous fuels reduction treatments and recommends methods for achieving hazardous fuels reduction. Section 1. Introduction Page 16 of 215 20 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 1.2. Planning Process The 2022 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP)follows FEMA's Local Mitigation Plan requirements under 44 CFR§201.6 which specifically identify criteria that allow for multi jurisdictional mitigation plans. Many issues are better resolved by evaluating hazards more comprehensively by coordinating at the county, regional, or watershed level. Although economy-of-scale efforts are apparent and encouraged with multi jurisdictional plans, FEMA requires that all participating jurisdictions meet the requirements for mitigation plans identified in 44 CFR §201.6. While certain elements are common to all participating jurisdictions (e.g., planning process, hazards, goals, and maintenance), there are some elements that are unique to each participating jurisdiction, including: • Risks—where they differ from the general planning area • Mitigation Actions—actions must be identified for each jurisdiction • Participation in the planning process • Adoption— each jurisdiction must formally adopt the plan The Yakima Valley Office of Emergency Management(YVEM) identified organizations consistent with federal guidance as to those which should be included in the mitigation process. YVEM recruited the following types of agencies to participate: • Local Government: Section 201.2 of 44 CFR defines Local Government as any county, municipality, city, town, township, public authority, school district, special district, intrastate district, council of governments (regardless of whether the council of governments is incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under State law), regional or interstate government entity, or agency or instrumentality of a local government. • Public College or University: Under 44 CFR 201, a public college or university may be an active participant in a FEMA approved State, Tribal or Local Mitigation Plan, or have an approved plan of their own that meets the requirements of 44 CFR §201.6 to be eligible for mitigation project grants. • Private Institutions: Private institutions may opt to participate in local or regional multi- jurisdictional plans, or they may develop plans of their own. Either way, the key to success is to ensure that all of the requirements established by regulation are met. This includes coordinating the planning activities of each campus with those of the surrounding community and, in the case of a multi-institution plan, ensuring that each institution's unique risks are addressed in addition to those risks affecting the entire university system. • School Districts: School districts or independent school districts, or other special districts are defined as local governments at 44 CFR Part 201.2, and are therefore required to have a FEMA-approved local mitigation plan to be eligible for project grants under FEMA hazard mitigation assistance programs. A school district may also demonstrate their participation as a separate government entity in another local government's approved mitigation plan to be eligible for project grants under FEMA hazard mitigation assistance programs. The 2022 HMP Update focused primarily on local government agencies, but YVEM intends to prioritize adding other entities to the HMP over future iterations. Section 1. Introduction Page 17 of 215 21 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 1.2 lists those local government agencies targeted for 2022 MJHMP inclusion. Table 1.3 represents the jurisdictions that are included in the 2022 MJHMP Update, tracking their participation in the planning process. Section 6.5 outlines the procedures to add jurisdictions to the HMP that did not participate in 2022. Table 1.2.Yakima County Local Government Agencies Cities and Towns City of Grandview City of Sunnyside City of Granger City of Tieton Town of Harrah City of Toppenish City of Mabton City of Union Gap City of Moxee City of Wapato Town of Naches City of Yakima City of Selah City of Zillah Yakima County (unincorporated areas) Fire Protection Districts Fire District#1 (Highland) Fire District#6 (Gleed) Fire District#2 (Selah) Fire District#7 (Glade) Fire District#3 (Naches) Fire District#9 (Naches Heights) Fire District#4 (East Valley) Fire District#12 (West Valley) Fire District#5 (Lower Valley) Fire District#14 (Nile) School Districts East Valley School District No. 90 Sunnyside School District No. 201 Grandview School District No. 200 Toppenish School District No. 202 Granger School District No. 204 Union Gap School District No. 2 Highland School District No. 203 Wapato School District No. 207 Mabton School District No. 120 West Valley School District No. 208 Mt. Adams School District No. 209 Yakima School District No. 7 Naches Valley School District Jt 3 Zillah School District No. 205 Selah School District No. 119 Education Service District 105 Irrigation Districts Ahtanum Irrigation District#11 Snipes Mountain Irrigation District#100 Buena Irrigation District#20 Sunnyside Valley Irrigation District Grandview Irrigation District#30 South Naches Irrigation District#190 Granger Irrigation District#40 Terrace Heights Irrigation District#120 Selah-Moxee Irrigation District Union Gap Irrigation District#130 Home Irrigation District#50 Wenas Irrigation District#140 Naches Union Irrigation District#180 Zillah Irrigation District#170 Naches-Selah Irrigation District#60 Yakima-Tieton Irrigation District Outlook Irrigation District#70 Yakima Valley Canal Company—Congdon Roza Irrigation District#98 Canal Selah-Moxee Irrigation District#90 Fruitvale Canal (City of Yakima) Section 1. Introduction Page 18 of 215 22 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Plan Update Approach and Timeline The 2022 Yakima County HMP update was organized into three distinct project phases, as described below. Detailed documentation of the planning process is available as Appendix B. Phase 1:Risk Analysis(April—June 2022) The 2022 HMP Committee engaged residents, government officials, and subject matter experts to understand the unique assets in the community that should be protected, the type of hazards they face, and the risks that posed impacts on the most vulnerable assets and community members.This process is illustrated in Figure 1.1,developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and Oregon Partnership for Disaster Resilience. Figure 1.1. Risk Analysis Natural Hazards Community Assets Location Population Extent(Magnitude/Strength) RISK Built Environment Previous Natural Environment Future Probability Economy Phase 2:Mitigation Strategy(June—September 2022) The HMP Committee developed a strategy that advances shared mitigation goals identified through public involvement efforts.The strategy leveraged the community's existing plans, policies, and programs,and addressed the top priority hazards and identified risks from Phase 1. This strategy included a clear action plan that prioritized the different projects, plans, and policies that mitigate property damage and loss of life from a disaster. Each action was evaluated based on cost benefit, time frame, existing partnerships, and more. Phase 3: Implementation &Monitoring(October 2022 through 2027) With an action plan in hand, the HMP Committee will work to identify local, state, and federal programs that can help advance priority actions. The plan will be submitted to WaEMD and FEMA for approval, and then adopted by the Yakima County Board of County Commissioners and the City Councils or other governing bodies of each participating jurisdiction. Every year, the HMP Committee will meet to monitor and report on progress on identified mitigation actions. In 2027, the plan will be completely updated and submitted to FEMA for approval,continuing on a five-year cycle. Continued implementation of mitigation actions will help with steadily reducing the risks posed by hazards to the community. Section 1. 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Washington State's land use planning goals (RCW 36.70A.020) address the need for public input. Goal 11 -Citizen Participation and Coordination "encourages the involvement of citizens in the planning process and ensures coordination between communities and jurisdictions to reconcile conflicts." FEMA also requires public input during the development of mitigation plans. Through public involvement, the mitigation plan reflects community issues, concerns, and new ideas and perspectives on mitigation opportunities and plan action items. Residents were regularly engaged in the hazard mitigation planning process. Key roles for members of the public included: • Shaping the mitigation goals that guide the focus of the entire plan • Informing priority community assets and vulnerable groups • Prioritizing mitigation actions for the community to implement over the life of the plan Neighboring communities and other community stakeholders were offered the opportunity for involvement and comment on the HMP. The HMP Committee invited representatives of Kittitas and Benton counties, as well as Yakama Nation to guide the development of the HMP and identify coordination efforts on the mitigation strategy. All stakeholders were also invited to a public meeting where the final HMP was presented. Table 1.4 summarizes efforts to involve neighboring jurisdictions and key stakeholders. Table 1.4. Additional Stakeholders and Neighboring Jurisdictions Name Organization Participated Participation Details Contact Dates Invite to public Benton County meeting and update Deanna Davis Emergency No N/A Services on plan review period (Email 9/9 and 9/19) City of Yakima Participated in an John Carney Information Yes interview about cyber August 22 Meeting Technology threats for the city Contacted by Bill Preston City of Yakima Yes Participated in final Committee Member Engineer plan review during plan review period (9/15—10/5) Contacted by Joan City of Yakima Yes Participated in final Committee Member Davenport Planning plan review during plan review period (9/15—10/5) Invite to public Dan-en Kittitas County No N/A meeting and update Higashiyama Sheriffs Office on plan review period (Email 9/9 and 9/19) Invite to public John Sinclair Kittitas Valley Fire No N/A meeting and update & Rescue on plan review period (Email 9/9 and 9/19) Section 1. Introduction Page 22 of 215 26 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 1.4. Additional Stakeholders and Neighboring Jurisdictions Name Organization Participated Participation Details Contact Dates Invite to public Elizabeth Yakama Nation Na N/A meeting and update Sanchey on plan review period (Email 9/16 and 9/19) Yakima County Participated in an Dale Panattoni Information Yes interview about cyber August 22 Meeting Technology threats for the county Contacted by Nathan Yakima County Participated in final Committee Member Johnson Health District Yes plan review during plan review period (9/15—10/5) Contacted by Yakima Valley Yes Participated in final Committee Member Memorial Hospital plan review during plan review period (9/15—10/5) Public Meetings The HMP Committee hosted two public meetings throughout the planning process. The goal of these hybrid virtual/in-person meetings was to establish public priorities and offer opportunities to inform plan development. The focus of the first public meeting included the planning process, priority hazards, and mitigation goals. The final public meeting goal is to review the draft version of the plan and provide feedback on the mitigation strategy, specifically the priority action items. As the COVID-19 global pandemic was ongoing at the time of plan development, all meetings and public engagement were available for both virtual and in-person participation. • Public Meeting #1 — Monday,April 11 from 6:00—8:30pm • Public Meeting #2—Wednesday, October 5 from 4:00—5:00pm Community Preparedness Survey In addition to public meetings, members of the public completed the Community Preparedness Survey. This survey helped to understand risk, vulnerability, and preparedness of community members. This survey was made available on Monday,April 11 through August 31, 2022. The survey was posted on the YVEM, Yakima County, and City of Yakima websites and Facebook pages, shared online and in the Yakima Herald and YakTri newspapers, and via email through the Yakima County Commissioners newsletter and listserv. The survey was made available in both English and Spanish. A total of 287 people completed the online survey. A complete summary of results is available as Appendix C. YVEM Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) Webpage The YVEM website was used to advertise HMP progress and allow for public and stakeholder participation and feedback to be shared. The "County Emergency Plans" page hosted regular updates on the planning process and public meetings. Section 1. Introduction Page 23 of 215 27 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Plan Updates and Revisions The 2022 HMP is an update to the 2015 HMP for Yakima County, and prior to that, a 2010 version. While the 2015 HMP Update maintained the structure and approach of the 2010 plan, the 2022 HMP Update includes major revisions and organization changes. A summary of the most pertinent changes between 2015 and 2022 is provided in Table 1.5. Table 1.5. Summary of Changes Section 2022 HMP Update Changes Executive The 2022 HMP retains the same structure and integrity as the 2015 Summary HMP. The 2022 HMP combines 2015 HMP Sections 1 (Introduction)and 7 (Public Involvement)to provide a more holistic summary of the Section 1. planning process. Other additions and refinements include: Introduction • Summary of planning process/phases • Alignment of FEMA HMP requirements by plan section • Condensed and clarified approach to recruiting stakeholder participation The 2022 HMP retains the same structure and integrity as the 2015 HMP. Additions and refinements include: • Updated Census/American Community Survey data for 2020 Section 2. • Expanded description of land use and development trends and Community Profile integration with the updated County Comprehensive Plan • Added assessment of critical transportation routes by sector in the county The 2022 HMP combines the hazard identification section from the 2015 HMP with the separate hazard profiles (including hazard history). Additions and refinements include: • Revisited the hazard identification to include 5 Section 3. Hazard technological/human-caused hazards (two were previously Identification and included) • Revisited the hazard identification to update the natural Risk Assessment hazards in alignment with the 2018 Washington State HMP • Added a more comprehensive description of hazard impacts and history • Refined the risk assessment methodology to full evaluate each hazard based on frequency/probability and impact criteria The 2022 HMP retains the same structure and integrity as the 2015 Section 4. HMP. Mitigation actions were reviewed and updated, with new actions Mitigation Strategy added and some actions noted as completed or removed. The 2022 HMP combines Section 6 from the 2015 HMP which described the process for evaluating and prioritizing mitigation actions. Section 5. This section is new to the 2022 HMP.A summary of implementation Mitigation Strategy mechanisms, capability assessment, and plan integration strategy was Implementation & included within the Mitigation Strategy in the 2015 HMP. Plan Integration Section 6. Plan The 2022 HMP retains the same structure as the 2015 HMP. Maintenance _L Section 1. Introduction Page 24 of 215 28 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 SECTION 2. COMMUNITY PROFILE Natural, human-caused, and technological hazards and threats impact community members, property, the environment, and the economy of Yakima County. These hazards have exposed Yakima County residents and businesses to the financial and emotional costs of recovering after disasters. The risk associated with hazards increases as more people move to areas affected by these incidents. The inevitability of natural and human-caused hazards, and the growing population and activity within the county create an urgent need to develop strategies, coordinate resources, and increase public awareness to reduce risk and prevent loss from future hazard events. Identifying risks posed by hazards and developing strategies to reduce the impact of a hazard event can assist in protecting life and property of people and communities. Residents and businesses can work together with the county to create a hazard mitigation plan that addresses the potential impacts of hazard events. This Community Profile uses data tables provided as a part of the 2022 Yakima County Profile developed by the Washington State Employment Security Department.' 2.1. Location Yakima County is located in south central Washington state. It is bounded to the north by Kittitas County, to the south by Klickitat County, on the west by Thurston, Lewis, and Skamania counties, and the east by Benton and Grant counties. The geography varies from densely timbered, mountainous terrain at the crest of the Cascade Mountain Range in the west to rolling foothills, broad valleys, and arid sagebrush covered regions to the east, to fertile valleys in the central and southern parts of the county that has made agriculture the staple of the economy over the last 100 years. The highest point in the county is Mount Adams at 12,277 feet(3,742 meters) above sea level. The city of Yakima sits at 1,068 feet. Yakima County is 4,296 square miles, or approximately 2.75 million acres, making it the second largest county in Washington. Three entities own over 1.7 million of the total acres of Yakima County, or 63.4% of the total county area, including: • Yakama Nation (1,074,174 acres) • U.S. Forest Service (503,726 acres) • Yakima Training Center(165,787 acres) The city of Yakima, the tenth largest city in the state, contains over 37% of the county population. 90% of the state's population is within a 3-hour drive from Yakima. The County derives its names from the regional Yakama Indian tribes. There are several theories on the meaning of"Yakima," including a native legend about a Chiefs daughter from Moxee who fled from her home after breaking tribal rules. The word Yakima in this legend means "runaway." Others believe "runaway" refers to the rivers that surround the valley. Yakima has also been interpreted to mean "well fed people." The complete profile is available here: htlps://media.esd.wa.gov/esdwa/Default/ESDWAGOV/labor-market- i nfo/Li braries/Regional-reports/County-ProfileslYakima-county-profile-2022-rev.pdf Section 2. Community Profile Page 25 of 215 29 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 2.2. Climate Yakima has four distinct seasons. Sunshine is the norm in Yakima County at nearly 300 days per year. Average precipitation is 8 inches a year, of which 24 inches occurs as snowfall in the months of November, December, and January. The average temperature in the winter is 37, spring 63, summer 88, and fall 64. This favorable weather makes Yakima a leader in agricultural products (including hops, fruit, dairy, and many others), wine growing, outdoor recreation, and tourism. 2.3. Land Use and Future Development Yakima County's development was shaped largely by the Northern Pacific Railroad and the Yakima River. Most of the county's population is concentrated along this river, largely because irrigation was critical to the success of the communities and the farmers who settled in this area. The arable lands within the county are made up of basin lands, bottom lands, terraces, and lower uplands tributary to the Yakima River. Collectively, these lands are called the Yakima Valley. The area north of Ahtanum and Rattlesnake Ridges is generally referred to as the Upper Yakima Valley while the area south of them is known as the Lower Yakima Valley. The Upper Valley is more heavily populated while the Lower Valley is characterized by smaller cities and contains more productive farmland. Land use and development priorities and policies are outlined in Horizon 2040, the Yakima County Comprehensive Plan adopted in 2017. Land use is organized into three categories identified in the Washington State Growth Management Act— 1) urban, 2)rural, and 3) resource. These categories are defined as: • Urban lands are those included within the Urban Growth Area (UGA) of one of Yakima County's fourteen incorporated cities. They are typified by growth patterns that have made or will make an intensive use of land for buildings, structures, and impermeable surfaces. As a result, other uses, such as the production of food, become incompatible. • Rural lands are those areas outside of both the UGA and the resource lands. Rural areas allow low to moderate densities that can be supported and sustained without urban services— primarily water and sewer service. By state law, development in rural areas cannot occur if it is urban in nature. • Economic Resource lands are those lands important and necessary for their ability to sustain the long-term commercial production of agricultural goods, forest products and mineral commodities. While areas within UGAs are considered urban, many Yakima County communities are more traditionally considered rural areas. The U.S. Census Bureau defines urban as either: 1) Urbanized Areas (UAs) of 50,000 people or more; or 2) Urban Clusters(UCs) of 2,500-49,999 people. Most Yakima County cities fall into the UC category, while several including Harrah, Mabton, Naches, and Tieton, fall below this threshold. Additionally, many Yakima County UGAs are very small in area, surrounded by widespread rural and agricultural resource lands, giving the county a predominantly rural character. The Yakima County Horizon 2040 Comprehensive Plan includes a Natural Hazards element that ensures that"when planning for natural hazards, the county must balance public safety with the protection of individual property rights." The plan element specifically addresses mitigation Section 2. Community Profile Page 26 of 215 30 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 capabilities in the county, and addresses flooding, wildfire, and drought as hazards of concern that may be directly influenced by land use and development patterns. Yakima County's existing Critical Area Ordinance and the Shoreline Master Plan protect streams,wetlands, and vegetative buffers from development. The Horizon 2040 Comprehensive Plan also includes many policies that reduce or restrict development in hazard prone areas, including wildfire risk reduction strategies, restriction of subdevelopments in flooding areas, designated areas where development is not allowed due to landslide or other geological hazards, ensuring adequate stormwater infrastructure, and locating critical infrastructure outside of high hazard risk areas, among others. 2.4. Demographics Yakima is the largest city in the county. In addition to its permanent resident base, the county has a large seasonal population related to the agricultural industry. This temporary population has been estimated at up to 50,000 during peak activity. Table 2.1 below provides a summary of the area population, including the entire county, unincorporated areas, and each town in Yakima County. The county population has grown by 0.9% over the last thirty years and is projected to grow at the same rate over the next 10 years. This growth rate is slightly lower than that of Washington State (1.5% over the last 30 years). Table 2.1.Area Population by Jurisdiction in Yakima County2 Jurisdiction 2010 Actual I 2015 Actual 2022 Estimated Yakima County 243,231 249,314 259,950 Unincorporated 83,755 85,618 88,955 Incorporated 159,476 163,696 170,995 Grandview 10,862 11,108 11,020 Granger 3,246 3,377 3,740 Harrah 630 603 580 Mabton 2,286 2,120 1,975 Moxee 3,308 3,830 4,665 Naches 795 927 1,125 Selah 7,147 7,638 8,365 Su n nyside 15,858 15,856 16,500 _Tieton 1,191 1,295 1,505 Toppenish 8,949 8,814 8,870 Union Gap 6,047 6,254 6,640 Wapato 4,997 4,811 4,615 Yakima 91,196 93,927 98,200 2 Estimates from Washington Office of Financial Management and U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis as summarized by the Employment Security Department Section 2. Community Profile Page 27 of 215 31 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 2.2 below shows the race and ethnicity of the Yakima County population compared to Washington State for 2010, while Table 2.3 illustrates the same data for 2021. The percentage of the Yakima County population that is Hispanic or Latino has grown since 2010, now constituting 51% of the population, compared to just 14%for Washington as a whole. Table 2.2. Race and Ethnicity in Yakima County(2010) Non-Hispanic Population by Race Native American Hawaiian Black or Indian and and Other African Alaska Pacific Two or White American Native Asian Islander More Hispanic Jurisdiction alone alone alone alone alone Races or Latino Washington 4,888,788 231,472 89,149 479,752 39,321 240,268 755,790 Yakima 116,419 1,756 9,120 2,386 144 3,936 109,470 County Washington 72.7% 3.4% 1.3% 7.1% 0.6% 3.6% 11.2% Yakima 47.9% 0.7% 3.7% 1.0% 0.1/ 1.6% 45.0tCounty Table 2.3. Race and Ethnicity in Yakima County(2021) Non-Hispanic Population by Race - Native American Hawaiian Black or Indian and and Other African Alaska Pacific Two or White American Native Asian Islander More Hispanic Jurisdiction alone alone alone alone alone Races or Latino Washington 4,943,852 304,625 91,991 748,230 64,664 509,296 1,085,366 Yakima 103,322 1,758 9,399 2,884 228 7,916 132,593 County Washington 63.7% 3.9% 1.2% 9.6% 0.8% 6.6% 14.0% Yakima 40.0% 0.7% 3.6% 1.1% 0.1% 3.1% 51.4% County Yakima County has a generally younger population than Washington state, with 49.5% of residents under 18 years old, and 14% over 65 years old in 2021. Additionally, Yakima County has slightly lower educational attainment than Washington state. Less than 75% of the county population 25 years and older has a high school diploma, and 17.6% of adults have a bachelor's degree or higher. Section 2. Community Profile Page 28 of 215 32 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 2.5. Local Economy Agriculture is the bedrock of the Yakima County economy. The industry is the number one employment sector, followed by health services and local government. In 2020, agricultural employers provided over 30,000 jobs in Yakima County(about 28% of total employment). Health services provided 16,500 jobs(15%)and local government provided 13,000 jobs (12%). Together, these industries provide over 54% of total covered employment in the county. Table 2.4 below summarizes the top five Yakima County industry sectors in 2020 in terms of employment. Table 2.4. Top Industries in Yakima County by Employment(2020) Sector l Number of Jobs Share of Employment Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 30,767 27.8% Health services 16,543 14.9% Local government 13,079 11.8% Retail trade 10,623 9.6% Manufacturing 8,010 7.2% All other industries 31,778 28.7% Total covered employment 110,800 100% Agriculture Yakima County has 558,000 irrigated acres of private land used for agriculture. The Yakima Project, operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, supplies irrigation water to approximately 464,000 acres across the Yakima Basin. Five reservoirs, the Keechelus, Kachess, Cle Elum, Rimrock, and Bumping lakes, serve as storage for water that is then released to supply irrigation diversions through the Basin.3 As the state's leading agricultural county, Yakima has a large and highly varied farm base, complemented by diverse non-agricultural sectors. Yakima County is Washington State's number one producer of apples, hops, corn, spearmint, peppermint, and grapes and one of the top producers of sweet cherries. In 2015 and 2016, the Yakima Valley produced more hops than any other agricultural area in the world, edging out Germany, which had long held the title. Each year, about 75% of the nation's hop crop comes from the Yakima Valley. Yakima's wine industry has gained national awareness, producing award winning varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Riesling, Merlot, and Syrah wines. Yakima produces 29% of the nation's cherries, 42% of the nation's pears, and 38% of the nation's concord grapes. Yakima County is one of the leaders in the state for its inventory of bee colonies, cattle, and sheep. Yakima County ranks eighth in the nation for milk production. Health Services This industry expanded by 27% between 2010 and 2020, adding more than 3,000 jobs in Yakima County. Health services moved from the third to the second largest sector in that same time. Jobs in the health services industry are relatively"good paying" compared to agriculture, making up 16% of total wage income in the county. 3 Yakima Basin Fish&Wildlife Recovery Board.Yakima Basin Overview.Accessed from https://ybfwrb.org/yakima- basin-overview/ Section 2. Community Profile Page 29 of 215 33 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Government Of the three levels of government(federal, state, and local)the largest numbers of employees are in the local level, specifically in the elementary and secondary school system. The Joint Base Lewis-McChord Yakima Training Center, located seven miles north of Yakima, is the Army's premier maneuver training area in the Northwest and has 325 permanent military/civilian personnel. The government sector also includes jobs and wages at tribal organizations. Retail Trade Retail trade added the fourth-largest number of jobs across Yakima County between 2010 and 2020, with 50% of the growth in building material and garden supply stores. This sector provides a smaller percentage of total wage income compared to total employment in the county, as a higher percentage of jobs are part time. Manufacturing Closely tied with Washington's agricultural tradition is value added manufacturing processes with specific focus on food processing. These activities include milling, blending, packaging, canning, freezing, processing, manufacturing, and refining end products for industrial, business and consumer production. Food processing represents about 41% of the manufacturing sector in Yakima County.A significant share of manufacturing employment stems from the agricultural sector but lumber and wood products, non-electrical machinery, paper and allied products, transportation equipment, metals, plastics, and fabricated metal products all have a significant impact. Biofuel is an emergent industry with a bright future in Yakima County, and includes bio- diesel, bio-gas, and ethanol products. Section 2. Community Profile Page 30 of 215 34 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 2.6. Government Yakima County has a County Commission with three elected commissioners. The city of Yakima has a City Manager, a seven-member City Council and serves as the county seat. There are 14 incorporated towns within the county that are governed by city/town councils. Yakima County maintains 1,655 miles of roads, a large majority of which are oiled or gravel. There are 9 County Fire Districts that operate outside the Valley's major towns or cities. Approximately 600 paid and volunteer firefighters help run these rural fire stations. Yakima County maintains a jail facility with an average daily inmate population of 326. Washington State uses sales and use taxes, business and occupation (B&O)taxes, gas taxes and property taxes to generate a predominate share of overall state revenue. The state's tax structure is relatively stable when tracked against changes in personal income. Washington State has no corporate income, unitary, or inventory tax. There is also no tax on interest, dividends, or capital gains. The business and occupation tax is based on gross receipts generated within the state. Local governments work within the state tax collection system. A portion of local property taxes and sales taxes is also retained by Yakima County. Section 2. Community Profile Page 31 of 215 35 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 2.7. Transportation Figure 2.1 illustrates the critical transportation corridors in Yakima County based on several primary functions, including crop growers, healthcare, livestock, logistics, and public safety. Figure 2.1. Critical Transportation in Yakima County - —v N Washington State y (tett. 1d Yak C my 1 "t , s ti aCG t ' _ NOAA,National Geograph - Garmin,HERE,gt , ttr J ♦ l+ 'tt _ Naches — --— .4 - s l -r in�-" Moxee L, _ .-_ ar Y fits-_r aw.m - I s. Yakima County s khndii nap gnu Critical Transportation ,II eraa c3 _ - ToPvenis `.oF 3 Sunnyside County Boundary 1 c� d 1eWp II LJMunicipalities I —Interstate is- —Major Road —Crop Growers 1 —Health Care >, a -_ _ I —Livestock Logistics - —Public Safety _ _ 90 20 • Livestock ' Area Water `L. nrti,n,J1.u�l t a yr. n ,-- , c�.ekW-J .; • Major Highways: Interstate 82 runs through the heart of Yakima County. The modern freeway links with Interstate 90 at Ellensburg,just 30 miles north of Yakima and Interstate 84 to the south. 1-90 connects Seattle with New York City. Major highways include US Routes 12 and 97, and State Routes 22, 24, 241, and 410. • Transit: Yakima Transit buses connect Yakima, Selah, and Union Gap with all downtown services. Buses run every 20 minutes. Greyhound Bus Lines serve daily routes from Grandview, Sunnyside, Granger, Toppenish, Wapato, and Yakima to Seattle, Pasco, and Portland. • Airport: General aviation service is available at Yakima Air Terminal, Sunnyside Airport, and Buena Field. Yakima is served by Alaska Airlines with three flights daily to Seattle. There are two full service fixed base operators on the airfield. Airfreight service is available from Federal Express and UPS. Section 2. Community Profile Page 32 of 215 36 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Motor Freight Carriers: Within Yakima County there are 10 trucking firms for heavy hauling, one for liquid or dry bulk, two for local cartage, and 38 for motor freight. • Railroads: Rail shipment to and from Yakima County is available via Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Central Washington railroad lines with 292 active spurs throughout the county. • Ports: Puget Sound is three hours from Yakima County and provides major international ports on the Pacific Ocean. Inland ports are available within two hours on the Columbia River. Section 2. Community Profile Page 33 of 215 37 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 2.8. Utilities • Electric: Hydroelectric dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers provide Washington State with the lowest rates in the nation. Yakima County is served by three electric utilities, Pacific Power, an investor-owned utility, Yakama Power, owned by Yakama Nation, and the Benton County Rural Electric Association. • Natural Gas: Cascade Natural Gas Corporation distributes natural gas throughout Yakima County with service available for all types of installations. • Solid Waste Disposal: Solid waste collection service is available throughout the county either by municipal systems or private companies. There are three solid waste landfills and two transfer stations within Yakima County. The area has recycling centers for some items. • Water:The Utilities Division of Yakima County operates 27 water systems throughout the county. Most cities in the county also operate their own water systems, typically sourced from groundwater. Many homes in Yakima County use private domestic wells, and as documented in the Lower Valley Groundwater Management Area reports, are subject to higher concentrations of nitrates that exceed drinking water standards. • Wastewater: Each city operates its own wastewater collection system, while Yakima County operates three wastewater systems. The Port of Sunnyside operates a system dedicated to the treatment of industrial waste. The regional treatment plant operated by the City of Yakima has a delegated industrial pretreatment monitoring program in place. • Telecommunications: Advanced telecommunication services are available in most major communities in Yakima County. Competition between local providers has helped improve telecommunications infrastructure dramatically. Extensive fiber optic cables are in place in most of the major communities in the region, including Yakima. Section 2. Community Profile Page 34 of 215 I 38 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 1 2022 SECTION 3. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT Hazard events happen somewhere in the world every day. Whether such events become a disaster depends on whether there are injuries, deaths, or significant property, natural resource, or cultural damage. Conducting a risk assessment can provide information on the location of hazards, the value of existing land and property in hazard locations, and an analysis of risk to life, property, and the environment. At the most fundamental level, both DHS and FEMA recognize that: Risk= Frequency of a Hazard X Consequence from that Hazard To reach a certain level of risk, there must be a probability or likelihood for that event to occur (frequency). Likewise, if the event does happen, but there is no impact or consequence, the level of risk is negated or substantially reduced. To determine the risk for each hazard, this assessment considers frequency of the hazard based on historic occurrence and future climate conditions, as well as potential consequences. The risk assessment includes three elements: • Hazard Identification selects 17 hazards that consistently affect this geographic area. These hazards were identified based on input from the HMP Committee as well as review of the 2018 Washington State HMP. A summary of the identified hazards is available as Section 3.2. • Hazard Profiles describes its geographic impact area, extent or intensity of the hazard, probability of its occurrence, causes and characteristics of each hazard, how it has affected Yakima County in the past, and how Yakima County's population, critical facilities, built infrastructure, economy, emergency and critical operations, and natural and cultural resources might be vulnerable. Using the best available data, the HMP estimates potential losses from the hazards. For each hazard where data was available, quantitative estimates for potential losses are included in the hazard assessment. Hazard profiles are available as Section 3.5— 3.21. • Critical Facilities Exposure combines hazard identification with an inventory of the existing critical facilities that may be exposed to a hazard. Critical facilities are of particular concern because these entities provide essential services to the public that are necessary to preserve the welfare and quality of life in the county and fulfill important public safety, emergency response, and/or disaster recovery functions. The critical facilities have been identified, plotted in GIS, and overlayed with hazard mapping. The summary of critical facilities is available as Section 3.3. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 35 of 215 39 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.1. Risk Assessment Methodology Some hazards can be expected in Yakima County given regular climate and weather conditions. These types of hazards are "chronic" hazards as they occur with some regularity and can sometimes be predicted through historic evidence and scientific methods. Other disasters are "catastrophic" as they do not occur with the frequency of chronic hazards and can have devastating impacts on life, property, and the environment when they do occur. The HMP Risk Assessment used the criteria in Table 3.1 to evaluate the future probability and historic frequency of hazard events. Table 3.1. Risk Assessment Methodology— Frequency and Probability Very Unlikely Somewhat Likely Very Likely Unlikely Likely Historical Extremely Occurrence Rare or No 51-100 years 11-50 years 5-10 years 1-4 years (Frequency) Documented History . Future 100+years 51-100 years 11-50 years 5-10 years 1-4 years Probability Score 1 2 3 4 5 Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 36 of 215 40 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Anticipated consequences or impacts to Yakima County communities from various hazards are determined using the impact criteria described in Table 3.2. By using these criteria, a comparison of each hazard can be made to determine which pose the greatest risk. The determination of which hazards present the greatest risk is based on the combined score of impacts. The impact score is then combined with the frequency score to generate a risk level of High, edium, or Low for each hazard. A summary of hazard risk rankings is included in Section 3.4 and in detail within each hazard profile. Table 3.2. Risk Assessment Methodology— Impact Criteria Very Low Low Medium High Very High 0-1 death 2-3 deaths 4-5 deaths 6-9 deaths 10+ deaths Human Health 0-3 injuries 4-7 injuries 8-10 11-19 20+ injuries injuries injuries Widespread Localized repairable; Widespread Widespread Property Damage Minimal repairable OR substantial non- localized damages repairable substantial Economic Minimal Localized Widespread Up to 6 Long-term Disruption temporary temporary months disruption Widespread Environmental Localized Widespread Localized severe Resource Damages) Minimal minor minor severe and/or long- Degradation* term Widespread and Widespread Localized temporaryand Widespread Emergency Minimal and burden; OR medium- and long- Services Burden temporary localized term burden burden and term burden (>14 days) (<14 days) medium- term Critical Facilities <10% 10-20% 20-30% 30-50% >50% Exposure exposed exposed exposed exposed exposed Score 1 2 3 4 5 *Environmental Resource Damages/Degradation includes impacts to agriculture such as livestock deaths, crop damages, and soil degradation. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 37 of 215 41 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.2. Hazard Identification Yakima County is vulnerable to approximately 54 threats and hazards, listed in Table 3.3. They range from natural to technological or human-caused events. The HMP Committee reviewed the list of threats and hazards, the hazards included in the 2015 Yakima County HMP, and the 2018 Washington State HMP to determine the hazards to include in the 2022 plan update. Table 3.3.Yakima County Types of Threats and Hazards Natural Hazards Technological and Human-caused Hazards Avalanche Air Pollution Cold, Extreme Attack, Conventional Cold, Freeze Building/Structure Collapse Dam/Levee Failure Business Interruption Drought Chemical Stockpiles Epidemic/Pandemic,Animal Civil Unrest Epidemic/Pandemic, Human Ecological Terrorism Fire, Brush Economic Emergency Fire, Forest Energy Emergency Fire, Range Financial Collapse Fire, Rural/Urban Fire/Explosion Flood, Flash Fuel Shortage Flood, Riverine/Stream Hazardous Materials Incident, Fixed Facility Flood, Urban Hazardous Materials Incident,Transportation Heat, Extreme Hostage Situation Landshift, Earthquake Power Outage Landshift, Earthslide/Rock Slide Radiological, CGS or DOE Landshift, Erosion Radiological,Transportation Landslide Riot/DemonstrationsNiolent Protest/Illegal Assembly Storm, Blizzard Sabotage Storm, Dust/Sand Strike Storm, Ice/Hail Transportation Accident,Aircraft Storm, Lightning Transportation Accident, Railroad Storm, Snow Water Shortage Storm,Windstorm Weapons of Mass Destruction:biological, chemical, Tornado explosive, incendiary, nuclear incidents Volcano Workplace Violence: business/industry and schools Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 38 of 215 42 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan .1 2022 Table 3.4 describes the identified hazards included in the 2022 HMP Update, as well a description of changes from the 2015 HMP. Table 3.4. Hazard Identification Summary Hazard T . _ Chan•es from 2015 Ex•lanation Natural Hazards Agricultural New hazard in 2022. Agricultural disease is included in the 2018 Washington Disease State HMP.As a predominantly agricultural community, Outbreak Yakima County is reliant on healthy and consistent crop returns.Yakima County has been impacted by agricultural diseases including Mad Cow disease, avian influenza, cherry disease, and invasive pests including stinkbugs, apple maggots,and the Japanese Beetle. Avalanche Avalanche was Based on the location of key transportation routes and included as a hazard recreational areas threatened by avalanche,parts of in 2015. Yakima County would be vulnerable.Yakima County Planning Division uses policies and ordinances to mitigate for avalanches and other geologic hazards through the Critical Areas Ordinance, as described in Section 5.1, which has also been adopted by most municipalities. Drought Drought was included From the State Hazard Mitigation Plan, a county is most as a hazard in 2015. vulnerable to drought if it meets at least five of seven criteria.Yakima County meets those criteria.Yakima County Comprehensive Plan was updated in 2017 to include a Hazard Mitigation element addressing drought among other natural hazards. Earthquake Earthquake was Factors including the size of potentially vulnerable included as a hazard populations,the age of the housing stock, and building in 2015. materials such as unreinforced masonry,play a part in determining which counties are most vulnerable. Yakima County is at risk to both a localized earthquake as well as the impacts of a Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake impacting Seattle and the greater Pacific Northwest. Yakima County Planning Division uses policies and ordinances to mitigate for earthquakes and other geologic hazards through the Critical Areas Ordinance, as described in Section 5.1,which has also been adopted by most municipalities. Erosion Erosion was combined Long-term erosion is a result of multi-year impacts such as with Landslides and repetitive flooding. Death and injury are not typically other geologic hazards associated with erosion; however, it can destroy buildings in the 2022 HMP. and infrastructure. Extreme Extreme Extreme heat is typically recognized as the condition where Temperatures Temperatures was temperatures consistently stay ten degrees or more above included as a hazard a region's average high temperature for an extended in 2015. period. Fatalities can result from extreme temperatures, as they can push the human body beyond its limits (hyperthermia and hypothermia). Flood Flooding was included Yakima County regularly experiences flooding events that as a hazard in 2015. damage homes, property, and critical infrastructure, as well as disrupting critical operations and the local economy. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 39 of 215 43 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan I 2022 Table 3.4. Hazard Identification Summary Hazard Type Changes from 2015 Explanation Since the 2015 HMP, several communities in the county experienced damaging flood events in 2016 and 2017. Yakima County Planning Division uses policies and ordinances to mitigate flooding impacts.Yakima County Critical Areas Ordinance(Tides 16A and 16C)and Yakima County Shoreline Master Program (Title 16D)implement policies that restrict development in the floodplain and floodway and protect hydrologically related critical areas. These critical areas include flood hazard areas and wetlands, which provide flood flow attenuation and other flood mitigation functions. Most municipalities in Yakima County have adopted the Critical Areas Ordinance and Shoreline Master Program. Yakima County Comprehensive Plan was updated in 2017 to include a Hazard Mitigation element addressing flooding among other natural hazards. Hail Hail was combined Hailstorms frequently accompany thunderstorms,so their with other severe locations and spatial extents overlap. Hail can cause weather events for the substantial damage to vehicles, roofs, landscaping, and 2022 HMP. other areas of the built environment. U.S. agriculture is typically the area most affected by hail storms,which cause severe crop damage even during minor events. Landslide Landslide was On October 11,2009, a landslide occurred at included as a hazard approximately RM 22.3(T 15N, R15E, Sec.2)on the in 2015.This hazard Naches River in Yakima County.The landslide was a now includes Erosion. rotational slump,approximately 16 million cubic yards in size. State Route 410 was obliterated in the slide area for a quarter mile, and the Naches River was completed blocked by landslide debris on the western side of the slide. Yakima County Planning Division uses policies and ordinances to mitigate for Landslides and other geologic hazards. Lightning Lightning was Lightning can strike communications equipment(e.g., radio combined with other or cell towers, antennae,satellite dishes, etc.)and hamper severe weather events communication and emergency response. Lightning strikes for the 2022 HMP. can also cause significant damage to buildings, critical facilities, and infrastructure,largely by igniting a fire. Lightning can also ignite a wildfire. Public Health New hazard in 2022. Yakima County,along with the rest of the world,was Emergency heavily impacted by COVID-19 in 2020-2022. The global (Communicable pandemic interrupted daily life, critical operations, global Disease) and local supply chains, and led to the death of over 800 people in Yakima County. Other communicable diseases, including vector-borne, are an annual concern. Severe Wind Wind Storm was All areas of Washington State are vulnerable to severe Storm combined with other weather. Typically, a severe storm can cause major severe weather events impacts to transportation, infrastructure and services, and for the 2022 HMP. loss of utilities. Most storms move into Washington from the Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 40 of 215 44 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.4. Hazard Identification Summary Hazard Type Changes from 2015 Explanation Pacific Ocean.A severe storm is defined as an atmospheric disturbance that results in one or more of the following phenomena: high winds, large hail, thunderstorms, lightning, or tornadoes. Severe Winter Severe Winter Storms All areas of Washington State are vulnerable to severe Storm was included as a weather. Typically, a severe storm can cause major hazard in 2015. impacts to transportation, infrastructure and services, and loss of utilities. Most storms move into Washington from the Pacific Ocean. Severe winter storm is profiled separately from other severe weather,given the impacts of heavy snow, ice, and long duration power outages. Tornado Tornado was All areas of Washington State are vulnerable to severe combined with other weather. Typically, a severe storm can cause major severe weather events impacts to transportation, infrastructure and services, and for the 2022 HMP. loss of utilities. Most storms move into Washington from the Pacific Ocean.A severe storm is defined as an atmospheric disturbance that results in one or more of the following phenomena: high winds, large hail, thunderstorms, lightning, or tornadoes. Volcanic Volcanic Eruption was Scientists define a volcano as active if it has erupted in Eruption included as a hazard historic time or is seismically or geothermally active. By in 2015. this definition Mount Rainier, Mount Baker, and Mount St. Helens are active volcanoes. Mount Adams is also capable of renewed activity. On May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m., Mount St. Helens erupted killing 57 people.After a 5.1 magnitude earthquake,the volcano's summit slid away in a huge landslide,the largest in earth's recorded history, at that lime. The landslide depressurized the volcano's magma system,triggering a powerful explosion that ripped through the sliding debris. Rock, ash,volcanic gas, and steam were blasted upwards and outward to the north. Over the course of the day, prevailing winds blew 520 million tons of ash eastward across the United States and caused complete darkness in across Yakima County. The ash fall required millions of dollars in dean-up and ash removal, and impacted local businesses and agriculture for several years. Yakima County Planning Division uses policies and ordinances to mitigate for Volcanic Eruptions and other geologic hazards, which have been adopted by most municipalities in the county. Wildfire Wildland Fire was Residents of Yakima County have experienced repeated included as a hazard cycles of wildland fires.A series of major wildfires between in 2015.This hazard is the 2010 Cowiche Mill Fire and the 2021 Schneider slightly modified to Springs Fire have prompted residents,government reflect concern for officials, a local recreation nonprofit land owner, and local Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 41 of 215 45 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan I 2022 Table 3.4. Hazard Identification Summary Hazard Type Changes from 2015 Explanation WUI as well as fire district leaders to come together and act to reduce the wildland fires. future risk of damaging wildfires. Yakima County Comprehensive Plan was updated in 2017 to include a Hazard Mitigation element addressing wildfire among other natural hazards.The Yakima County Community Wildfire Protection plan was updated in 2022 and ado'ted as an annex to the 2022 HMP. Technological and Human-caused Hazards Cyber New hazard in 2022. Cyber attacks are considered the fastest growing threat to Threat/Attack communities. Cyber threats are rapidly increasing in frequency and expanding in size,scope, and style. Local governments are considered very underprepared for cyber threats, and many communities within Washington have been impacted in recent years. Dam/Levee Dam/Levee failure Nearly every Yakima County community is located in a Failure was partially included dam inundation area.There are at least six High Hazard in 2015 as an aspect Potential Dams in the area that require monitoring and of Flooding. It is maintenance, as well as public education to understand the included as a distinct potential threat and protective actions. Levee failure,while hazard in 2022. potentially less severe, may be more likely to occur given the extensive system throughout Yakima County resulting in more levee miles than dam miles. Levee failure results in dynamic erosive forces, and different stage and volume characteristics of flood events. Hazardous Hazardous Materials There are three types of hazardous materials threats in Materials Incident was included Yakima County—fixed facilities,transport, and pipelines. as a hazard in the Interstate 82 runs through the heart of Yakima County.The 2015 HMP. modem freeway links with Interstate 90 at Ellensburg,just 35 miles north of Yakima and Interstate 84 to the south. I- 90 connects Seattle with New York City. Major highways include US Routes 12 and 97, and State Routes 22, 24, 241 and 410. Rail shipment to and from Yakima County is available via Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad with 292 active spurs throughout the county. Yakima County has over 2,350 fixed facilities subject to Tier II Extremely Hazardous Substances reporting,as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency. Nuclear New hazard in 2022. Yakima County is within the 50-mile radius of Hanford Site Release/ in southeastern Washington.While a well-regulated site, Radiological there is some risk that a spill or release could impact the Incident wider region, including embargoes on Yakima Valley agricultural products.A radiological incident is included in the 2018 Washington State HMP. Terrorism New hazard in 2022. Terrorism is included in the 2018 Washington State HMP. While there is no recent history of terrorism in Yakima County,domestic violent extremism is of growing concern in many communities. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 42 of 215 46 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.3. Critical Facilities Exposure After determining which hazard events can impact Yakima County, the HMP Committee considered the critical facilities that are vulnerable to the identified hazards. Location data for 1,277 assets were collected using Yakima County GIS, City of Yakima GIS, national and state GIS databases, and through the collection of physical addresses. Each facility was then plotted within a GIS shapefile and overlayed with available hazard geographic layers. The assessment only includes point data (location data) rather than line data such as roads and railways. The result of this overlay serves as an exposure analysis of critical facilities to certain hazards. Hazards that impact the entirety of Yakima County, such as winter storms, are not included in the exposure analysis. It is assumed that all critical facilities are at risk of these more chronic hazards, and their vulnerability is more related to building age and maintenance needs than location. The following hazards were included in the critical facilities exposure analysis: • Flood: Facilities located in the 100-year floodplain (Special Flood Hazard Area) • Landslide: Facilities with a medium landslide risk or higher • Wildfire: Facilities with high or extreme wildfire risk • Dam/Levee Failure: Facilities located in a mapped dam or levee inundation area • Hazardous Materials: Facilities located within a one-mile buffer zone of major transportation routes Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 43 of 215 47 E ID _ a) ®0. o k _�� o 3 N 2 © R q CO L CO o g k 2 0 co w � as c 2 ■ u 0 +I U ? o N q C k 001 01 2 o F. Ik k / N ® r- 2 , q / R Q 2 ~ CN To ui aCI �- w _ CU @ % 2 0_ m co) & T � % o C et CD CD q N. � ci X - @2 o i / / � 11- ■ U / = • o o _ Q o CO - V k k 2 -0 C - -5 0 @ @ / 2 § a)co 0 J § ® k n o o q n 3 § „ 0- C2 ® k E in 4 0 � e @ 2 2 ' Et ; o � 2 � 2 c N 2 $ C 2 7 2 / 0 CU o e n o R & E / 0 0 0- -0 j W t 2 ® § k 0 2 kIcP - c § 2 0 _2 § m q & : 2 o 0 $ ca ,co ® 2 t o k a, W a 2 a v 5 % � a)2 § % N A = k § \ R 2 k a ' Cl)I- © 2 &2 % V Q a 2 ® § E ® ■ = E _0 ' u a ■ 13 CA ■ m k EE a o B § u 2 0 E web 0 2 .c § § o o k U. U �w �w � @ i 2 co 1- �� D �i I- a. Cl) 48 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.4. Risk Assessment Results The Planning Committee analyzed each of the hazards using the Probability/Frequency and Impact Criteria described in Section 3.1.The total scores for each hazard event were further refined into three categories to better illustrate which hazards present the greatest threat to Yakima County. The three categories are as follows: • High = more than 22 points • Medium = 18-22 points • Low= less than 18 points Table 3.6 provides a summary of the risk assessment results, as well as a comparison to the 2015 HMP risk assessment. It is important to note that the methodology has changed between the 2015 and 2022 HMPs, so a direct comparison of scores is not applicable. Each hazard profile provides more detailed scoring using the previously described Probability/Frequency and Impact Criteria. Major changes between 2015 and 2022 include: • Complete Rankings: Some hazards, including Drought, Extreme Temperatures, and Avalanche did not receive a complete ranking in the 2015 HMP. • Risk Increases: Many hazards have a higher risk ranking than in the 2015 HMP, including Wildfire, Severe Winter Weather, Dam/Levee Failure, and Hazardous Materials. Only Earthquake has a slightly lower hazard ranking. Table 3.6. Risk Assessment Summary Natural Hazards 2022 Risk Ranking and 2015 Risk Ranking Score Wildfire 25- High Medium Flooding 24- High 11-1 J1_ Public Health Emergency 24- High N/A Severe Winter Weather High Medium Drought 22- Medium Not Ranked Agriculture Disease Outbreak 21 - Medium N/A Landslide and Geologic Hazards 20- Medium Medium Severe Weather 20- Medium Medium-Low Extreme Temperatures 19- Medium Not Ranked Earthquake 18- Medium Medium-Low Avalanche il,t = Not Ranked Volcanic Eruption Technological and Human-caused 2022 Risk Ranking and 2015 Risk Ranking Hazards Score Dam/Levee Failure 24- High Medium Hazardous Materials Incident 23-High Medium-Low Cyber Incident 18- Medium N/A Nuclear/Radiological Incident 16-Lo;: N/A Terrorism 16-Lo N/A Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 45 of 215 49 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.5. Agricultural Disease Outbreak The agriculture sector in Yakima County is significant—the 12th largest agricultural producing county in the nation, according to the Yakima County Development Association. The area grows various consumable products and manages one of the largest concentrations of farm animals in the Pacific Northwest.4 In 2020, agriculture, forestry, and fishing accounted for 27.8% of employment.5 According to the University of Washington, the annual value for animal agriculture is approximately $600 million and irrigated land including 140,000 acres and a total of acres managed being 2.2 million acres.6 The health of a county's agriculture sector can be negatively affected by disease. The introduction of invasive pests and agricultural disease to plants and animals in Yakima County may impact the population, built environment, critical infrastructure, government and emergency operations, economy, and natural resources. Livestock, including birds, cattle, equine, rabbits, sheep, goats, and swine, as well as crops and plants are all susceptible to disease. Tree fruit crops, vegetable crop, fruit& berry crop, and nut crops are cultivated in Yakima County can be affected.' Some of the agricultural diseases and invasive pests of note in Yakima County include: • Mad Cow Disease or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy is a neurological disease of cows that damages the cow's central nervous system and progressively becomes worse over time. 8 • Avian influenza or bird flu is a disease caused by infection with avian influence Type A viruses. These viruses naturally spread among wild birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other animal species.9 • Cherry Diseases include Brown Rot, Black Knot, and Cherry Leaf Spot.10 Proper ventilation, direct sunlight, and proper maintenance of leaf debris is needed to ward off these diseases. • Invasive Pests are intrusive non-native pest species that severely impact both natural and managed lands.11 A common pest is the brown marmorated stink bug that feeds successfully on numerous fruit, vegetable, and field crops including apples, apricots, Asian pears, cherries, corn, grapes, lima beans, nectarines and peaches, peppers, tomatoes, and soybeans.12 4 Yakima Development Association. Food Processing.Accessed from: https://chooseyakimavalley.com/key- i ndustries/food-processing/ 5 Employment Security Department.Yakima County profile.Accessed from: https://esd.wa.gov/labormarketi nfo/county-profiles/yakima 6 Washington State University. Irrigated pastures and grazed forages.Accessed from: https://extension.ws u.ed u/yakima/agriculture/irrigated-pastures-and-grazed-forages/ 'Washington State University.Crop Production.Accessed from: https://extension.wsu.edu/yakima/crop-production/ 8 U.S. Food&Drug Administration.All About BSE(Mad Cow Disease).Accessed from: https://www.fda.gov/animal- veterinary/animal-health-literacy/all-about-bse-mad-cow-disease 8 Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Information on Bird Flu.Accessed from: httos://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/index.htm. 10 Ohio State University.Diseases of Cherries.Accessed from: https://u.osu.edu/cfaescapstone/tree- fruits/cherries/diseases/ 11 United States Department of Agriculture. Invasive Pests and Diseases.Accessed from: https://www.nifa.usda.gov/topics/invasive-pests-diseases 12 United States Environmental Protection Agency.Brown Marmorated Stink Bug.Accessed from: https://www.ena.gov/safepestcontrol/brown-marmorated-stink-bug Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 46 of 215 50 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Strength/Magnitude An agricultural disease and pest outbreak may have severe impact on the county's food supply; causing production loss, starvation, environmental degradation, and financial ramifications. Agricultural disease can affect not only plants and animals but may even cause health issues to humans. Agricultural diseases have the potential to impact the local economy, through lost revenue or loss of real property through crop failure, livestock death, or lowered production. Location An agricultural disease can occur anywhere in Yakima County where crops and livestock are cultivated and managed. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, central and eastern counties in the state are at higher risk to a disease due to the large numbers of farmlands and larger feedlots. In Yakima County alone there were 2,952 farms operating on about 1,781,463 acres.13 Past Occurrences Yakima County has a historic record of facing agricultural diseases and pests. The county was the first to experience mad cow disease in 2003 in a dairy herd in Mabton, a small dairy farm in southeast Yakima County.14 At the time, multiple businesses reliant on beef consumption and sale were hit heavily with their stocks falling about 5 to 7%.151,000 slaughterhouses and meat- packing employees lost their jobs and $319 million was lost in revenue per month.16 Humans may become infected by eating infected animal parts. During the HMP analysis period (2015-2021), Washington has experienced numerous agricultural diseases, some of which have affected Yakima County. In 2015 and 2016, the state killed hundreds of poultry birds to prevent the spread of the contagious avian influenza which was introduced by wild birds. According to the Washington State Department of Agriculture, Yakima County continues to discover cases of avian influenza in backyard flocks.17 This is of concern, since bird flu outbreaks can cause insurance burdens to farmers and property owners. Specifically looking at plants, from 2015 to 2020, the prevalent Cheny Disease and X-Disease has affected the county's orchards, reaching approximately 238,856 trees.18 Pests such as stink bugs have also been prevalent in Yakima County; affecting crops and plants even today.19 Invasive pests such as the Spotted Winged Drosophila, Apple Maggots, and Coddling Moths have a history in Yakima County and continue to wreak havoc on Yakima County's crops and fruit yields. As a result of outbreak of Apple Maggots, the county 13 United States Department of Agriculture.Yakima County Washington,2017.Accessed from: www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online Resources/County Profiles/Washington/cp53077.pdf 14 HistoryLink. First U.S.case of mad cow disease is reported in a Mabton Dairy cow on December 23,2003. 15 The Seattle Times.Mad-cow disease hits state;feds say beef absolutely safe.Accessed from: https://archive.seatlietimes.com/archive/ 16 Seattle Met.Washington's Mad Cow Scare, 10 years Later.Accessed from: https://www.seattlemet.com/news-and- city-life/2014/01/washington-s-mad-cow-scare-10-years-later-december-2013 17 Washington State Department of Agriculture.2022 Washington bird flu detections.Accessed from: https://agr.wa.gov/departments/animals-livestock-and-pets/avian-health/avian-influenza/bird-flu-2022 18 Yakima Herald-Republic.Little cherry disease,pests,record heat battered Yakima Valley growers in 2021. Accessed from: https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/local/little-cherry-disease-pests-record-heat-battered-yakima- valley-growers-in-2021/article 18 Inlander. Invasion!Washington state under siege from the stink bug menace!Accessed from: https://www.inlander.com/Bloglander/archives/201 B/04/23/invasion-washington-state-under-siege-from-the-stinkbug- menace Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 47 of 215 51 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 implemented quarantine actions in 2021.2°At the time of plan development, Grandview was in quarantine for the Japanese Beetle. Future Probability The future probability of a pest, plant, and crop disease in Yakima County is Very Likely (expected to occur every 1-4 years), given the number of farming operations and acres of land in the county. Climate Change Impacts Climate change has a clear connection to agricultural disease. As a result of climate change, researchers estimate the frequency of damaging agricultural diseases to increase, potentially undermining the growth of crop yields.21 Colder locations will be able to sustain crops but will also be more conducive to pathogens.22 The Yakama Nation Climate Adaptation Plan notes that longer or shorter seasons for pest reproduction could impact forests and other plant species, as well as leave them more vulnerable to insect attacks and plant diseases. Yakima County Vulnerabilities The local economy and businesses linked to farming and agriculture are most vulnerable to agricultural disease and pest infestations. While this hazard poses little risk to the built environment or property, a significant outbreak could lead to major economic losses, business and food supply chain disruption, and impacts on natural resources. Loss Estimates Calculating losses from an agricultural disease is difficult and rare. Pests and pathogens are reported to cost global agriculture approximately$540 billion a year.23Locally, agriculture contributes $1.2 billion dollars to the local economy.24 Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations An agricultural disease can have a significant impact on the population in Yakima County. Plant disease is known to reduce the food available to humans by interfering with crop yields. As a leading employment sector in the county, many families operate and manage farms, and livelihoods are linked to farming through equipment and supply sales or labor. Invasive pests and disease can negatively hurt families and workers that depend on this industry. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure There is no significant impact to the built environment or critical infrastructure from an agricultural disease. �0 Yakima Herald-Republic. County pest board seeks public's help to contain apple maggots.Accessed from: https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/local/county-pest-board-seeks-publics-hel p-to-contai n-apple-maggots/artide 21 Smithsonian Magazine.New study shows climate change may increase the spread of plant pathogens.Accessed from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-study-shows-climate-change-may-increase-spread-plant- pathogens-180978377/ 22 Smithsonian Magazine.New study shows climate change may increase the spread of plant pathogens.Accessed from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-study-shows-climate-change-may-increase-spread-plant- pathoge ns-180978377/ 23 Reuters. Pests and pathogens could cost agriculture billions:report.Accessed from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-environment-plants-idUSKCN 18E005 24 Washington State University.Agriculture.Accessed from: https://extension.wsu.edu/yakima/agriculture/ Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 48 of 215 52 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations There is no significant impact to government and emergency operations from an agricultural disease. However, the government may need to intervene to provide safety and inspection services, and alleviate and stabilize costs and prices, and policies. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses An outbreak of a plant and animal disease can be costly and have a serious impact on Yakima County's economy and businesses. The agricultural sector is one of the largest employment sectors in Yakima County. In 2020 alone, employers in the agricultural sector provided approximately 30,767 jobs, or 27.8% percent of the total employment in the county.25 Agricultural disease has the potential to result in production losses, a decline in local markets, increased unemployment, and disruption of regional and local supply chains. A small outbreak of an animal disease can influence trading partners to impose heavy embargoes on imports of products that could be infected with the disease. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources An outbreak of an agricultural disease and introduction of invasive pests can severely impact the surrounding natural resources.All species of plants, both wild and domesticated, are susceptible to disease. An outbreak can affect approximately 10-20% of a species or habitat. Plant pathogens and diseases can lead to plant and crop mortality, loss of animal ecosystem, and lower the health of the host population. Invasive pests can similarly ruin the environment eliminating yields and potentially harming humans. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Medium Risk to agricultural disease. While agricultural disease is included in the 2018 Washington State HMP, no hazard ranking is available for comparison. FEMA does not include agricultural disease in the National Risk Index. Table 3.7 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the agricultural disease hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.7. Risk Assessment Results—Agricultural Disease Outbreak Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Minimal Property Damage 1 Minimal Economic Disruption 3 Medium; widespread, temporary Environmental Resource 4 High; localized, severe Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 1 Minimal Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Minimal Probability Score 5 Very High; expected to occur every 1-4 years Frequency Score 5 Very High; has occurred every 1-4 years Total Impact Score 19 Medium Risk 25 Employment Security Department.Yakima County profile.Accessed from: httos:llesd.wa.gov/labormarketi nfo/county-profiles/yakima Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 49 of 215 53 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan I 2022 3.6. Avalanche An avalanche is an often-rapid downhill motion of the snowpack or portion of the snowpack. This motion may be natural or artificially induced, and controlled or uncontrolled in terms of time, place, and severity. The amount of damage that occurs is dependent on the type of material moving with the snow, which could include soil, rock, and trees. When there are slabs of snow that dislodge from a mountainside, it gathers more snow on its way down and grows wider and larger. The more dangerous slab avalanche occurs when a cohesive mass of snow breaks free and moves downward, either as a single unit or breaking into smaller pieces traveling together. Velocity, the force of the flow, the path of the avalanche, and its pressure are other variables that influence the damage. Most avalanches occur on slopes between 30 and 40 degrees, but they can occur on slopes averaging between 25 to 50 degrees. Triggers include natural seismic or climatic factors such as earthquakes, thermal changes, blizzards, or human activities. Most avalanches occur in the backcountry. Avalanches are comprised of three zones—the release zone where the mass breaks free and accelerates, the track where the mass travels downward at a relatively constant speed (often approaching 80 mph), and the runout zone where the mass slows and comes to rest. Although the exact moment of an avalanche cannot be predicted, avalanche conditions are readily recognizable, and avalanches tend to recur in the same areas. Strength/Magnitude The North American Avalanche Danger Scale, illustrated in Figure 3.1, is a tool used by avalanche forecasters to communicate the potential for avalanches that may cause harm or injury to backcountry travelers. The higher the level on the danger scale, the stronger the magnitude of the avalanche. Figure 3.1. North American Avalanche Danger Scale orth American Public Avalanche Danger Scale Avalanche danger is determined by the likelihood, size and distribution of avalanches. Danger Level Travel Advice 5 Extreme Avoid all avalanche terrain, s Very dangerous avalanche a High conditions.Travel In avalanche terrain not recommended. 3 Dangerous avalanche conditions.Careful snowpack 3 Considerable ® evaluation,cautious route-finding and conrvative decision- making essesential. 2 Heightened avalanche conditions on specific terrain 2 Moderate features.Evaluate snow and aterrain carefully,Identify features of concern. AN Generally safe avalanche f Low conditions.Watch for unstable snow on Isolated terrain features. Watch for signs of unstable snow such as recent avalanches, No Rating 8 cracking in the snow,and audible collapsing.Avoid traveling on or under similar slopes. Safe bockcoun try travel requires training and experience. You control your own risk by choosing where.when and how you travel. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 50 of 215 54 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 1_01- adOn Figure 3.2 Illustrates where avalanches are most likely to occur In Yakima County.According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, approximately 50% of Yakima County land area Is exposed to avalanches, but the vast majority of that Is In unpopulated areas of the eastern slope of the Cascades.Avalanche hazard areas are typically outside city limits, however, the rural areas of the county near the Ahtanum Ridge (to the west)and Yakima Ridge (to the east)could experience avalanches. The greatest areas of concern for avalanche hazards are along critical transportation routes through rural and mountainous terrain, Including along US-12 and US-97 through the Yakama Reservation. Intermittent winter avalanche control Is used by Washington Dept. of Transportation (WSDOT)along US-12 at White Pass, on the very western edge of Yakima County, when conditions warrant, but a formal avalanche control program does not currently exist for this area.28 Figure 3.2. Avalanche Hazard Areas In Washington YAKIMA COUNTY /7/ • cacno.//MG;,TpRA,,ritN SfMti[3 / Yakima County Avalanche Hazard Areas Avalanche _.-.... /, r l�Hazard Areas H.. r e( I I City L n t f M1 h .. n "^"•"-' '"'J" 4.1141k Yakima("nun[ Hazard%litigation Plan V�. N. ln\cl • Q \ Ya N, A+L zvV<IA-W.4n/ — Y R:1::: 7" 28 Washington Emergerxy Management DMskn.2018 Washington State Enhanced Hazard AABgatkn Plan. Accessed from:https:llm1.wa.govlasset15f233441408d0 Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 51 of 215 55 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Past Occurrences On average, avalanches kill one to two people each year in Washington. The worst recorded avalanche in the state occurred in 1910 when massive avalanches hit two trains stopped on the west side of Stevens Pass; at least 96 people were killed. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, there have been two avalanches in Yakima County since 1960, incurring $575,512.96 in property damages. There have been no reported injuries or fatalities from avalanches in Yakima County. Future Probability Historically, Yakima County has experienced a major avalanche every 31 years since 1960, with no recorded events during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). The future probability of a major avalanche is Somewhat Likely (expected to occur every 11-50 years). Climate Change Impacts In the short-term, mountain and terrain roughness is expected to rise and snow cover to become thinner, which will likely increase blunt trauma and secondary injuries. The survival rate of avalanches is expected to decline because wetter and warmer snow climate makes it more difficult to find someone buried.27 In the distant future, avalanches will become less frequent as there will be less snowpack at lower elevations. Yakima County Vulnerabilities Yakima County is located between mountain ranges, increasing the chances of an avalanche. Mountainous parts of the county have a very low concentration of people or critical infrastructure, but the majority of the Yakama Reservation is in a vulnerable area. The hazard exposure for people and property is low, therefore the risk of damage is low. Loss Estimates Table 3.8 summarizes the 2022 Expected Annual Loss for avalanches in Yakima County, as provided by the FEMA National Risk Index. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. Table 3.8. 2022 Expected Annual Loss -Avalanche28 Hazard Total Building Population Population Agriculture Value Type Value Equivalence Avalanche $110,802 $500 $110,302 0.01 n/a Based on the recorded hazard history, each of the past two occurrences averaged $287,756.48 in property damage. That is an average of$9,282.47 in expected losses each year. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations Avalanches are more common in the backcountry away from populated areas. As a result, there is a low impact on the population. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, less than 1% 27 Frontiers.Effects of climate change on avalanche accidents and survival. https://www.frontiersi n.org/articles/10.3369/fphys.2021.639433/full 28 FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/products- too is/nati o na l-ris k-i ndex Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 52 of 215 56 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 of the population in Yakima County is vulnerable to avalanches. The most vulnerable groups to avalanches are recreationalists. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure There is no significant impact on Yakima County's built environment and critical infrastructure from avalanches. The 2018 Washington State HMP assessment indicated there were 601 critical infrastructure facilities in the County, 60 of which are in avalanche exposure areas. Similarly, the assessment found that less than 1% of the building stock is in an avalanche risk area. Avalanche risk areas are not included in the 2022 HMP critical facilities exposure analysis. Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Emergency operations and traffic operations could be affected by debris from an avalanche. Depending on volume, an avalanche could block roadways, with closures lasting anywhere from a couple of hours to days. These roadblocks can affect emergency access and prolong response times. Avalanches could also lead to power outages that impact communications, transportation, and other daily operations for government and first responders. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses There is no significant impact on the Yakima County economy or businesses from avalanches. Avalanches mostly occur in the backcountry. When avalanches do occur, they restrict normal traffic movement and can reduce access to ski resorts or other recreational areas. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources As a naturally occurring phenomenon in mountainous areas, avalanches do not cause significant environmental damage.Avalanches may down trees and spread debris along their spillways. Historic and cultural resources in very mountainous areas may be at risk to avalanches, including those within the Yakama Reservation. There are no historic or cultural properties of note in the Yakima County avalanche risk area. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Low Risk to avalanches. FEMA has rated Yakima County Relatively Low Risk to avalanches, with a risk score is 25.44. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County has a Medium-Low Risk to avalanches. Table 3.9 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the avalanche hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.9. Risk Assessment Results—Avalanche Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 1 Minimal Economic Disruption 1 Minimal Environmental Resource 2 Localized, minor Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 2 Low; localized and temporary Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Very Low; less than 10% of critical facilities exposed Probability Score 1 3 Medium; expected every 11-50 years Frequency Score 3 Medium; experienced every 31 years Total Impact Score 14 Low Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 53 of 215 57 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.7. Drought According to the National Integrated Drought Information System, drought"originates from a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period, usually a season or more. This deficiency results in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sector."29 It can be difficult to identify a drought and may take weeks or even months to determine and can be ongoing for several years. The statutory definition of drought in Washington (RCW 43.83B.400) is when the water supply for the area is below 75% of normal. Water uses and users in the area will likely incur undue hardships because of the water shortage. There have been more than 150 definitions of drought that reflect the differences in region, needs, and disciplinary approach. The four basic approaches include: • Meteorological Drought is dependent on the region because it is defined by the degree of dryness and the duration of the dry period. • Agricultural Drought is the drought phase after meteorological drought and before hydrological drought. It occurs when there is not enough moisture in the soil to meet the needs of the crops. • Hydrological Drought is defined as deficiencies in water surfaces and sub-surfaces. • Socioeconomic Drought is the economic relationship between supply and demand of some economic good with elements of meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural drought. Goods such as water, forage, food grains, fish, and hydroelectric power depend on weather. When the demand for the goods exceeds the supply, a socioeconomic drought occurs. Strength/Magnitude The severity of a drought depends on many factors, including the moisture deficiency, duration of drought, and the size of the affected area. The United States Drought Monitor(USDM) classifies drought by intensity, with D1 as the least intense level, and D4 the most intense. Table 3.10 below illustrates the Palmer Drought Severity Index, including the key indicators behind these classifications. Table 3.10. Palmer Drought Severity Index Alert Criteria Palmer Drought Index Going into drought: short-term dryness slowing DO Abnormally planting,growth of crops or pastures. Coming out of Dry drought:some lingering water deficits; pastures or -1-0 to-1-9 crops not fully recovered. Some damage to crops,pastures,streams,reservoirs, D1 Moderate or wells low, some water shortages developing or -2-0 to-2-9 Drought imminent, and voluntary water-use restrictions requested. D2 Severe Crop or pasture losses are likely, water shortages -3.0 to-3-9 Drought common and water restrictions imposed. _ D3 Extreme Major crop and pasture losses with widespread water -4 O to-4-9 Drought shortages or restrictions. 29 National Integrated Drought Information System. Drought Basics. httos://www.drought.gov/what-is- drought/drought-basics Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 54 of 215 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.10. Palmer Drought Severity Index Alert Criteria Palmer Drought Index D4 Exceptional Exceptional and widespread crop and pasture Drought loss, shortages of water in reservoirs, streams, -5.0 or less and wells creating water emergencies. Lo itic'n Figure 3.3 illustrates drought severity throughout the United States as of March 2022 as characterized by the Palmer Severity Drought Index.As is evident, most of the West has been impacted by prolonged drought conditions. Figure 3.3. March 2022 Nationwide Palmer Drought Severity Index3' k _ ir \ a - .t 8 wy .. ra:=rate mid- e?ale/ velli —Carmel.? C'0.g"' mega mast mast most eta L 7 ® e� -4 CO I:.: -2.00 -199 .2.00 .3.00 .4.00 ;r] to :D ta to and _.r. i::o .999 .199 .1W .399 ,irrce 3°Urited States Drought Monitor, accessed tom httas:Hdroughtrriogtor.unl.edui Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 55 of 215 59 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Figure 3.4 is a drought map of Yakima County showing USDM drought alert levels. This map represents a snapshot in time.All of Yakima County and the West Coast can and do experience severe to extreme drought. In Yakima County, areas within the Yakima Valley River Basin, east of the Cascades, experience the most severe and recurring drought conditions. Figure 3.4. April 2022 US Drought Monitor for Yakima County3' ., flab - (4 r• .a o Olympia it. g Rainier National Park Air 1 ® Yakima i# alb aes Mat Mati Kennewick — F National Portlan. U.S.Drought Monitor for Yakima County (DO)Abnormally (Dl)Moderate (D2)Severe (D3)Extreme (D4)Exceptional Dry:79.26% Drought:58.29°/o Drought:45.15% Drought:34.51% Drought:0.00% g' U.S.Drought Monitor,accessed from httas:lldrouohtmonitor_unLedul Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 56 of 215 60 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Past Occurrences Washington experienced 19 droughts between 1900 and 2015. In March 2001 and March 2005, there were statewide emergency declarations for drought; in both cases, water levels were less than 75% of the normal water supply and expected to cause undue hardship. In July 2021, Washington declared an emergency drought declaration again, covering 96% of the state. The drought declaration was lifted in July 2022. Figure 3.5 illustrates drought occurrences between 2000-2022 in Yakima County using the Palmer Severity Drought Index. Yakima County reached D2 (Severe Drought)four times in that period, including in 2001, 2005, 2014-2015, and 2020- 2022. Figure 3.5.Yakima County Drought History32 100.00% 80.00% IA 80.00% 40.00% 00 l 1 I } L1I1411 {. A } a a a ; a N g g g N N g N N N N N N N ra N N N o N N N o N 0 o g g g � g g � g c a u a � � n+ w o(Abnormally Dry) D1(Moderate Drought) U D2(Severe Drought) 1111 D3(Extreme Drought) .D4(Exceptional Drought) Future Probability Historically, Yakima County has experienced severe to exceptional droughts approximately every five years, including two prolonged periods during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Given the warming climate in the Pacific Northwest due to human-caused climate change, more droughts and extreme heat is expected in the future. The future probability of a significant drought in Yakima County is Very Likely (expected to occur every 1-4 years). Climate Change Impacts Climate change is increasing the occurrence of drought. Warmer temperatures enhance evaporation, which dries out soils and vegetation. Warmer winter temperatures reduce the amount of snowfall and decreased snowpack is a critical issue. Water management systems and ecosystems rely on the melted snow. According to the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment, the Yakima River Basin will likely be less able to supply water to all users, especially those with junior water rights, given significant decreases in snowpack and shifts in snowmelt over the spring. 32 United States Drought Monitor.Accessed from: httns://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/ Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 57 of 215 61 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Yakima County Vulnerabilities All of Yakima County is vulnerable to prolonged and severe drought as is an especially critical hazard for agricultural producers. Drought poses minimal impacts to critical facilities and built infrastructure, but can create significant economic distress for Yakima County, which is highly dependent on various agricultural industries. Expected annual losses stem from the loss of agricultural values. Drought can also influence other, more damaging hazards, including wildfire. Loss Estimates Table 3.11 summarizes the 2022 Expected Annual Loss for drought in Yakima County, as provided by the FEMA National Risk Index. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. The expected agricultural losses from a drought are significant across the county, reaching nearly$2 million. Table 3.11. 2022 Expected Annual Loss- Drought33 Hazard Type Total Building Population Population Agriculture Value Equivalence Value Drought $1,984,854 n/a n/a n/a $1,984,854 In 2015, during the "extreme" drought, the Washington Department of Agriculture estimated statewide economic damage at approximately $639 million to $780 million.34 The figure is not comprehensive and does not include agriculture producers, secondary, or indirect impacts, therefore alluding to the grave impact of droughts. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations Given that drought can impact the entire county, all Yakima County residents, workers, and visitors can be vulnerable. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, "almost 50% of the population with medium or higher drought exposure is also ranked medium or higher on social vulnerability."35 This number fluctuates depending on the severity of drought in the County. The greatest impacts from drought on Yakima County residents are reduced community water supplies and the potential for required water conservation measures during an extreme drought. While the region employs careful irrigation systems, groundwater supplies may suffer during extreme drought in some communities. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure Yakima County is a transportation hub that connects suppliers to key markets. Less than three hours away, goods travel overseas through Port Pasco. Port Pasco is located on the Columbia River and during drought lower water levels could reduce the number of available routes and cargo-carrying capacity. In addition to water transportation, ground transportation can be impacted as well. High temperatures and drought can cause roads and airport runways to crack, requiring increased 33 FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/i roducts- too is/nati o na l-ris k-i ndex 34 Yakima Basin Water Enhancement Project Workgroup.Water security for the Yakima River basin's economy, communities,and watersheds.Accessed from: https://apos.ecology.wa.gov/publications/SummaryPages/1712009.html 35 Washington Emergency Management Division.Washington State Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan.Accessed from: https://mil.wa.gov/asset/5d1626c2229c8 Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 58 of 215 62 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 maintenance. Additionally, secondary hazards related to drought can pose a risk to Yakima County infrastructure, including wildfires and sinkholes.All the infrastructure in Yakima County could be impacted as groundwater and water supplies are depleted during a drought. Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Government and emergency operations are not expected to be significantly impacted during a drought, apart from water utilities that may need to identify water conservation methods and tap into back-up water supplies to support critical facilities. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses The Yakima Basin extends 214 miles, making it the longest river in Washington, and is home to a diversity of plants and wildlife. Of its 6,100 square miles, 40% of the Basin is forested, 40% is rangeland, and 15% is cropland.36 The region produces apples, cherries and pears, wine and juice grapes, hay, beef cattle and dairies, and 75% of the nation's hops. Reduced snowpack due to drought could lead to reduced irrigation supply, requiring increased spending on irrigation and wells. Additionally, drought conditions may reduce crop and livestock returns, impacting a significant economic sector within the county and state. For the community, region, and states that rely on crops from Yakima County, food prices can increase during a drought, which may last for several years. A consequence of rising food prices is a reduction in discretionary spending which can cause a crippling effect on many businesses, especially those that provide entertainment. The Yakama Nation Climate Adaptation plan notes that drought can exacerbate existing irrigation water shortages and irrigation distribution inequalities. These problems were apparent during the 2015 drought, when the Wapato Irrigation Project had just 70% of its water supply. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources Drought has an adverse effect on natural and cultural resources. Some impacts include loss of plant life, an increase in wildfires, and a reduction in the population of local species. Surface and groundwater declines can directly impact fisheries, the aquatic environment, economic development, and long-term rural and urban economic security. 36 Yakima Basin Fish &Wildlife Recovery Board.Yakima Basin Overview.Accessed from https://ybfwrb.org/yakima-basin-overview/ Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 59 of 215 63 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a High Risk to drought. FEMA has rated Yakima County Relatively High Risk for drought, with a risk score of 26.71. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County has a High Risk to drought. Table 3.12 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the drought hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.12. Risk Assessment Results— Drought Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 1 Minimal Economic Disruption 4 High; up to 6 months Environmental Resource 5 High; Widespread, severe Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 1 Minimal Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Very Low; less than 10% of critical facilities exposed Probability Score 5 Very High; expected every 1-4 years Frequency Score 4 High; has occurred every 5-10 years Total Impact Score 22 Medium Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 60 of 215 64 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.8. Earthquake An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust. The U.S. Geological Survey(USGS) defines an earthquake as "ground shaking caused by the sudden release of accumulated strain by an abrupt shift of rock along a fracture in the Earth or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the Earth."37 Earthquakes cause both vertical and horizontal ground shaking which varies both in amplitude (the amount of displacement of the seismic waves) and frequency (the number of seismic waves per unit time), usually lasting less than thirty seconds. Strength/Magnitude There are several ways to measure the severity of an earthquake, including magnitude, energy release, and shaking intensity. Magnitude (M) is the physical size of an earthquake, and is expressed on a logarithmic scale, meaning each number increase in magnitude is a tenfold increase(i.e., an M 6.3 earthquake has a 10x greater magnitude than an M 5.3 earthquake). The Richter Scale is a commonly referenced scale for measuring magnitude but is not actually used by seismologists today. Energy Release is the amount of energy radiated by an earthquake and creating potential damage to buildings and structures, averaged over the entire event. Intensity is the measurement of shaking from an earthquake event at a particular geographic location. The intensity is dependent on the distance from the fault rupture area, as well as geologic factors of the ground beneath you. Intensity is generally measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)Scale in the United States. The MMI Scale, included as Table 3.13, assigns a numerical value for intensity based on observed effects on people, objects, and buildings from historical occurrences. Table 3.13. Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI)Scale38 Intensity Shaking I Description/Damage Not felt Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. II Weak Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of III Weak buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations like the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some IV Light awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. V Moderate Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. 37 USGS Thesaurus. Earthquakes.Accessed from: https://www.vocabularyserver.com/usgs/index.php?tema=456&/earthquakes. 38 USGS.The modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI)Scale assigns intensities as...Assessed from: https://www.usgs.gov/medialim ag es/mod ified-mercalli-intensity-mmi-scale-assigns-intensities Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 61 of 215 65 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 1 2022 Table 3.13. Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI)Scale38 Intensity Shaking Description/Damage VI Strong Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight VII strong to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage VIII Severe in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, ill monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed Violent frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Extreme Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. Location The severity of an earthquake is based on site-specific factors, including distance from the epicenter, soil type, and more. Buildings in low probability earthquake regions are often not designed to withstand a moderate or significant earthquake event. There are many fault lines that exist in Yakima County, leading to a higher risk of liquefaction and shaking during an earthquake. The cities of Toppenish and Union Gap have active faults crossing through or near the city, increasing local seismic risk. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, about 10% of Yakima County's land area has a Medium or Medium-High exposure to earthquakes, mostly concentrated along the fault lines. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 62 of 215 66 • Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Figure 3.6 is a map illustrating the peak ground acceleration,which is measured in percentage of gravity{%g), showing the acceleration of gravity both horizontally and vertically. This acceleration assesses the intensity and frequency of seismic events.All of Yakima County has a consistent and relatively high seismic hazard rating. Figure 3.6.Yakima County Seismic Risk Map f N • Washington State 1 Yakima County �� Sources:Esri,GEBCO. NOAA,National Geographi { `-, Garmin,HERE, _ t r Yakima County Seismic Hazard LlCounty Boundary , ez i-:'Municipalities ed MI2igi —Interstate VINTEI —Major Road Seismic Hazard Rating Nlnfl�aCp &MO Ground Acceleration%g 0-1 1 2 iNI 2_g 3 4 Toppenish r-BZ 4-5 5-6 INEtErktIM 6 7 MOM _7-8 ▪8-9 ▪9-10 i 10-15 ▪15-20 ▪20-25 ▪25-30 �30-40 ▪40-60 ▪60-80 0 5 10 20 3 40 �80-100 C -� d Miles �>100 — a , trri l °k aNti EZ ,,N > Y ft...lsz�t a1 t� 7 Ea' Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 63 of 215 67 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 3.7 is a map of the known fault lines in and around Yakima County, as well as reported damage from Washington's three largest historical earthquakes (above M 6.0). There are several fault lines making up the Toppenish Ridge, south of Toppenish and crossing US-97. Additionally, active fault lines are present along the Ahtanum Ridge and Rattlesnake Hills, south of the more densely populated communities along US-24 and crossing 1-82. There are also many active faults in the areas surrounding Yakima County. Figure 3.7.Yakima County Active Fault Lines and Historical Earthquake Damage" hi" It Washin ton State �r g Yakima C \ty I:t n -ty—� Sources Een.GEeogr NOAA,National Ge¢grapM1 ! �HHILIC:\ �` � Germ in.HERE • *, 15k gyp\ �Yii�'�µ�.. -. Moxee IN nidal.. Alt R ` Toppemieh� - -I az(an Sunn side Yakima County �.]��.--\ \� Active County ty \ \ Historic Earthquake Damage I—County Boundary \ r'Mon icipalities —Interstate —Major Road ,� �I I Seismogenic Faults _ •Historical Earthquake Damage n'`"'i " f t""` 't CD k'.. avi Jr J6r�as ��+I HJL r tn�Y Qaej l,.'.�"r;=�Ll rmWvtlt.u�.pt J''�r as Data illustrated is from Washington State Department of Natural Resources Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 64 of 215 68 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Past Occurrences Earthquakes occur regularly in Yakima County, given the presence of many small faults. Table 3.14 includes a list of earthquakes in Washington over M 5.0 since 1900, according to the 2018 Washington State HMP The 2001 Nisqually earthquake created the most damage, leading to one fatality, many injuries, and an estimated $1-4 billion in property damages across the state. Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings were most impacted by the Nisqually earthquake. Most earthquakes over M 5.0 have occurred west of the Cascades, but smaller earthquakes that cannot be felt frequently occur in the region. Since 2001, no earthquakes have caused extensive damage or injuries in Yakima County. Table 3.14. Earthquake History(M5.0+) in Washington (1900-2022) Year Magnitude Nearest City 2001 5.0 Satsop, Washington 2001 6.8 Longbranch, Washington 1999 5.8 Elma, Washington 1996 5.4 Puget Sound Region, Washington 1995 5.0 Tacoma, Washington 1981 5.5 Morton, Washington 1980 5.7 Mt. St. Helens, Washington 1965 6.7 Tacoma, Washington 1949 6.8 North Yelm, Washington 1946 5.8 Olympia, Washington 1945 5.7 North Bend, Washington 1939 6.2 Bremerton, Washington 1936 6.1 Walla Walla, Washington 1932 5.7 Granite Falls, Washington 1909 6.0 Friday Harbor, Washington Future Probability Given several active fault lines that run through Yakima County and a history of regular, small earthquakes, it is highly likely an earthquake will occur. One earthquake has caused damage in Yakima County since 1900, and a large earthquake can be expected in Washington once every 8 years, given the hazard history. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, the annual likelihood of a major earthquake event is 17%. The Pacific Northwest Seismic Network found that, there's a 10-20% chance of a Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) earthquake in the next 50 years, although areas east of the Cascades will experience far fewer immediate impacts. The future probability of a significant earthquake causing damage in Yakima County is Unlikely (expected to occur every 51-100 years). Climate Change Impacts Climate change is not known to impact the frequency or intensity of earthquakes. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 65 of 215 69 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Yakima County Vulnerabilities The Saddle Mountain Fault is located on the northeastern side of the Yakima County border with neighboring Kittitas County. The area experiences smaller earthquakes regularly that do not lead to noticeable shaking or damage. However, a strong earthquake will impact people, property, critical infrastructure, and natural resources. Loss Estimates Table 3.15 below summarizes the 2022 Expected Annual Loss for earthquakes in Yakima County, as provided by the FEMA National Risk Index. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. The FEMA National Risk Index assumes that 21% of the county population would be impacted during a significant earthquake. Table 3.15.2020 Expected Annual Loss— Earthquake" Hazard Type Total Building Population Population Agriculture Value Equivalence Value Earthquake $6,687,506 $5,106,688 $1,580,818 0.21 n/a WaEMD conducted modeling of an M7.4 scenario shallow or crustal earthquake for the Saddle Mountain fault zone. The modeling results included dozens of injuries in Yakima County, as well as at least 250 people impacted. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations Earthquakes can threaten the health and safety of residents, as well as create enormous economic and social losses. Injuries and fatalities may result from collapsed buildings and falling objects. Yakima County would experience minimal ground shaking from a CSZ event, but there would be significant impacts on the state and region, including in-migration of western Washington and disruptions in the local, regional, and national supply chain. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure Violent earthquakes may cause full or partial collapse of buildings, bridges, overpasses, and other critical infrastructure. The level of impact is dependent on the strength of the earthquake. Historic buildings, specifically URM buildings, are the most vulnerable in the built environment. The 2018 Washington State HMP found that Yakima County does not have a significant amount of general building stock situated in areas at medium or higher exposure from earthquakes. Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Communications system disruptions may limit or delay emergency response capabilities. A major earthquake event, even one west of the Cascades, could lead to a disruption in emergency response services. A severe statewide event would place significant stress on state and regional emergency operations, requiring most police, fire, and emergency medical personnel, overwhelming or potentially disabling disaster services. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Depending on the magnitude, there may be no impact to the economy, catastrophic impact, or somewhere in the middle. In the worst-case scenario, including a CSZ event, the economy and businesses could be impacted for several months or even years. Yakima County could 4° FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/oroducts- too is/nati o na l-ris k-i ndex Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 66 of 215 70 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 experience loss of revenues if people move away and there is a cost to rebuild and return to a new normal. A major earthquake in Washington could lead to supply chain disruptions, critical supply shortages, and rippling economic impacts. Damage to shipping channels and facilities along the Columbia River could contribute to long-term supply chain impacts in the region. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources The Yakima River Basin and other water sources can be indirectly impacted by an earthquake if objects fall in and cause contamination. Landslides and debris flows associated with ground shaking from an earthquake could block rivers and shifts in channelization. Most environmental impacts would stem from secondary hazards such as hazardous materials spills or broken utility lines. Major earthquakes can cause significant land and vegetation deformation, but a mild earthquake will cause minimal environmental damage. Historic buildings and cultural resources are very vulnerable to earthquake events and damage due to shaking. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Medium Risk to earthquakes. FEMA has rated Yakima County Relatively Moderate Risk for earthquakes, with a risk score is 18.36. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County has a Medium Risk to earthquakes. Table 3.16 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the earthquake hazard for Yakima County. Table X. Risk Assessment Results— Earthquake Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 3 Medium; widespread, repairable Economic Disruption 3 Widespread, temporary Environmental Resource 1 Minimal Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 3 Widespread, temporary Critical Facilities Exposure 3 Medium; 20-30% of critical facilities exposed Probability Score 2 Unlikely; expected to occur every 51-100 years Frequency Score 2 Unlikely; has occurred every 51-100 years Total Impact Score 1 18 Medium Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 67 of 215 71 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.9. Extreme Temperatures Extreme temperatures are associated with extreme heat and extreme cold weather events. Extreme heat events occur when temperatures remain at least ten degrees or more above the region's average temperature for that period. Extreme cold events are associated with freezing temperatures that are below normal cold temperatures for the region. Both types of extreme temperatures can result in serious injuries or death given the human body cannot regulate outside normal weather temperatures. Common serious health conditions related to extreme temperatures include hyperthermia when a body is exposed to temperatures too hot and hypothermia with temperatures are too cold for a body to withstand. Strength/Magnitude The National Weather Service (NWS) Heat Index, included as Table 3.17, can be used to determine the health risks associated with different heat classifications. Table 3.17. NWS Heat Index41 Classification Heat Index Effects on the Human Body Caution 80 - 90°F Persistent exposure or physical activity resulting in fatigue Extreme Caution 90-103°F Possible heat stroke, heat cramps or heat exhaustion after persistent exposure or physical activity. Danger 103-124°F Possible heat cramps or exhaustion likely to cause heat stroke after persistent exposure or physical activity Extreme Danger 125°F or above Most likely to cause heat stroke The Heat Index provides a threshold to measure the subjective experience of how hot it feels to the human body by combining temperature and relative humidity. Eastern Washington does not often experience very high temperatures in combination with high humidity, resulting in very infrequent extreme heat conditions. Figure 3.8. NWS Heat Index Temperature(°F) 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 40 80 81 83 85 88 91 94 97 101 105 109 114 119 124 130 136 45 80 82 84 87 89 93 96 100 104 109 114 119 124 130 137 50 81 83 85 88 91 95 99 103 108 113 118 124 131 13/ 55 81 84 86 89 93 97 101 106 112 117 124 130 137 60 82 84 88 91 95 100 105 110 116 123 129 137 g 65 82 85 89 93 98 103 108 114 121 128 136 I 70 83 86 90 95 100 105 112 119 126 134 > 75 84 88 92 97 103 109 116 124 132 m 80 84 89 94 100 106 113 121 129 ce 85 85 90 96 102 110 117 126 135 90 86 91 98 105 113 122 131 95 86 93 100 108 117 127 100 87 95 103 112 121 113 Likelihood of Heat Disorders with Prolonged Exposure or Strenuous Activity ❑Caution ❑ Extreme Caution ❑ Danger • Extreme Danger 41 National Weather Service.Accessed from:https:llwww.weatiher.govlamalheatindex Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 68 of 215 72 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 The NWS Wind Chill Temperature index calculates the dangers to the human body through frost bites caused by winter winds and freezing temperatures. Fl,ure 3.9. NWS Wlnd Chill Temperature Index42 o Wind Chill Chart (' n Temperature(°F) Calm 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 5 36 31 25 19 13 7 1 -5 -11 -16 - 2 -28 -34 -40 -46 -52 -57 -63 10 34 27 21 15 9 3 -4 -10 -16 -22 -28 -35 -41 -47 -53 -59 -66 -72 15 32 25 19 13 6 0 -7 -13 19 -26 -32 -39 -45 -51 -58 -64 -71 -77 20 30 24 17 11 4 -2 -9 -15 -22 -29 -35 -42 -48 -55 -61 -68 -74 -81 r 25 29 23 16 9 3 -4 -11 -17 -24 -31 -37 -44 -51 -58 -64 -71 -78 -84 E 30 28 22 15 8 1 -5 -12 19 -26 -33 -39 -46 -53 -60 -67 -73 -80 -87 1,1 35 28 21 14 7 0 -7 -14 -21 -27 -34 -41 -48 -55 -62 -69 -76 -82 -89 3 40 27 20 13 6 -1 -8 -15 -22 -29 -36 -43 -50 -57 -64 -71 -78 -84 -91 45 26 19 12 5 -2 -9 -16 -23 -30 -37 -44 -51 -58 -65 -72 -79 -86 -93 50 26 19 12 4 -3 -10 -17 -24 -31 -38 -45 -52 -60 -67 -74 -81 -88 -95 55 25 18 11 4 -3 -11 8 -25 -32 -39 -46 -54 -61 -68 -75 -82 -89 -97 60 25 17 10 3 -4 -11 -19 -26 -33 -40 -48 -55 -62 -69 -76 -84 -91 -98 Frostbite Times 0 30 minutes 10mmutes ❑500nutes Wind Chill(°F)=35.74+0.6215T-35.75(V°•16)+0.4275T(V°•16) Where,T-Air Temperature(°F) V=Wind Speed(mph) Ma..11/O1/OI Location Extreme temperatures can impact the entire county simultaneously. Mountainous areas are more likely to experience extreme cold temperatures, but the landscape and built environment is more ready for these events. Similarly, valley areas of the county are more susceptible to extreme heat events. When either trend Is switched—the valley experiencing extreme, unseasonable cold, or the mountain region experiencing extreme heat—the associated impacts are expected to be greater. Past Occurren.: - Yakima County experiences 300 days of sunshine each year and receives approximately 8 inches of precipitation annually. The lowest temperatures tend to occur between November and January.This period Is also when the region experiences the most precipitation as snowfall. The average annual high temperature for Yakima County Is 63°F, while the average annual low Is 36°F, although the average by month ranges from 39°F (January) to 88°F (July).48 42 National Weather Service.Wind Chill Chart Accessed from: hdosl/www-weather-gplrlsefelecold-wlnd-chill-chert 43 U.S.Climate Data.Climate Yakima-Washington.Accessed from: hdoe://waw.uscll matedata.comlcll matelyakimafwash i ngtonlu n ited-statestuswa0542 Section 3. Hazard identification and Risk Assessment Page 69 of 215 73 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.18 details extreme temperature events reported in the NOAA Storm Events Database for Yakima County during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Appendix D contains a list of historical extreme temperature events reported prior to 2015, as well as a more detailed description of each occurrence. Table 3.18. Past Extreme Temperatures Occurrences,Yakima County(2015-2021) Date Event Property Fatalities/ Narrative Type Damage Injuries . 6/26— Excessive 0 4 A strong upper-level ridge of high pressure 7/1/21 Heat and a surface thermal trough brought several days of record high temperatures across the Pacific NW, with many locations in the lower and higher elevations experiencing extreme heat risk during this event. Calculated heat risk values recorded consecutive days between June 26 through July 1 of temperatures that met or exceeded excessive heat warning criteria. The Yakima County Coroner's Office reported 4 fatalities that heat was a contributing factor to during the heat wave, however, no additional details were provided regarding age, sex, actual date, or location. Future Probability During the HMP analysis period (2015-2021), there was one heat-related extreme temperature event. However, extreme heat events are expected to increase in the future for the entire state. Given much of the land area is susceptible to extreme temperatures, a high frequency of occurrences in recent years, and the impact of the changing climate, extreme temperature events are considered Likely(occurs every 5-10 years)for Yakima County. Extreme temperatures are not included in the 2018 Washington HMP for comparison. Climate Change Impacts The Pacific Northwest is predicted to see increased temperatures year-round, resulting in more warm days in the summer time.44 According to the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment, this increase will average .5°F per decade. A consistent increase in temperatures due to the changing climate will likely result in more extreme heat events across Yakima County and eastern Washington. 44 University of Washington. How is pacific northwest climate projected to change?Accessed from: https://dg.uw.edu/wo-content/uoloads/sites/212020/12/snoveretalsok2013sec5.0df Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 70 of 215 74 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Yakima County Vulnerabilities Yakima County may experience a variety of negative impacts due to the expected increase in occurrences of extreme temperatures. Annual economic losses are expected in the millions dollars, specifically from extreme cold temperatures. Extreme weather can also impact the most vulnerable community members, degrade natural resources, and disrupt normal operations. Loss Estimates Extreme temperature events have the potential to create major economic losses in Yakima County. Most of these losses will stem from impacts to agricultural production in the region, such as the loss of livestock and damaged crops. Drawing from the EPA, heatwaves are likely to increase because of climate change and directly affect livestock causing billions in dollars. In 2011, exposure to high temperature events caused over$1 billion in heat-related losses to agricultural producers.45 Exposure to extreme temperatures can also severely impact crops and fisheries. Weeds, fungi, and other pests thrive during extreme temperatures, therefore the cost of weed prevention may increase. Currently, the cost of fighting weeds is $11 billion annually.46 As of 2012, fisheries contribute more than $1.55 billion to the economy annually, thus impact to fisheries from extreme temperatures can be costly.47 Table 3.19 below summarizes the 2022 Expected Annual Loss for extreme cold in Yakima County, as provided by the FEMA National Risk Index. There is no expected annual loss from extreme heat or heat wave events reported by the FEMA National Risk Index. This is due to the difficulty calculating and quantifying how global temperature increases will affect economies. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. Table 3.19.2020 Expected Annual Loss—Extreme Cole Hazard Type Total Building Population Population Agriculture Value Equivalence Value Cold Wave $3,626,183 $1,294 $1,064,746 0.14 $2,560,143 Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations As hotter days ranging over 100 degrees Fahrenheit increase in the future, there is an expected increase of heat related illness. Yakima County's agricultural workers and anyone who works or lives outside are especially vulnerable to this threat, given their high exposure to the sun. Heat exposure can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke, characterized by dizziness, fatigue, headache, nausea, and lightheadedness. Dehydration is common particularly where extreme heat and high humidity combine. Small increases in temperatures can lead to heat-related deaths, especially for vulnerable community members with underlying medical conditions. 45 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Climates impacts on agriculture and food supply.Accessed from: https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-agriculture-and-food- supply .html#livestock 46 Ibid. 47 Ibid. 48 FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from https:/Iwww.fema.gov/flood- maps/produ cts-tools/nation al-risk-index Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 71 of 215 75 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Change in temperature can promote outbreaks of disease from environmental pathogens that are influenced by the weather patterns or climate. This phenomenon includes early activity of rodents, insects such as mosquitos or ticks, and other animals that can increase human and livestock exposure to vector borne diseases. These diseases include deadly viruses such as West Nile virus, Zika, Lyme disease, and Hantavirus, which all have the potential to create a public health emergency or disease outbreak among livestock. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure Extreme temperatures, whether high or low, can be highly disruptive to critical infrastructure, including an increase in electric cooling demand which may reduce or compromise energy supply grid reliability. Extreme heat can also damage road systems by causing road buckling, while frequent freezing and thawing cycles on pavement cause cracking and potholes. Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Yakima County recognizes that extreme temperatures disrupt local health and medical facilities' operations, as well as emergency response services. This disruption may cause a delay in urgent medical care and make it difficult to ensure hospital readiness. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Rising temperatures will have a direct impact on dairy production in Washington State, specifically in Yakima River Basin where it is predicted by the year 2075, milk farming will significantly decrease in production. Higher temperatures increase the rate of evaporation in agricultural soil, which decreases plant production during the growing season. Crop and agricultural productions account for most exports from the Yakima River Basin. Given insects thrive in warmer temperatures, their populations can increase to a point that become a greater problem for agricultural economies. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources Prolonged warm temperatures and extreme heat can increase tree mortality and deteriorating forest conditions, leading to fire danger in forest and grassland areas. More intense summer heat will also contribute to warmer water temperatures, affecting aquatic systems and fish populations. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 72 of 215 76 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Medium Risk to extreme temperature events. FEMA has rated Yakima County as Very High Risk for extreme cold, with a risk score of 100.There is no data available for extreme heat events, and the 2018 Washington State HMP does not include extreme temperatures as a hazard. Table 3.20 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the extreme temperatures hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.20. Risk Assessment Results— Extreme Temperatures Criteria Score Description Human Health 3 Moderate; 4-5 deaths and several injuries expected Property Damage 1 Minimal Economic Disruption 3 Widespread, temporary Environmental Resource 3 Widespread, minor Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 1 Minimal Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Very Low; less than 10% of critical facilities exposed Probability Score 4 Likely; expected to occur every 5-10 years Frequency Score 3 Somewhat Likely; has occurred every 11-50 years Total Impact Score 19 Medium Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 73 of 215 77 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.10. Flooding Flooding is the inundation of normally dry areas from any form of surface water or accumulation of water. Floods are the most common natural hazard occurrence in Washington. In a natural setting, floods tend to follow heavy precipitation events such as heavy rainfall, snow melt, winter storms, or major thunderstorms. Several types of flooding events can impact Yakima County and are considered in this plan: • Riverine or Stream Flooding: Riverine flooding occurs when a channel receives more water than it can hold, and the excess water flows over its banks and inundates low-lying areas, causing a flood. Riverine flooding can occur due to rapid snowmelt or prolonged or heavy rainfall, which is also a cause of flash flooding. • Flash Flooding: Flash floods result from a large amount of rain in a short period of time, typically within six hours of an event. This type of event is particularly hazardous in mountainous areas or other places with restricted floodplain storage. More urbanized areas may see flash flooding due to a lack of permeable surfaces. • Ice Jam Flooding: Flooding caused by ice jams is similar to flash flooding. Ice jam formation causes a rapid rise of water at the jam and extends upstream. Failure or release of the jam causes sudden flooding downstream. The formation of ice jams depends on the weather and physical conditions in river channels. Ice jams are most likely to occur where the channel slope naturally decreases, where culverts freeze solid, at headwaters of reservoirs, at natural channel constrictions such as bends and bridges, and along shallows where channels may freeze solid. Flooding may also occur because of other hazard events, including earthquakes, volcanoes, wildfires, and landslides. Flooding can be natural, human-caused, or a combination of both. Human-caused flooding includes dam failure, levee failure, and activities that increase the rate and amount of runoff, such as paving, reducing ground cover, and clearing forested areas. The amount of damage caused by a flood is influenced by the speed and volume of the water flow, the length of time the impacted area is inundated, the amount of sediment and debris carried and deposited, and the amount of erosion that may take place. Although floods can happen at any time during the year, there are typical seasonal patterns for flooding in Washington. In Eastern Washington, floods generally occur in the foothills of the Cascade Range during spring snowmelt. Winter floods, which are more frequent and of larger magnitude, occur when rain or unseasonably warm weather melts accumulations of snow. Flash flooding may also occur as a result of severe storms in the summer. Flood Terminology Several flood-related terms are frequently used in this plan and are defined below. • Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM): FIRMs are the official maps on which the Federal Insurance Administration has delineated both the areas of special flood hazards and the risk premium zones applicable to the community. • Floodplain:A floodplain is an area adjacent to a lake, river, stream, estuary, or another water body that is subject to flooding. If left undisturbed, the floodplain serves to store and discharge excess floodwater. In riverine systems, the floodplain includes the floodway. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 74 of 215 78 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Regulatory Floodway: a Regulatory Floodway is a FEMA prescribed term which means the channel of a river or other watercourse and the adjacent areas that must be reserved to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than one foot. Communities must regulate development in floodways to ensure that there are no increases in upstream flood elevations. For streams and other watercourses where FEMA has provided Base Flood Elevations (BFEs), but no floodway has been designated, the community must review floodplain development on a case-by- case basis to ensure that increases in water surface elevations do not occur or identify the need to adopt a floodway if adequate information is available. Strength/Magnitude Under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), the Federal standard for floodplain management is the 100-year floodplain. This area is chosen using historical data such that in any given year, there is a 1% chance of a Base Flood (also known as 100-year Flood, 1% annual flood, Special Flood Hazard Area, or Regulatory Flood). A 100-year flood has a 26% chance of occurring in a thirty-year period. A 500-year floodplain has a 0.2% of being equaled each year. The nomenclature can be confusing and does not mean this flood will only happen every 500 years. This type of flood has at least a 6% chance of occurring in a 30-year time period with the 100-year flood. FIRMs identify flood zones through hydrologic and hydraulic studies. These zones represent the areas susceptible to the 1% annual chance flood, or 100-year flood. Where possible, FEMA also determines a Base Flood Elevation (BFE)for the 100-year floodplain, which is the calculated elevation of flooding during this event and a commonly used standard for determining flood risk and managing potential floodplain development. These maps provide a more definitive representation of the highest flood risks in the communities. Since the 100-year flood level is statistically computed using existing data, as more data is available the flows, heights, and extent of the 100-year flood may change. As more data are collected, or when a river basin is altered in a way that affects the flow of water in the floodplain, re-evaluation is needed (and sometimes required)to keep the maps as representative of current conditions as possible. Alterations can include dams and urban development, and other human- made changes in a basin that affect floods. The extensive system of reservoirs/dams in Washington and Yakima County has generally reduced the crest heights of floods and lengthened their duration. Longer duration flows at sediment transport level wear away at revetments, levee armor, natural bank, bridge abutments, and other flood control infrastructure over a longer period above sediment transport thresholds. Some flooding events can have a higher volume of flow and lower crest over time. Some can have high peak and low volume. Both can be hazardous in their own ways. Longer duration floods require longer monitoring and patrol as erosion continues over time. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 75 of 215 79 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 The NWS Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service publishes forecast hydrographs when flooding is expected based on river and stream gauge data. Table 3.21 details the terminology used to describe flooding based on this data. Table 3.21. NWS Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service Flood Terminology" Term Description The stage which, when reached by a rising stream, lake, or reservoir Action Stage represents the level where the NWS or a partner/user needs to take some type of mitigation action in preparation for possible significant hydrologic activity. Minor Flooding Minimal or no property damage, but possibly some public threat Moderate Flooding Some inundation of structures and roads near stream. Some evacuations of people and/or transfer of property to higher elevations. Major Flooding Extensive inundation of structures and roads. Significant evacuations of people and/or transfer of property to higher elevations. Record Flooding Flooding which equals or exceeds the highest stage or discharge at a given site during the period of record keeping. Location The Yakima County Flood Control Zone District(FCZD) is responsible for flood hazard management across the county. FCZD divides Yakima County into four distinct study areas that experience flooding, each of which includes various municipalities. The study areas include: • Naches River Covers the Naches River from the confluence of the Naches and Tieton Rivers to the Twin Bridges northwest of Yakima. Agriculture makes up 41% of the current land use in the study area, there are also residential and commercial developments in the floodplain that have been subject to repeated flood damage. Includes the municipalities of Naches, Tieton, and Gleed. • Lower Yakima: Yakima River south of Union Gap along the boundary with Yakama Nation. Includes the municipalities of Granger, Grandview, Toppenish, Sunnyside, Zillah • Upper Yakima: Yakima River from the Yakima County northern boundary to Union Gap and along the Naches River from Twin Bridges on State Route 12 to its mouth. Includes the municipalities of Yakima, Union Gap, and Selah. • Ahtanurn-Wide Hollow: The Ahtanum and Wide Hollow watersheds extend east from the Cascade Mountains to include the cities of Yakima and Union Gap, ending where the creeks flow into the Yakima River. The northern boundary for the two adjoining basins is formed by Cowiche Mountain, and the southern boundary by Ahtanum Ridge. 49 National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service. Hydrograph Terminology. Accessed from https://water_weather_gov/ahps2/pdf/hydrograph_terminology.pdf Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 76 of 215 80 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 3.10 illustrates the four CHFMP study areas as determined by FCZD. Figure 3.10.Yakima County CFHMP Study Areas 41 ABC k " Upper Yakima CFHMP 1C`" ',jilt.1. ��l Study Area Naches River air, " . L0 iil CFHMP Study Area �itii'w` tw1' 14 ��'.l±'+ll y� !1■i ■�:.�__. Lei,9i11 C F�iY. , =� 17r�;e.--T1ti ten.Waif Cre_elf" L •3'. Lower Yakima / 1�lw► r r W C\i �` /CFHMP Study Area r111■�.•�■'Ij� ; Z"' A htanum Wide Hoiio musemmaiumm i�,�1. „is CFHMP Study Area �r11i1111S\! MI _ _.., :Vollut IL j -,,, Cities -4. M L -411111 Union Gap illNaches ll OIr, Illi11U Yakima ■7 111'.'�.l. Rivers All Roads N• Much of the recent infrastructure development in Washington State has occurred in or near floodplains which leads to a high susceptibility to flooding. This type of development also changes the course of natural water flows, increasing runoff from pavement and roof surfaces. Diverting waters to new surface areas results in places previously safe from flooding become susceptible to the damages of flooding. Figure 3.11 illustrates the NFIP Special Flood Hazard Area, or 100-year floodplain, which has a 1%annual chance of flooding.As depicted, many communities along the Lower Yakima River are within the 100-year floodplain.According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, approximately 2%of Yakima County's land area is susceptible to 100-year flood conditions. The following participating communities have land within the floodplain, described in more detail in each Jurisdiction Annex. • City of Granger • City of Zillah • City of Selah • Town of Naches • City of Tieton • Unincorporated Yakima County • City of Toppenish • City of Union Gap • City of Wapato • City of Yakima Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 77 of 215 81 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 3.12. NFIP Flood Zone (100-year floodplain), Yakima County - N Washington State - ,V t 1 E Yakima County • -. - K • ) J 0a � Y _ �es E n.GEBCO \r NGAA National Saogragh G l min,HERE, 4a \\ kT: ' '0iv —7, r T_ton a„ C 3 `` a __—` . c.— r` ft _ !I � a I-E2 .a lWn en. Yakima County National Flood Insurnace Program —""j Flood Zones ECounty Boundary r=!Municipalities —Interstate —Major Road _ National Flood Insurnace Program 0 5 10 20 30,/rr 40 Flood Zone A ! Miles u EvA kL.-[+'.° r,.:ti(^'ga' ea+3,1 Ply,,C'G+L-d as ggoi-th..'Jan.JA DD,.13,11 AE Jr y Lew-`owni'uuuI%OshristNIRLOUR Y U�.Dn PAIN Vie,crvi,Ins rid: J Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 78 of 215 82 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Additionally, Yakima County has tracked the incidence of historic flooding outside of the 100- year floodplain. Major flooding in 1996 and 1997 exceeded the mapped floodplain, as illustrated in Figure 3.13. As depicted, flooding reached far outside of the 100-year floodplain, west past the Town of Harrah along the established levee system. Figure 3.13. Historic Flooding Incidents, Yakima County Washington State t 3 Yak County lM t Sources E n.GEBCQ ( � `s am HERE GeograpM1 -1 G rmin, ERE, sc ._ + gtp Imo - ; Yaks. �/y� ' Nlividoi _.. Toppenis 1-82 Sunnyside7 MUM 1 Yakima County Q Historic Flooding Incidents =County Boundary r-Municipalities —Interstate —Major Road Area Water 10 20 30,11 40 ao Flood 1996 '; Miles li Flood 1997 �e A JuI M4$H ruati,,c-.t itpos.c1;,inig cn ,ze ro -o 4 ��an� c�nw' .- imaw t u:.�*tn = wasn.., �uls a err Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 79 of 215 83 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Past Occurrences The most significant flood, in terms of property damage, on the Yakima River in Yakima County occurred on February 9, 1996, with damage amounting to over$17.7 million in Yakima County. During the 1996 flood, the following communities experienced significant damage: Selah, Wapato, and Toppenish on the Yakima River; Rock Creek,The Nile, Town of Naches, Gleed, and Ramblers Park on the Naches River; Wiley City, Ahtanum, and Emma Lane on Ahtanum Creek, and White Swan on Toppenish Creek within Yakama Nation. Flood damages are not well represented in Yakima County by insurance claims due to the relative absence of flood insurance for older flood prone homes. Of the above locations, Rock Creek, the Town of Naches, and Ramblers Park were behind PL84-99 levees that were overcome and resulted in more significant damage. These three levees were reinforced following 1996 and subsequent flood events. The Ramblers Park levee has been fully setback, and the Town of Naches levee has been partially setback to reduce future damages and allow for more flood conveyance. In addition, bridges severely damaged on the mainstem during the 1996 flood have been replaced with structures with opening widths that are multiples of the original; at SR-24 and Donald- Wapato highway on the Yakima River and Powerhouse Road on the Naches River. Including the 1996 event, Yakima County has experienced 9 declared disasters for flooding since 1953, including the following: • DR-185: 1964, Heavy Rains and Flooding • DR-300: 1971, Heavy Rains, Melting Snow, and Flooding • DR-414: 1974, Severe Storms, Snowmelt, and Flooding • DR-482: 1975, Severe Storms and Flooding • DR-545: 1977, Severe Storms, Mudslides, and Flooding • DR-883: 1990, Severe Storms and Flooding • DR-1100: 1996, High Winds, Severe Storms, and Flooding • DR-1079: 1996, Severe Storms, High Wind, and Flooding • DR-1159: 1997, Severe Winter Storms, Land and Mud Slides, and Flooding • DR-1817: 2009, Severe Winter Storms, Landslides, Mudslides, and Flooding FCZD has produced CFHMPs for the Upper Yakima River, Cowiche Creek, Naches River, and Ahtanum-Wide Hollow, and plans to develop a CFHMP for the Lower Yakima River. Each CFHMP details the flood and damage history in the distinct study areas. There have been no declared disasters for flooding during the HMP analysis period. Table 3.22 outlines 8 flood events reported on the NOAA Storm Events Database in Yakima County during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Appendix D contains a list of all flood events prior to 2015, as well as a more detailed description of each occurrence. Table 3.22. Past Flood Occurrences,Yakima County(2015-2021) Location Date Event TypeProperty Damages Narrative Debris flow just east of Rimrock Lake, reported by the Yakima Herald. Flooding Rimrock, 5/21/2015 Flash Flood None in streets, 911 had some people Selah reported evacuate buildings in fear of roof collapse. Police set up barricades to help divert drivers from flooded roadways, Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 80 of 215 84 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.22. Past Flood Occurrences,Yakima County(2015-2021) Location Date Event TypeProperly Narrative Damages flooding in some homes. A few places lost power. Heavy Rain and snowmelt resulted in Harwood 3/6/2016 Flood $300,000 higher waters along some of the rivers, which also resulted in minor flooding along some river banks. After a brief warm up, an ice jam formed and broke loose on the North Fork of the None Ahtanum Creek in central Yakima Tampico 2/10/2017 Flood reported County. The ice moved downstream damaging five homes with water and structural damage. One family was displaced. Substantial snow pack remained in the foothills and lower elevations of the Washington Cascades at the beginning of March. Temperatures started to moderate during the first week of the month with several nights of temperatures above freezing occurring on the 8th and 9th. Flooding was reported along Wide Hollow and Cottonwood creeks from about 9 miles Yakima 3/10/2017 Flood $20,000 west of Yakima through the city of Yakima as rapid snow melt was occurring in the foothills west of Yakima. Water flowed through the Meadowbrook Mobile Home Park, and there were numerous reports of damaged driveways as culverts were overwhelmed with mud and other debris. Along Ahtanum Creek, there was standing water in fields, with water from roadside ditches spilling over the road in places. More flooding was reported along Wide Hollow and Cottonwood creeks, as well as Cowiche and Ahtanum creeks, through the city of Yakima, then Tieton, 3/14- Flood None southeast into the lower Yakima Valley. Brace 16/2017 reported Rapid snow melt occurred in the foothills west of Yakima. Water from roadside ditches spilled over various road in places. Along Toppenish and Satus Creeks, in the lower valley, water over Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 81 of 215 85 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.22. Past Flood Occurrences,Yakima County (2015-2021) Location Date Event Type Property Narrative Damages roads and field flooding were reported along the main branches of the creeks as well as the numerous tributaries to these creeks. A few roads remained closed due to high water through the rest of March. On March 15, high flows on Cowiche Creek caused a section of a levee that had previously been damaged to breech, opening a 20-foot-wide gap. The water followed along Highway 12 with the bulk of the water flowing into an irrigation canal. On March 16, water inundated the intersection of North 40th and Fruitvale Boulevard, flooding a few businesses and parking lots and the Riverview Mobile Home Park. Public Works tried to divert the water into Myron Lake, with a channel expected to take the water back from the lake to the Naches River. Instead, the water overflowed from Myron Lake into Willow Lake and then Aspen Lake, where it overflowed into neighborhoods surrounding the lakes. Increased snow melt resulted in minor Naches 5/5/2017 Flood None flooding of the Naches River near reported Naches. On May 5th the river crested at 18.25 feet, flood stage is 17.8 feet. On May 30th, warm temperatures lead to Naches 5/30/2017 Flood None increased snow melt with the Naches reported River rising briefly to the flood stage of 17.8 feet. Naches near Naches— Flood stage is 17.8 feet. The river rose above flood stage on February 7, 4 am, crested at 18.6 feet on February 7th at 130 pm, None then fell below flood stage on February Naches 2/7/2020 Flood reported 8th at 430 am. Minor flooding was observed in low areas along river. Naches near Clifdell— Flood stage is 31.0 feet. The river rose above flood stage on February 7 at 4am, crested at Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 82 of 215 86 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.22. Past Flood Occurrences,Yakima County(2015-2021) Location Date Event TypeProperly Damages Narrative 31.4 feet on by 1145am, then fell below flood stage on by 1130pm. Minor flooding was observed in low areas along river. Yakima near Parker—Flood stage is 10.0 feet. The river rose above flood stage on February 7th, 8 pm, crested at 10.4 feet on February 8th, 245 am, then fell below flood stage on February 8th, 6pm. Minor flooding was observed in low areas along river. In addition to recorded damages, Yakima County also monitors streamflow values measured at stream gauges along the Yakima River, Ahtanum River, and Naches River. Tables 3.23—3.26 below summarize the historic crests on the Yakima River at Umtanum and Parker, as well as on the Naches River at Naches and Cliffdell. Stream gauges on the Ahtanum, Cowiche, and Toppenish do not include records of historic crests, but are used for active flood monitoring. As summarized in Table 3.23, flood stage on the Yakima River at Umtanum is 35.5 feet which has been exceeded 11 times, with two occurrences in the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Table 3.23. Historic Crests on the Yakima River at Umtanum Flood Categories Historic Crest Height(feet) Date Major Flood Stage (39 feet) 41.10 11/15/1906 Moderate Flood Stage (38 feet) 38.98 05/29/1948 38.77 02/09/1996 37.93 11/25/1990 37.84 01/08/2009 37.63 12/03/1977 Flood Stage (35.5 feet) 37.08 11/23/1959 36.69 01/17/2011 36.50 05/16/2011 35.70 12/10/2015 35.67 02/16/2016 Action Stage (33.5 feet) 35.22 01/31/1965 34.44 2/30/1999 As summarized in Table 3.24, flood stage on the Yakima River at Parker is 10 feet which has been exceeded 25 times, with three occurrences in the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 83 of 215 87 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.24. Historic Crests on the Yakima River at Parker Flood Categories Historic Crest Height (feet) Date 16.21 02/09/1996 Major Flood Stage (14 feet) 15.00 12/23/1933 14.61 11/30/1995 14.50 11/26/1990 13.97 12/03/1977 13.44 12/27/1980 13.35 01/16/1974 Moderate Flood Stage(12 feet) 13.20 05/16/2011 13.14 12/04/1975 13.03 (P) 01/09/2009 (P) 12.20 01/18/2011 12.15 12/10/2015 11.65 01/31/1965 11.65 03/14/1972 11.61 02/21/1982 11.41 01/25/1984 11.30 04/01/2011 11.28 02/21/1995 Flood Stage (10 feet) 10.93 02/16/2016 10.75 02/01/1995 10.61 02/19/1981 10.40 02/08/2020 10.22 02/26/1986 10.19 04/25/2012 10.11 03/10/1983 As summarized in Table 3.25, flood stage on the Naches River at Naches is 17.8 feet which has been exceeded 14 times, with two occurrences in the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Table 3.25. Historic Crests on the Naches River at Naches Flood Categories Historic Crest Height (feet) Date Major Flood Stage (21 feet) 22.90 12/23/1933 22.36 02/08/1996 20.40 05/16/2011 20.19 12/09/2015 Moderate Flood Stage (19 feet) 20.07 12/02/1977 19.00 11/30/1995 19.00 (05/16/2011 18.60 02/07/2020 18.40 12/04/1975 Flood Stage (17.8 feet) 18.27 04/25/2012 18.25 05/18/2008 18.02 12/27/1980 17.95 06/17/1974 Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 84 of 215 88 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.25. Historic Crests on the Neches River at Neches Flood Categories Historic Crest Height (feet) Date 17.81 05/18/2006 17.60 11/25/1990 17.50 05/26/1999 Action Stage (16 feet) 17.38 06/08/2011 17.11 06/10/1972 16.82 05/12/2013 16.05 05/24/1969 As summarized in Table 3.26, flood stage on the Neches River at Cliffdell is 31 feet which has been exceeded 6 times, with two occurrences in the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Table 3.26. Historic Crests on the Naches River at Cliffdell Flood Categories Historic Crest Height (feet) Date 32.97 02/09/1996 32.20 05/15/2011 Flood Stage (31 If 32.17 11/30/1995 31.47 11/25/1990 31.47 12/10/2015 31.40 02/04/2020 Future Probability Yakima County has experienced flood and flash flood events at least 42 times since 1950, including 8 recorded events during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021)and 9 declared disasters. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, the Yakima River is expected to flood once every 2-5 years, and based on the historical record, the county will experience flooding at least once every other year. Given the consistent history of flooding impacting community members, property, and infrastructure in the county, the future probability of a significant flooding events is Very Likely(expected to occur every 1-4 years). Climate Change Impacts Climate change will influence seasonal patterns. Cascade drainage systems will soon be rain dominate rather than both snow and rain dominate. This change will result in drainages that carry reduced annual flows of water and distribute them over winter months instead of the usual two-week period. Furthermore, summer storage of water will be reduced greatly as summer flows will be reduced due to rain precipitation becoming the dominate source of water.5° Changes in precipitation and streamflow may lead to flood of roads and increased erosion, as well as more winter flooding given changes to snowpack accumulation and melt rates. Flooding 5°Climate Impacts Group.2009.The Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment.M. McGuire Elsner,J. Littell, and L.Whitely Binder(eds). Center for Science in the Earth System,Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, University of Washington, Seattle,Washington. httos://doi.org/10.6069/GWSP-MB82 Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 85 of 215 89 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 may occur more frequently over the winter and spring, resulting in two distinct peaks that impact already degraded aquatic habitats and destabilize channels.51 Yakima County Vulnerabilities In 2016, the Washington Department of Ecology completed flood risk ranking for every watershed, including the Yakima River Basin. The risk assessment considered population density(weighted 60%), NFIP policies and claims(30%), and the floodplain area (10%). Based on this ranking, the Lower Yakima is the 7th highest risk watershed, mostly driven by floodplain area (40 in the state). The Upper Yakima ranks 190 in the state.52 Flooding can threaten life, safety, and health and often results in substantial damage to homes, vehicles, land, crops, or livestock. Annual economic losses from flooding are expected in the thousands of dollars for the region, as well as impacts on vulnerable community members, potential destruction of critical infrastructure and the built environment, disruption of normal operations, and the potential loss of natural and cultural resources. Loss Estimates Flooding can lead to devastating property damages to homes in and near the floodplain. Additionally, flooding can lead to other economic losses, such as closures of critical transportation routes due to inundation, damage to agricultural resources due to heavy rainfall, and the potential to cause fatalities and injuries. According to the FEMA National Risk Index, Yakima County is expected to lose $1,598,546 in 2022 from riverine flooding.According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, between 1960 and 2017, flooding in Yakima County has led to $106,597,198 in property damages. Table 3.27 summarizes the 2022 Expected Annual Loss for riverine flooding in Yakima County, as provided by the FEMA National Risk Index. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. Table 3.27.2022 Expected Annual Loss— Flooding5s Building Population Agriculture Hazard Type Total Value Equivalence Population Value Riverine Flooding $1,598,546 $94,977 $1,281,301 0.17 $222,267 Yakima County participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (CID#530217D)and the last FIRM for the area was issued on 10/21/2021. Yakima County also participates in the Community Rating System (CRS) program and is in Class 10. Only about 25 to 35 percent of homes in floodplains have insurance for flood losses. Uninsured homeowners face greater financial liability than they realize. Yakima County had 235 NFIP claim counts between 1978-2018, amounting to$1,748,992.97. 51 Yakama Nation.Climate Adaptation Plan for the Territories of the Yakama Nation.Accessed from https://cig.uw.edu/i rojects/yakama-nation-climate-adaptation-plan/ 52 2018 Washington State Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Hazard Inventory and Vulnerability Assessment.Top 20 At-Risk Watershed in Washington State.Accessed from https://mil.wa.gov/enhanced-hazard-mitigation-plan 53 FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/i roducts- too is/nati o na l-ris k-i ndex Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 86 of 215 90 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 As a part of the NFIP, FEMA identifies Repetitive Loss and Severe Repetitive Loss properties, as classified below. Repetitive Loss Properties: A repetitive loss property is one for which two or more losses of at least$1,000 each have been paid by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) over a rolling 10-year period. Severe Repetitive Loss Properties: A Severe Repetitive Loss property is a residential property that is covered under an NFIP flood insurance policy and: • That has at least four NFIP claim payments(including building and contents) over $5,000 each, and the cumulative amount of such claims payments exceeds $20,000; or, • For which at least two separate claims payments(building payments only) have been made with the cumulative amount of the building portion of such claims exceeding the market value of the building. • For both points above, at least two of the referenced claims must have occurred within any 10-year period and must be greater than 10 days apart. Based on data provided by the Washington State Emergency Management Department as of September 2021, there are 27 Repetitive Loss properties in Yakima County, including four Severe Repetitive Loss Properties (both NFIP and Flood Mitigation Assistance programs). Of those 27, 12 are NFIP insured. These properties are summarized in Table 3.28, with SRL properties in bold. Table 3.28. Repetitive Loss/Severe Repeitive Loss Properties in Yakima County Community Name Mitigated NFIP Address Most Recent Occupancy Insured City Date of Loss 11/28/1995 SELAH, CITY OF NO NO Selah 2/7/1996Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Yakima 1/31/2003 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* YES NO Yakima 11811983 Single Family SELAH, CITY OF NO NO Selah 2/7/1996 Other Non-residential YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Yakima 2/7/1996 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Yakima 1/2/1997 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Wapato 2/9/1996 Single Family SELAH, CITY OF NO NO Selah 2/7/1996 Other Non-residential YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Yakima 2/9/1996 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Yakima 2/9/1996 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Yakima 1/2/1997 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Naches 7/1/1999 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Yakima 1/31/2003 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Selah 1/9/2009 Single Family SELAH, CITY OF NO YES Selah 5/15/2011 Business YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Tieton 3/31/2011 Single Family Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 87 of 215 91 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.28. Repetitive Loss/Severe Repetitive Loss Properties in Yakima County Community Name Mitigated NFIP Address Most Recent Occupancy Insured City Date of Loss YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Naches 5/14/2011 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Naches 5/22/2011 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Naches 5/15/2011 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Yakima 3/14/2017 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Yakima 3/16/2017 Single Family YAKIMA, CITY OF NO YES Yakima 3/10/2017 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Yakima 3/10/2017 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Yakima 4/12/2017 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Yakima 1/8/2009 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO YES Yakima 3/11/2017 Single Family YAKIMA COUNTY* NO NO Naches 5✓15/2011 Single Family Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations Just over 15% of Yakima County's total population is exposed to a 100-year flood event, and approximately 2.7% are exposed to a 500-year flood event. However, more than 5% of the county's most vulnerable population (based on a social vulnerability index)resides in the 100- year floodplain, the highest percentage in the state, according to the 2018 Washington State HMP. Flooding sometimes leads to deaths if floodwaters become deep and swift enough to sweep away people or vehicles. It is possible that the sick, disabled, or elderly may not be mobile enough to escape rising floodwaters and may become trapped in their houses. During flooding events, residents may also be at an increased risk of waterborne diseases. For many, the psychological impact of major floods can be intense. Loss of loved ones, homes, and livelihoods can obviously create intense psychological and social disruption. Flooding in Yakima County has caused two reported injuries since 1960. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, roughly 15.5% of Yakima County's total built environment is exposed in areas with 1% annual risk of flooding, expanding to almost 3% exposed to areas with 0.2% annual risk of flooding. Likewise, 6.3% of Yakima County's critical infrastructure is exposed to areas with 1% annual risk of flooding. Flooding poses a risk to the county's transportation infrastructure, as well as health and medical facilities and utility services. Bank erosion and channel migration are also of concern. In 2022, a municipal water line was exposed and required repair due to erosion in the City of Yakima. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 88 of 215 92 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 The 2022 exposure analysis considered critical facilities in Yakima County located in the 100- year floodplain (Special Flood Hazard Area). The results are summarized in Table 3.29. Facilities of note include five fire stations (Toppenish Station 9, Gleed Sheriff's Office/Fire Department, West Valley Station 2, and Nile/Cliffdell Station 11), 11 childcare facilities and school buildings, and 6 mass care sites (American Red Cross shelters and food banks). Table 3.29.Yakima County Critical Facilities Exposure to Flooding Facility Type Number of Exposed Facilities Communications 0 Education 11 Emergency Services 5 Hospitals 0 Mass Care 6 Transportation 137 Utilities 4 Total Facilities Exposed by Hazard 163 Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Flooding may lead to a disruption of Yakima County's emergency response services, such as police, fire, and ambulance services, including delayed response due to blocked roads and an increase in calls for assistance. The local government also experiences long-term burdens on operational and emergency funds as resources are directed to response, repair, and mitigation projects. The 1996 flood resulted in an extended impact on Yakima County's general fund as staff worked to document losses and claim reimbursement from FEMA. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Flooding events have significant impact on the economy. Yakima County is one of the many counties ranked as medium on the state flood risk index that is accredited for 83% of the entire state's Gross Domestic Product value. The local agricultural community is reliant on surface water diversions for irrigation, which are typically located in the floodway/floodplain or directly connected to a river or stream. These diversions are highly vulnerable to damage during flood events. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources There are limited impacts that directly affect the environment due to flooding events. Flooding provides ecological enrichment to floodplains by ensuring continued biological productivity and diversity. However, pollution from flooding may disrupt aquatic habitats. Additionally, improvements and repairs to levees and flood control structures generally require in-water work which stresses fish and other aquatic species. It is essential that mitigation strategies consider levee or flood control structure setbacks where feasible to reduce stress caused by nuisance in- water work and future repairs. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 89 of 215 93 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a High Risk to flooding. FEMA has rated Yakima County Relatively High Risk for riverine flooding, with a risk score is 18.69. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County has a Medium Risk to flooding. Table 3.30 below summarizes the risk assessment results for flooding for Yakima County. Table 3.30. Risk Assessment Results—Flooding Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 4 High; widespread and substantial Economic Disruption 3 Medium; widespread and temporary Environmental Resource 3 Medium; widespread and minor Damages/Degradation Emergency Services 2 Low; widespread and temporary burden Burden Critical Facilities Exposure 2 Low; 10-20% of critical facilities exposed Probability Score 5 Very Likely; expected every 1-4 years Frequency Score 4 Likely; major events have occurred every 5-10 years Total Impact Score r 24 High Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 90 of 215 94 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 7.11. L_-icndslides and Other Geologic Hazards Yakima County Is vulnerable to several types of geologic hazards, including landslides, mudslides, debris flows, rockfalls, and erosion.This hazard profile includes consideration of all these hazards but recognizes that landslides pose the most significant risk. Landslides are generally defined as the unprovoked downhill movement of rocks, soli, and anything constructed. Fall, topple, slide, spread, or flow are movements by which landslides could be identified. The cause of the movement is a disturbance in the natural stability of the slope. Earthquakes, heavy rains, volcanic eruptions, and erosion are events that can initiate landslides. Landslides, mudslides, and other debris flows are also a significant secondary hazard in wildfire burn areas. The characteristics of a landslide are depicted in the following diagram from USGS: Figure 3.14. USGS Typical Landslide Diagram" Crown crack, Crown Minor scarp , ., r tl•,,e, .1 Transverse cracks �U , Transverse ridge. • .,,'• Radial :: :' \ /. s' .11600, cracks Surface of rupture Toe Main body Foot Toe of'surface of rupture Surface of separation Erosion is the process of the earth being wom away by natural elements such as wind and water. Water erosion is the exposure of rock to rain or other movements of water which breaks down the solid structure of rock or loosens the soli making It easier for It to crumble and increasing slippery conditions. Glacial erosion is the friction between the ice and the ground which causes abrasion. Wind erosion the turbulent flow of sand particles that sandblast land forms, this is more common in deserts, but is a documented Issue along ridgellnes in Yakima County. Strength/Magnitude Soli type, steepness, and previous disturbance or movement of the earth in a specific area are factors that Influence landslides. Soli type is a key indicator for landslide potential and is used by e` U.S. Dept of Interior, USGS. Fact Sheet 2004-3072.Accessed from: httos:NDubs.ussts.riovlfs/2004/3Q72/ Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 91 of 215 95 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 geologists and geotechnical engineers to determine soil stability for construction standards. Landslide susceptibility maps, like the one illustrated in Figure 3.15, describe the relative likelihood of future landsliding based on the properties of the site, including prior failure, rock or soil strength, and steepness of slope. The extent of a landslide ultimately depends on the depth of the landslide and how far it might travel downslope over a given distance. Landslides can be shallow and slow-moving or very fast-moving, depending on these many factors. Location Landslides are common on steep slopes (20 degrees or greater) and areas where erosion has occurred. Yakima County is located between mountain ranges and has several rivers that flow throughout.As illustrated in Figure 3.15, landslide risk is greatest in the western section of the county in the areas surrounding US-12 and SR-410, as well as along the Toppenish Ridge. The communities of Nile, Toppenish, Naches, and Tieton are situated closest to these hazard areas. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, nearly 50% of the Yakima County land area is exposed to landslide hazards. Figure 3.15. Landslide Risk by Susceptibility and Incidence, Yakima County Washington State — Yakima County is Sources Es GEBCO. NOAA.Nat onal Gaon aph e Garman.HERE. k. N ----_ Naches •. -------- Teton e l EIRM PPenish ' _ - - ? A - __ i. . nni Yakima County Landslide Risk dCounty Boundary - _ _ rdMun c pal ties -Interstate - ... ... —Major Road _.. --_ �— - ---_— ----_ - I Landslide Risk. _ - -, Incidence and SusceptibiIity Ranking ▪High Sus/High Inc. 'High Sus./Mad.Inc. High Sus./Low Inc. Mod_Sus/Mod_Inc_ 0 5 10 20 30 I Mod.Sus./Low Inc. _ Ml Low Sus./Low Inc. Zg ;,.g ; ,y yg1C2.'rnk+.. Li-1+trGrvxn".ICE.,[9H.-,�a, irr r:lID.1�r.1„ No Data '• ,__ ;21 l s-1-jiW,L r14lla�1.Cmtlisl.s°' m1M1 i1C k°t ,0'Cilal'AYX->it.. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 92 of 215 96 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan I 2022 Past Occurrences Yakima County has experienced seven significant landslide incidents since 1960. These events collectively led to over $14 million in property damages, but no reported injuries or fatalities. No significant events have occurred during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Of note is an ongoing, slow-moving landslide in the Rattlesnake Hills. This landslide is about 20 acres in size, located near Union Gap, WA. Geologists and engineers expect the landslide to slowly move south, running into a nearby quarry. A bypass road to 1-82, Thorp Road, has been closed since 2018 as a precautionary measure. There is a low probability scenario where the landslide could accelerate and reach 1-82, nearby homes, or the Yakima River, and irrigation conveyance and other utilities are currently at risk. The Washington Department of Natural Resources and other agencies continue to monitor the landslide. Local agencies, including YVEM and Yakama Nation, are working to plan for various scenarios, including evacuations, detour routes, damming of the river, and subsequent flooding.55 In 2009, the Nile Valley landslide moved over 40 million cubic yards of earth, rock, and debris across about 110 acres. This incident buried one house and severely damaged four others. In addition to this immediate property damage, the landslide blocked the Naches River and flooded the valley, causing additional flood damage to approximately 20 homes. The landslide destroyed a section of SR-410, 1� illustrated in Figure 3.16, and led to about$22 million in direct costs. It also required constructing a detour _ route, re-channelizing the river, and reconstructing the highway. This cost is not captured in the property - damage estimates above. The landslide also led to Figure 3.16.Nile Valley Landslide on SR-410 evacuations for 60 residents and a nearby residential sue: Washington Dept of Transportation program and resort, as well as precautionary power shutoffs for about 800 customers. The incident resulted in a State of Emergency declaration by the Governor and an emergency proclamation by Yakima County, but Yakima County did not qualify for FEMA Individual Assistance. There have been two Presidential Disaster Declarations for Yakima County related to mudslides and landslides resulting from severe storms and flooding, including in 1997 (DR- 1159) and 2009 (DR-1817). Future Probability Yakima County has experienced a significant landslide event approximately once every 9 years since 1960. Damaging landslides are expected to increase in the future, given the intensity of rain events and rapid snowmelt, an increase in wildfires and forest vulnerability, and increasing development in landslide and wildfire prone areas. It is Likely (expected to occur every 5-10 years) that a significant landslide will occur in Yakima County. $'Washington State Department of Natural Resources.Rattlesnake hills landslide_Accessed from: httos:ffwww_dnr_wa_iovfrattlesnake-hi Ils-lands'ide#-':text 56 History Link. Massive landslide in the Nile Valley(Yakima County)blocks State Route 410 and redirects the flow of the Naches River on October 11,2009.Accessed from: h#pis://www.historylink.org/File/9224 Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 93 of 215 97 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Climate Change Impacts Landslide events can be expected to increase in frequency in the future as a result of warmer, wetter winters and hotter, dryer summers. These conditions stress forested areas throughout the Cascades, increasing wildland fire risk and associated soil mobilization and landslides. Additionally, heavy rain events are the primary cause of landslides and are expected to happen with more frequency and intensity due to human-caused climate change. Yakima County Vulnerabilities The most vulnerable areas are those downhill of a steep slope where there is high susceptibility to landslides, including recent occurrences. Landslides can damage property and critical facilities, as well as blocking and damaging critical transportation infrastructure. Large slides can also block or divert waterways, leading to necessary improvements to maintain irrigation and flood control infrastructure. Loss Estimates Table 3.31 summarizes the 2022 Expected Annual Loss for landslides in Yakima County, as provided by the FEMA National Risk Index. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. Table 3.31.2022 Expected Annual Loss—Landslide and Erosion57 Hazard Type Total Building Population Population Agriculture Value Equivalence Value Landslide $148,780 $85,237 $63,543 0.01 n/a Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, 5% of the Yakima County population is directly exposed to landslides. Very few homes are in areas that may experience landslides, rockslides, or mudflows. That said, many community members may experience the indirect impacts of landslides, including damage to agricultural lands, contaminated water sources, disrupted transportation routes, or subsequent flooding from dammed rivers. Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure In Yakima County, most of the built environment is not located in higher risk landslide areas. Roadways are most likely to be impacted by landslides, requiring alternate transportation routes. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, about 5% of the general building stock in Yakima County is exposed to landslides. Conversely, a significant portion of Yakima County's critical facilities are exposed to landslide hazards— up to 40% as estimated by the 2018 Washington State HMP. This is similar to the statewide average exposure. 57 FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/i roducts- too is/nati o na l-ris k-i ndex Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 94 of 215 98 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 The 2022 exposure analysis considered critical facilities in Yakima County with a medium or higher landslide risk. The results are summarized in Table 3.32. Facilities of note include four fire stations in the Nile-Cliffdell Fire District, the Tieton Dam Hydro Electric Project, two small airports, and Naches Valley High School and Hope Academy, both in Naches. Table 3.32.Yakima County Critical Facilities Exposure to Landslide Facility Type Number of Exposed Facilities Communications 3 Education 2 Emergency Services 4 Hospitals 0 Mass Care 0 Transportation 32 Utilities 3 Total Facilities Exposed by Hazard 44 Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations A landslide could damage communications and power lines that are in its track and block roads once it has reached flat land. As in the 2009 Nile Valley landslide, a significant incident could disrupt power and communications, as well as limit access to certain areas. A landslide blocking any critical transportation corridor could slow or limit emergency response until a detour is established. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Impacts to the economy and businesses are minimal from a landslide, as most businesses are located outside of landslide risk areas. Businesses could be impacted indirectly if a landslide were to disrupt communications or power or block critical transportation routes. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources Landslides can impact agricultural lands by damaging crops and livestock. In addition, landslides can impact irrigation systems, requiring expensive improvements or replacements. Landslides and erosion are also likely to impact river basins and drainage areas, potentially impacting water quality and fisheries, or causing changes to channels and river flow. Landslides in forested areas could also damage timber stands. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 95 of 215 99 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Medium Risk to landslides and other geologic events. FEMA has rated Yakima County Relatively High Risk for landslides, with a risk score is 25.67. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County has a Medium-Low Risk to landslides. Table 3.33 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the landslide hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.33. Risk Assessment Results— Landslide Criteria _ Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 3 Medium; localized, substantial Economic Disruption 2 Low; localized, temporary Environmental Resource 2 Low; localized, minor Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden _ 3 Medium; localized, temporary Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Very Low; less than 10% exposed Probability Score 4 Likely; expected to occur every 5-10 years Frequency Score 4 Likely; has occurred every 5-10 years Total Impact Score 20 Medium Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 96 of 215 100 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.12. Public Health Emergency This hazard profile primarily considers outbreaks of a communicable disease as a potential public health emergency facing Yakima County. Additional consideration is given to public health emergencies related to environmental health. Communicable Disease A large outbreak within a population may constitute a public health emergency. A communicable disease spreads between people and animals through contact with bodily fluids, direct skin contact, airborne droplets, aerosolized particles, or insect/animal bites. A widespread communicable disease can cause a public health emergency as either a more localized epidemic or as a larger global pandemic. An epidemic is essentially the spread of a specified disease within a community over a period of time. A pandemic is the spread of a communicable disease that spreads throughout other parts of the country or world. Epidemics and pandemics result in short term and long term economic, social, and health impacts on the community. Depending on the cause and virulent strength, outbreaks can occur frequently. The spread of a communicable disease may occur as a result of a natural disaster, the release of a chemical agent, interactions with an infected animal or insect, unsafe food handling practices, or improper hygiene practices. New and emerging diseases can cause an outbreak amongst individuals who are immunocompromised. Historically, the United States has been introduced to many new diseases such as new strains of influenza (flu), HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, H1N1 (variant influenza), Ebola, MERS, and SARS. New diseases may cause fear amongst residents as little is known and they may result in an epidemic or a pandemic. The United States has recently experienced the following diseases: Pandemic Influenza Pandemic influenza is a new and widely spread influenza virus that is different from a seasonal influenza.58 A pandemic influenza may mirror typical symptoms of seasonal influenza such as fever, cough, sore throat, chills, and muscle and joint soreness; however, the infection and mortality rate is higher and can result in hospitalization and death. Vaccinations may not be readily available for a new strain of influenza. COVID-19 Corona Virus 2019 or COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2 virus).59 In 2019, COVID-19 was traced to an open animal market in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Globally as of 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed approximately 588 million cases of COVID-19 and 6 million deaths.60 In the United States alone, there has been nearly 91 million cases reported and one million deaths as of 2022.61 55 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pandemic Basics.Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic- resou roes/basics/i ndex.html 59 World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease(COVID-19).Accessed from: https://www.who.int/health- topics/coronavirus#tab=tab 1 6°World Health Organization.WHO Coronavirus(COVID-19)Dashboard.Accessed https://covid19.who.int/ 51 World Health Organization. United States of America:WHO Coronavirus disease(COVID-19)dashboard. Accessed from: https://covid19.who.int/region/amro/country/us Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 97 of 215 101 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 COVID-19 spreads during close contact between individuals through respiratory droplets from sneezing, talking, coughing, or breathing. Public health professionals recommend that individuals take proper precautions such as wearing a mask in public, social distancing, and isolating when infected. Additional outbreaks include: • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS) is a respiratory illness caused by coronavirus, called SARS-associated Coronavirus(SARS-CoV). This illness was first documented in Asia and quickly spread causing a global outbreak in 2003. During the outbreak a total of 8,098 cases were documented and 774 died. Only eight individuals tested positive for SARS in the United States.62 • Middle East Respiratory Syndrome(MERS) is also a respiratory illness caused by coronavirus(MERS-CoV) and is essentially new to humans. MERS was first recorded in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and quickly spread to other countries. According to the CDC MERS presents a low risk to the public in the United States.63 • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body immune system and if not treated can lead to AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV was first seen in Central Africa and has jumped to other countries globally. The virus has existed in the United States since the mid to late 1970s.64 In the 1980s the United States experienced a rapid increase in the 1980s, labeling it the AIDS epidemic. • Tuberculosis (TB) presents itself as a respiratory illness caused primarily by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria can affect any part of the body including the kidney, spine, and brain. The bacteria that cause TB can be spread through air from one person to another.65 Environmental Health Community members may also be at risk of health hazards related to their environment, typically a substance that can cause an adverse health event, including animal and insect diseases, drinking water quality, food safety, septic systems, solid waste disposal, and more. Environmental health hazards can be the result of a natural disaster, such as a wildfire, human error, or development/land use decisions that locate industrial, agricultural, or other contaminating activities near residential areas or sensitive resource areas. Common examples of environmental hazards include air contaminants, toxic waste, radiation, disease-causing microorganisms and plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and chemicals in consumer products.66 Environmental health hazards of concern in Yakima County include: • Water Quality: Both groundwater and surface water are subject to contamination from runoff, agricultural uses, industrial uses, and other sources in Yakima County. Lower 62 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SARS Basic Fact Sheet.Accessed from: htlps://vvvvw.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-sars.html 63 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome(MERS).Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/index.html 64 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Basics:About HIV.Accessed from: htlps://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html 66 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Basic TB Facts.Accessed from: https://vvvvw.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm 66 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Introduction to Environmental Public Health Tracking.Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/tracking/tracking-intro.html Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 98 of 215 102 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 valley communities in Yakima County are working to reduce nitrate contamination concentrations in groundwater below state drinking water standards. The affected water quality is primarily the result of human activities at the surface that degrade groundwater quality in private domestic wells. According to the CDC, about 1 in 8 Americans get their drinking water from a private well, and 1 in 5 sampled private wells were found to be contaminated at levels that could affect health.67 Disease outbreaks connected to private well sources continue to increase. Contaminants with links to possible health effects include radiological, chemical, and microbiological sources. • Vector-borne Diseases: According to the WHO, vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors.68 Vectors are organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans and animals. Common vectors include mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, blackflies, lice, etc. These vectors such as mosquitoes transmit can transmit Dengue, Yellow Fever, Rift Valley Fever, Zika, Lyme. Ticks can transmit Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, Tularemia, etc. Lice may cause Typhus and Louse-borne relapsing fever and fleas may cause Plague and Tungiasis.69 West Nile Virus, Western equine encephalitis, and St. Louis Encephalitis are present in Washington. Washington does not have mosquitos that carry dengue, Zika, or yellow fever. Around 25-50 travel-related malaria cases are diagnosed in Washington each year. Safeguarding environmental health is also of primary concern during disaster response and recovery. Communities must safeguard drinking water, control disease-carrying vectors, ensure proper food safety, and maintain healthy environments that may be impacted by various sources of contamination during the disaster or as a consequence of response activities. Strength/Magnitude A pandemic occurs in waves and has the potential to last weeks to months and in some circumstances years. Once a communicable disease reaches the point of human-to-human transmission, the strength of the disease is likely to increase and easily cross geographical boundaries. A strong strain of a disease has the potential to reach even remote and isolated locations. When examining COVID-19, research has shown an overall pattern as a series of waves with surges and declines. The large spikes of COVID-19 cases occurred over the winter months.70 The winter months have greater occurrences of travel and social gatherings. Environmental health concerns range widely in severity and magnitude. A small source of contamination that is not mitigated may create more severe consequences over a long period of time. A short-term but severe source of contamination could leave water sources or other environmental resources degraded and dangerous for years after initial response. 67 Centers for Disease Control.Environmental Health Services: Private Wells.Accessed from: httos://www.cdc.govincehiehs/water/private-wells/index.html 66 World Health Organization.Vector-borne diseases.Accessed from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detai l/vector-borne-diseases 69 Ibid. 70 Johns Hopkins Medicine.Coronavirus second wave,third wave and beyond:What causes a COVID surge. Accessed from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/first-and-second- waves-of-coronavi rus Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 99 of 215 103 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Location Cities with the largest populations in Yakima County are more susceptible to a communicable disease outbreak due to the number of residents living near each other. The county seat, the City of Yakima, has the largest population in the area with 96,000 residents. That said, additional factors influence the spread of disease. During COVID-19 in Yakima County, the lower valley saw higher rates of transmission based on social factors, including multigenerational housing, limited personal transportation access, limited access to healthcare, and more. Other factors influencing disease spread include areas with high contact with animals, high international travel and trade, and access to healthcare. That said, communicable diseases can affect all Yakima County residents, and their spread does not respect city or county boundaries. Environmental health hazards can impact residents across Yakima County. People living in close proximity to contaminant sources, including industrial areas, high-density urban areas, and transportation corridors (major highways and railroads) are likely to experience higher exposure to hazards. Past Occurrences During the 20th and 21st centuries, the globe has seen multiple pandemics. Pandemics have been seen during 1918, 1957, 1968, 2009, and 2020—almost every 30 years. These pandemics include: • 1918 (Spanish Flu): The pandemic that occurred during the 1918-1919 was seen as the most severe in history. Approximately 500 million people, about one-third of the world's population, became infected. In the United States alone, the number of deaths reached at least 50 million with about 675,000 occurred in the United States." Mortality ranged between age, however children younger than 5 years of age, 20-40 years old, and 65 years and older had a high rate.72 • 1957(Asian Pandemic Flu-H2N2): During 1957 a new virus emerged in East Asia with the first case reported in Singapore and followed to Hong Kong, and the United States in Summer of 1957. There were approximately 1.1 million deaths worldwide with 116,000 in the United States.73 • 1968(Hong Kong Flu-H3N2): In the 1968 a new pandemic emerged worldwide. The pandemic was first documented in the United States. Deaths rose to 1 million worldwide and approximately 100,000 in the United Stated. The virus continues to circulate worldwide as a seasonal influenza.74 • 2009 (Swine Flu-H1 N1): During the spring of 2009, a novel virus emerged globally. The first case of the H1 N1 virus was detected in the United States and spread quickly around 71 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1918 Pandemic(H1 N1 virus).Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-oandemic-hl n1.html 72 Ibid. 73 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1957-1958 pandemic(H2N2 virus).Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1957-1958-pandemic.html 74 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1963 pandemic(H3N2 virus).Accessed from: httos://www.cdc.gov/flu/oandemic-resources/1968-oandemic.html Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 100 of 215 104 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 the world. An estimated 60.8 million cases were reported, 274,304 hospitalizations, and 12,469 deaths in the United States.75 During the HMP analysis period (2015-2021), Yakima County experienced multiple outbreaks of communicable diseases and viruses. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, the state experienced outbreaks of influenza, pertussis, mumps, and foodborne illnesses, all of which impacted Yakima County. In 2017, Yakima County experienced an outbreak of mumps affecting five people and potentially exposing many others.76 In 2018, the county experienced an outbreak of Norovirus, a gastrointestinal virus, with 17 total cases." More recently, in 2020 Yakima County declared COVID-19 a public health emergency. Globally, the pandemic resulted in millions of deaths. In Yakima County, there have been 78,884 confirmed cases and 818 deaths as of July 2022.78 COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic at the time of this plan update. In 2022, the emerging global threat is Monkeypox. On July 28, 2022, Yakima Health District identified the first case of Monkeypox in Yakima County.79 Related to environmental health, Yakima County has experienced several incidents during the HMP analysis period, including: • PFAS Groundwater Contamination: Some wells on or near the Yakima Training Center have been identified as contaminated with Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PEAS). The U.S. Army, as the owner of the Yakima Training Center, coordinated with Yakima County on testing, monitoring, mapping, and restoration of clean drinking water for those affected. This is an ongoing concern at the time of HMP development. • Lower Yakima Valley Groundwater Management Area: As a response to high levels of nitrate in groundwater, an advisory group formed in 2012 to implement alternative management strategies to reduce nitrate concentrations. Work is ongoing to improve water quality and continue monitoring and testing in the region. • Lower Yakima Watershed Pesticide Reduction:As an intensive agricultural area, the Lower Yakima River Basin is found to have a high concentration of legacy pesticides that contaminate the water, erode soils, and affect fish and aquatic habitats. The region is working with the Washington State Department of Ecology to improve water quality and reduce pesticides in the watershed.8° • Middle Yakima River Basin Bacteria: Wide Hollow Creek, Cowiche Creek, and Moxee Drain are included on the Washington State list of impaired water bodies due to excessive fecal bacteria. Sources of contamination include wildlife feeding areas, livestock, rural and urban stormwater runoff, and on-site septic systems. The region is 78 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2009 H1N1 pandemic(HI NIpdm 09 virus).Accessed from: https://www.odc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1 n1-pandemic.html 76 Washington State Department of Health.Mumps outbreak 2017.Accessed from: https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your- family/iIIness-and-disease-z/mumps/mumps-outbreak-2017 77 Washington State Department of Health.Annual Communicable Disease Report.Accessed from: https://doh.wa.gov/sites/default/fi Ies/l egacy/Documents/5100/420-004-CDAnnual Renortl ncidenceRates.pdf 78 Washington State Department of Health. COVID-19 data dashboard.Accessed from: https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/covid-19/data-dashboard#dashboard 78 Yakima Health District.Monkeypox.Accessed from:https://www.yakimacounty.us/2727/Monkeypox 6°Washington State Department of Ecology.Water and Shorelines:Director of improvement projects.Accessed from https://ecology.wa.gov/Water-Shoreli nes/Water-Quality/Water-improvement/Total-Maxi mum-Daily-Load- process/Di rectory-of-improvement-projects/Yaki ma-watershed-toxics-reduction-project Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 101 of 215 105 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 working with the Washington State Department of Ecology and the EPA to improve water quality and reduce bacteria levels.81 • Septic Systems: Malfunctioning septic systems can contaminate groundwater and surface water, potentially affecting individuals as well as the environment. Rural areas of Yakima County have a high number of septic systems, which may be vulnerable to natural disasters or other disruptions that lead to malfunctions. Future Probability A public health emergency in Yakima County is Somewhat Likely(expected to occur every 11- 50 years). The county may experience small outbreaks more regularly, but an epidemic/pandemic is now expected approximately every 30 years, given the hazard history. Public health emergencies stemming from communicable diseases may become more frequent in the future, given the risk of vector-borne illnesses linked to the changing climate and a declining acceptance of vaccinations as an effective preventative tool. Climate Change Impacts Research on climate change and public health indicates a connection between the change in climate and the frequency of infectious diseases. Mild and warmer temperatures allow for population increases in vectors that infect animals. According to the CDC, mild winters, early springs, and warmer temperatures are giving mosquitoes and ticks more time to reproduce, spread diseases, and expand their habitats throughout the United States.82 Yakima County Vulnerabilities A public health emergency resulting from a disease can have significant impacts to Yakima County, resulting in loss in every facet of Yakima County, including human health and safety, critical infrastructure, government and emergency operations, economy, and cultural resources. Loss Estimates Losses for an epidemic or pandemic are difficult to predict, however, data is available on the initial impacts of COVID-19. According to recent research, COVID-19 could result in net losses starting at$3.2 trillion and reaching approximately$4.8 trillion in U.S. GDP.83 The World Bank Organization, students risk losing $17 trillion in lifetime earnings in present value, or about 14% of today's global GDP due to COVID-19 pandemic related school closures.84 Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations An outbreak of a disease or virus can have severe negative impacts on residents in Yakima County. According to the CDC, Yakima County has a very high vulnerability based on the Social Vulnerability Index(SVI).85 Social vulnerability is driven by social and demographic factors 81 Washington State Department of Ecology.Water and Shorelines:Directory of improvement projects.Accessed from: https://ecology.wa.gov/Water-Shorelines/Water-auality/Water-imorovement/Total-Maximum-Daily-Load- process/Directory-of-improvement-projects/M id-Yakima-Basin-Bacteria-TM DL 82 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Climate change and infectious diseases.Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/what-we-do/climate-change-and-infectious-diseases/index.html 83 USC News.Business closures and partial reopenings due to COVID-19 could cost the U.S.trillions.Accessed from: https://news.usc.edu/178979/business-closures-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-gdo-losses/ 84 The World Bank. Learning losses from COVID-19 could cost this generation of students close to$17 trillion in lifetime earnings.Accessed from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/12/06tleaming-losses- fro m-covi d-19-could-cost-this-generation-of-students-close-to-1 7-tri II io n-i n-I i feti me-ea mi ngs 88 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Social vulnerability index.Accessed from: https://data.cdc.govNacci nati ons/Social-Vulnerability-I ndex/ypaf-ryas Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 102 of 215 106 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 within the community, including high poverty rates, limited access to healthcare, technology, and transportation, and other factors. Individuals who are socially vulnerable are at greater risk to contract and experience severe symptoms from a disease or virus. Furthermore, public health emergencies tend to have widespread impact on a population, but some residents are at more risk than others.At risk populations include: • Children aged 5 and younger • Adults older than 65 years and older • Pregnant women • Individuals with chronic medical conditions(i.e., asthma, heart failure, obesity, etc.) • People with compromised immune systems (i.e., diabetes, HIV, cancer, etc.) When specifically examining COVID-19, the attributes listed above can put residents at a higher risk of COVID-19.86 A large portion of Yakima County's residents additionally suffer from chronic diseases weakening individuals' defenses and making them vulnerable to disease. It is important to note that there are significant racial and ethnic disparities in the potential impact of a public health emergency. Inequities in the social determinants of health put some groups at increased risk of getting sick or dying, as was the case during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Some factors influencing this risk include: • Healthcare access and utilization:those without access to adequate insurance, or those with limited access due to a lack of transportation, childcare, the ability to take time off work, or language and cultural barriers. • Occupation: people in "essential work settings"such as healthcare facilities, emergency operations, farms, factories, grocery stores, and public transportation will be in close contact with the public during a public health emergency.Additionally, individuals with limited paid sick days may feel pressured to come to work even if they are symptomatic or live with some showing symptoms. • Education, income, and wealth gaps: people with limited job options, due to lower school completion rates or barriers to college, have less flexibility to leave jobs that put them at greater risk of exposure. Individuals with lower incomes cannot afford to miss work and/or do not have adequate savings. • Housing: people living in more crowded housing may find it more difficult to avoid close contact or exposure. Additionally, people with lower incomes are at risk of eviction, shared housing, or homelessness. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure The greatest risk to critical infrastructure is the availability of personnel. The staff themselves may become ill or need to attend to family members or others who are ill. Additionally, jurisdictions and companies responsible for managing critical infrastructure will need to have 86 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Factors that affect your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19. Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/risks-getting-very-sick.html 87 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Risk for COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization,and Death By Race/Ethnicity.Accessed from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations- discovery/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.html Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 103 of 215 107 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 adequate protocols in place to protect workers from exposure while at work. Additionally, the healthcare system across the country suffered during COVID-19, and a lack of local healthcare workers in Yakima County is more severe post-pandemic, leaving a fragile healthcare system. Additionally, one hospital in Yakima County closed in 2020, leaving residents with fewer options for emergency and public health services. Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations As with COVID-19, a public emergency may result in large number of hospitalizations overwhelming emergency responders, operations, and facilities. An outbreak can halt government operations by delaying project timelines and closure of government buildings. Yakima County experienced closure and limited government services from COVID-19. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses The impact of a large disease outbreak can result in significant losses to the local economy and businesses. An outbreak of disease can result in a shortage of employees and the disruption of the supply chain.88 Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources While a communicable disease does not have immediate effects on the environment, a prolonged event like that of COVID-19 can lead to more limited resources and staffing for important environmental management activities. Public agencies responsible for water quality testing, parks and open space management, and other essential services may face resource limitations or budget cuts that restrict these activities. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a High Risk to a public health emergency. Table 3.34 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.34. Risk Assessment Results— Public Health Emergency Criteria Score Description Human Health 5 Very High; 10+ deaths and 20+ injuries Property Damage 1 Minimal Economic Disruption 5 Very High; long-term disruption Environmental Resource 1 Minimal Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 5 Very High; wide-spread and long-term burden Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Minimal Probability Score 3 Somewhat Likely; expected every 11-50 years Frequency Score 3 Somewhat Likely; has occurred every 11-50 years Total Impact Score 1 ee Market Business News. The effects of coronavirus on business.Accessed from: https://m arketb usin essn ews.com/th e-effects-of-co ron avirus-on-businesses/262030/ Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 104 of 215 108 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.13. Severe Weather Spring and summer storms are relatively common events in eastern Washington. These storms normally occur between April and September and may include thunder and lightning, hail, wind, intense rainfall and more infrequently, tornadoes. Severe wind events can occur throughout the year. Severe weather may also include dust storms resulting from high wind events. • Hail is defined as precipitation in the shape of balls of ice that are more than five millimeters wide. • Lightning is an electrical charge created by thunderstorms. • Wind events, the most common severe weather event, include winds up to 40 mph or greater sustained for an hour or more but are not the result of thunderstorms. • Tornadoes are a destructive circling column of air that reaches the ground from a cumulonimbus cloud. • Thunderstorms are any storm that produces one or more of the following phenomena: 1) a tornado, 2) damaging winds of 58 mph or more, or 3) hail with a diameter of 1 inch or larger. • Dust Storms are defined as weather events that poor visibility that is reduced to 1 km or less as a result of blowing dust in the area. Note that severe weather profile does not include winter weather hazards (heavy snow, rain, sleet, and ice storms). This is a distinction from the 2018 Washington State HMP. Strength/Magnitude Given severe weather includes multiple types of hazards, there are different scales and measurements to define each. The Enhanced Fujita (EF)Scale is used to measure tornado severity and ranges from EFO to EF5 tornadoes. Table 3.35 describes EF Scale and associated damage potential. Table 3.35. Enhanced Fujita Scale for Tornadoes89 EF Number Wind Speed (mph) Description of Damages 0 40-72 Light Damage: Leaves blowing, broken branches, etc. 1 73-112 Moderate Damage: Vehicles moved; roof surfaces damaged 2 113-157 Considerable Damage: Large tree snapped, roofs torn, mobile homes destroyed 3 158-207 Severe Damage: Trains overturned, cars lifted, trees uprooted. 4 208-260 Devastating Damage: Houses leveled, cars overthrown, weak structures blown away 5 261-318 Incredible Damage: Strong structure foundations lifted and carried away, vehicles airborne, trees debarked. as National Weather Service.The Enhance Fujita Scale(EF Scale).Accessed from: httos://www.weather.gov/ouniefscale Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 105 of 215 109 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 The Beaufort Wind Scale, detailed in Table 3.36, is used to measure wind speeds and describe potential impacts from wind storms. Table 3.36. Beaufort Wind Scale90 Wind Force Description Wind Speed Impact Descriptions Level (mph) 0 Calm <1 Vertical smoke rise 1 Light Air 1-3 Wind direction shown by smoke drift 2 Light Breeze 4-7 Winds felt on face 3 Gentle Breeze 8-12 Leaves in constant motions 4 Moderate Breeze 13-18 Dust is raised 5 Fresh Breeze 19-24 Small trees sway 6 Strong Breeze 25-31 Large ranches in motion 7 Near Gale 32-38 Whole trees in motion 8 Gale 39-46 Twigs break off trees 9 Strong Gale 47-54 Slight structural damage 10 Storm 55-63 Trees uprooted. Considerable structural damage. 11 Violent Storm 64-72 Widespread damage 12 Hurricane 73+ Devastation level damage 8°National Weather Service. Beaufort wind scale.Accessed from: httos://www.weather.gov/mfl/beaufort Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 106 of 215 110 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 The TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale (HO to H10), detailed in Table 3.37, is used to measure intensity and describe potential damage related to hail size, energy, and fall speed. Table 3.37. TORRO Intensity Scale for Hailstorms91 Scale Intensity Hail Size: Kinetic .2 Potential Damage Impacts Category Diameter(mm) Energy J m HO Hard Hail 5 0-20 No damage H1 Potentially 5-15 >20 Slight damage to crops and plants Damaging H2 Significant 10-20 >100 Significant damage to crops and vegetation H3 Severe 20-30 >300 Severe damage to crops, glass structures, wood and paint damage H4 Severe 25-40 >500 Widespread damage on glass structures, vehicle damage H5 Destructive 30-50 >800 Wholesale glass destruction, roof damage, significant injuries reported H6 Destructive 40-60 Aircraft damage, brick walls pitted H7 Destructive 50-75 Severe roof damage. Serious injuries reported. H8 Destructive 60-90 Severe aircraft damage H9 Super 75-100 Extensive structural damage. Severe Hailstorms or fatal injuries. H10 Super >100 Extensive structural damage. Severe Hailstorms or fatal injuries. Thunderstorms are categorized using a 5-point scale called the Storm Prediction Center(SPC) from the National Weather Service, detailed in Table 3.38. Table 3.38.Storm Prediction Center(SPC) for Thunderstorms92 Category Description 1 — Marginal Isolated severe thunderstorms possible. Low severe intensity. 2— Slight Scattered severe storms possible 3— Enhanced Numerous and persistent storms possible 4— Moderate Widespread long-lived intense severe storms likely 5— High Widespread severe long-lived and extremely intense storms expected 81 The Tornado and Storm Research Organization.The TORRO hailstorm intensity scale.Accessed from: https://www.torro.orci.uk/research/hail/hscale sz NOAA, National Weather Service.Storm Prediction Center.Accessed from: https:HWWW.SPC.noaa.gov/misciabout.html Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 107 of 215 111 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Location The entire state of Washington is susceptible to severe weather due to heavy precipitation coming from the Pacific Ocean. All areas within Yakima County have identified severe weather as a potential hazard. Past Occurrences In September 2020, much of eastern Washington experienced wildfires and straight-line winds, qualifying for a Presidential Disaster Declaration (DR-4584) in February 2021. While straight- line winds were an important factor in this disaster, most qualifying damages resulted from subsequent wildfire impacts, as described in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fire hazard profile. Table 3.39 details severe weather occurrences reported on the NOAA Storm Events Database for Yakima County within the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Appendix D contains a list of all severe weather events prior to 2015, as well as a more detailed description of each occurrence. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County experienced five significant hail events, 6 lightning events, 123 wind events, and one tornado between 1960 and 2017. Table 3.39. Past Severe Weather Occurrences,Yakima County(2015-2021) Location Date Type Property Narrative Damages About an inch of rain in 30-60 South Thunderstorm None minutes was recorded and a Broadway 5/21/2015 Wind reported thunderstorm with strong outflow boundary produced winds up to 70 MPH. Most storms produced moderate South None Broadway 5/23/2015 Hail reported rain and small hail; one storm did produce 0.88inch hail. Gusts were widespread and ranged Yakima None from 58 MPH to a gust of 72 MPH. Valley 11/17/2015 High Wind reported Some areas reported winds over several hours ranging from 40-50 MPH. Zillah 5/1/2019 Dust Devil None A dust devil that formed that reported resulted in five injuries reported. Yakima A powerful shortwave trough and Valley 10/25/2019 High Wind $8,000 associated cold front swept over the Cascades. Yakima 11/27/2019 High Wind None Strong winds downed trees in Valley reported Selah. A powerful upper-level storm system Union Thunderstorm None moved across the area during the Gap 5/30/2020 Wind reported afternoon and evening helping to trigger severe thunderstorms. Yakima 9/7/2020 High Wind None A strong cold front produced strong Valley reported northerly wind gusts of 40-65 mph. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 108 of 215 112 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.39. Past Severe Weather Occurrences,Yakima County(2015-2021) Location Date Type Property Narrative Damages Yakima 10/13/2020 High Wind None Strong Pacific storm system Valley reported produced locally damaging winds. A deep Pacific low pressure system Yakima 10/24/2021 High Wind None that passed to the northwest of the Valley reported forecast area caused 85 MPH winds. Yakima None A strong cold front passage Valley 11/15/2021 High Wind reported produced strong wind gusts across lower elevation areas. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 109 of 215 113 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Using data from the NOAA Storm Events Database, the following maps illustrate historic hail, wind, and tornado events in Yakima County between 1955-2021. As shown in Figure 3.17, hail events have been reported throughout the county, but are generally less intense, with hail less than 2.5 inches in diameter. As shown in Figure 3.18, wind events have been reported in several locations around the county, with several events reaching 78 mph. Finally, in Figure 3.19, there has been one EF2 tornado in Yakima County, near the City of Yakima in 1957, as well as several EF1 tornadoes since the 1950s. Figure 3.17. Historic Hail Events, Yakima County(1955-2021) fV .P,,'. Washington State Yakima County .._ ,.-.,. s Sources.Esry OEBCO. , �� NOAA,National Geograph-, .� Garmin,HERE, !H 4. ` `• lL— - rft &gnIY —� trk. ` gl - Y Yakima County y,�. Moxee 4. . Historic Hail Events k _ 4. - 1955-2021 ,m,� Hawk. r,A _ I OCounty Boundary ,I - 0 - roppenisi+ '-ez -p • 4 , Sunnyside1 L-;Municipalities I o . —Interstate 1 Grandview. —Major Road 1-, r .4 Hail Initiation Point l �9 Inches Diameter -., 0.75-2.560 02.61 -4.45 >ik • 04.46-6.29 • •6.30-8.14 .8.15-9.99 • 0 5 0 20 30,°,, 40 —�" Mlles Hail Path ••,,,.t.. rc� ucnnxcutt;,,c�+t , ce:e.et n . ,err�µ o)sra _PHAN,lyN lkMri i L IN moil Lsa16 LNB,tstmstu4I �'9�ky, -nt in,Cl a� Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 110 of 215 114 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 3.18. Historic Wind Events, Yakima County(1955-2021) `Washington State I' I t Yakima County • S 4„- - . Sources Es , 0 NOAA,National G o9 aph ! ti Germ in,HERE, 1 pi, a A e Sld_ita� Gleed di -lik,5t111 eiN. 11 Yakima County aS -N- {47 Mo"ee_" Historic Wind Events . 1955-2021 a.,na Hawk, i r..gum _.- -J County Boundary ,I - 00" ® Toppenis'gar - "2.:1( 7 Swim side L= Municipalities .Y —Interstate Grandview ii —Major Road ra-e'`, a 11 Wind Initiation Point mph 0 1-26 .. __. __. ._. ..:.. . ..... .. _. _._ . 0 27-52 ® 53-78 79-104 6105-130 90 20im o i Mg.— Wind Path 9artancsA.Etoosu0EEJ.. "ar2e ian.tCh .+an.M ram,, , ,A,aao.nu �nIar�SIP r ti 8,11 a>y,Grua, Is Aan s=.A�ucw,w�, Is in a r 1 tint Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 111 of 215 115 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 3.19. Historic Tornadoes, Yakima County(1950-2021) Washington State t Yakima County - y`1 i Ce Sources E ri.GEBCO. ti �\ i NOAA,National Geograph Germ n HERE, l�• ' , r III-i tits ` „ f ' . •. +„ - - , Moxee -- Yakima County s .a. - i : • -- Historic Tornadoes . C inz-Im.. CCU e, -- 1950-2021 0' - Toppenlsh. - 4 Sunnyside -County Boundary Grandview 1eW I, iI!Municipalities —Interstate ! —Major Road Tornado Initiation Enhanced Fujita Scale _. 01 I 02 _._. 03 04 •5 o 5 10 20 --1 rTornado Path a'"ri.rA. c,.aam ..ogriorkftac Ey alys a 2 al,Led 142,13 . oAft JluSiil sy ylotris+mmin. w' osai' ,erv,Im es Future Probability Although there has been one Presidential Declared Disaster during the HMP analysis (2015- 2021), severe weather events are an almost annual occurrence, with multiple incidents each year in Yakima County. Given the entire county is susceptible to severe weather, a high frequency of past occurrences, and the impact of the changing climate, severe storms are considered Highly Likely (occurring every 1-4 years). Climate Change Impacts Given severe weather events are integrated within the natural climatic cycle, major changes are expected in the future. Climate change is shifting the volume of atmospheric systems by adding more energy. This new energy is expected to create stronger hailstorms, winds, and intensify rain showers which ultimately disrupt the natural climatic cycle. According to the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment, annual precipitation percentages are expected to increase by 2% by the 2040s, including in the Yakima River Basin.93 93 Climate Impacts Group.The Washington Climate Change Impact Assessment.Assessed from: https://cig.uw.ed u/wp-content/u ploads/sites/2/202 0/12/wa cci areport681-3.pdf Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 112 of 215 116 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Yakima County Vulnerabilities Severe weather events contribute to limited impacts to Yakima County. Annual economic losses are expected in the thousands of dollars for the region, mostly due to hail and wind damage. Severe weather events can damage critical infrastructure and the built environment and disrupt normal operations Loss Estimates According to FEMA's National Risk Index, the total expected annual loss in Yakima County for severe weather events is$687,382. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. Individually, hail is expected to cost the county about $347,645/year, strong wind events will cost$193,171/year, tornadoes total $74,781/year, and lightning events cost$71,785/year. These expected losses are summarized in Table 3.40. Table 3.40.2022 Expected Annual Loss—Severe Weather84 Hazard Type Total Building Population Population Agriculture Value Equivalence Value Hail $347,645 $2,662 $10,801 0.00 $334,182 Lightning $71,785 $11,669 $60,117 0.01 n/a Strong Wind $193,171 $4,619 $188,411 0.02 $141 Tornado $74,781 $29,854 $44,399 0.01 $528 According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, severe weather events have caused over$159 million in damages in Yakima County since 1960. This is inclusive of winter weather events. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations Severe weather can lead to the isolation of community members due to downed powerlines or hazardous travel conditions. People that are dependent on electricity for medical devices are most vulnerable to this hazard. The most significant impacts of severe weather are related to secondary hazards, including flooding from a severe thunderstorm or wildfire caused by high winds or lightning strikes.According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, 54% of Yakima County's vulnerable population is in areas ranked medium or higher for severe weather hazards. This is inclusive of severe winter storms and is the highest of any county in the state. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure Hail, wind storms, and tornadoes can disrupt the critical transportation infrastructure and accessibility. Utilities, including communications and power lines, may also be disrupted by wind storms and tornadoes. This type of disruption is detrimental to sharing critical information to the public and across all type of first responders. Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Both tornadoes and wind storms can disrupt the day-to-day business or continuity of government. These hazards can also disrupt emergency response, such as police, fire, and ambulance services. This type of delay can impact rescue times and postpone immediate medical care.According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County's first responder sa FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/oroducts- too is/nati o na l-ris k-i ndex Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 113 of 215 117 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 facilities are at medium-high risk to severe weather exposure. However, all first responder buildings in the county have been built to withstand severe weather events. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Agricultural areas of the state, including Yakima County, are expected to experience major economic and business losses due to any significant severe weather events due to the damage of crops and farm production. Hail or severe wind can produce widespread damage, while a tornado may make more limited, but still destructive impacts within agricultural areas. The Yakima River Basin produces the largest agricultural economic returns in Washington and is considered one of the most productive areas in the country. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources Given severe weather events are an integral piece of the natural climatic cycle, they are essential to the maintenance and sustainability of all local biodiversity. Severe weather events will have a limited impact on natural resources. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Medium Risk to severe weather events. FEMA's National Risk Index and the 2018 Washington HMP both break out severe weather into various hazards, each with their own risk rating. These ratings are summarized in Table 3.41 below. Table 3.41. Summary of Risk Ratings for Severe Weather Hazards Hazard FEMA Risk Rating Washington HMP Risk Rating Hail Relatively Moderate High (south county) Medium-High (north county) High (west county) Lightning Relatively Low Medium (east county) Severe Wind Relatively Moderate Medium-High (south, east county) Medium (northwest county) Tornado Relatively Low Medium-High (entire county) Table 3.42 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the severe weather hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.42. Risk Assessment Results— Severe Weather Criteria Score Description Human Health 2 Low; 2-3 deaths, 4-5 injuries Property Damage 3 Medium; widespread, repairable Economic Disruption 1 Minimal Environmental Resource 1 Minimal Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 2 Low; widespread, temporary burden Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Minimal Probability Score 5 Highly Likely; expected every 1-4 years Frequency Score 5 Highly Likely; has occurred every 1-4 years Total Impact Score 20 Medium Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 114 of 215 118 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.14. Severe Winter Weather Winter storms consist of phenomena such as heavy snow, heavy winter rain, freezing rain, sleet, and ice storms, or a combination of such events. Major winter storms can contribute to flooding in areas not prone to riverine flooding due to the flow of immense amounts of water in one area. Most severe winter storms develop on the Pacific Ocean and travel inland towards counties located in the valley regions of Washington, including Yakima County. The NWS defines snow as precipitation that forms in clouds that when air temperatures remain below freezing throughout the atmosphere to create snowflakes, or ice crystals that accumulate as they fall to ground level. There are five different classifications of snow phenomenon including: • Snow flurries occur when there is a short period of time of light snow fall with no major accumulations of snow expected • Snow showers occur when snow falls at brief times with fluctuating intensity and has the possibility for accumulation • Snow squalls are short, but intense snow showers with gusty winds and significant accumulation • Blowing snow can be both wind-driven snow or falling/loose snow from the ground lifted by wind causing drifting and reducing visibility • Blizzards are the strongest snow event by having winds over 35 mph with the combination of snow and blowing causing low visibility up to of a mile or for at least three hours at a time. Additional winter storm weather events, as defined by NWS, include: 95 • Sleet is partially melted snowflakes that freeze as they fall through a deep layer of freeing air and become frozen rain drops before they reach ground level • Freezing rain happens when snowflakes first travel through a warm layer of air that turn the flakes into liquid drops then fall through a thin layer of freezing air at a fast rate that prevents the liquid from freezing. Therefore, as the liquid drops are cooled, they can instantly freeze once in contact with anything that is cold in temperature (below 0 degrees Celsius). • Ice storms occur if there is major continuation of freezing rain lasting several hours 95 NOAA.Severe weather 101:Types of winter weather.Accessed from: https://www.nsanoaa.gov/education/sylwx101/winter/types/ Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 115 of 215 119 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Strength/Magnitude The Winter Storm Severity Index(WSSI)from the NWS categorizes the level of impact a selected winter storm will have on the area. The WSSI Scale is provided as Table 3.43 below. Table 3.43. Winter Storm Severity Index96 Level Description of Expected Storm Impacts None No snow, ice, or blizzard conditions forecasted Limited Small snow or ice accumulations to be forecasted with minimal impacts Minor Minor disruptions to those unprepared. No to minimal recovery time required. Moderate Major impacts to those unprepared. One- or two-day recovery time needed for after snow/ice accumulation. Major Significant impacts to those prepared and unprepared. Several days needed for recovery after snow/ice accumulation. Extreme Historic and widespread impacts. Many days up to weeks of recovery needed after snow/ice accumulation. According to the NWS, for snowfall to be categorized as heavy snowfall, it must accrue in a non- mountainous area to four inches or more within a 12-hour timeframe or accumulate six or more inches of snow within a 24-hour period. For mountainous areas, heavy snowfall is categorized when 12 inches or more of snow is accumulated within a 12-hour timeframe or 18 inches or more within a 24-hour timeframe. Location All communities within Yakima County are vulnerable to severe winter storms. The intensity and quantity of precipitation from a winter storm depends on the elevation of the atmospheric disturbance. The mountainous areas/foothills of the county experience more significant impacts due to snow. Low elevation areas experience less snow precipitation compared to high elevation areas but can still be impacted. Past Occurrences The most recent, significant winter storm for the area was the Yakima Valley blizzard of February 2019. The severe winter storm caused major impacts on local farmers and their livestock. The storm brought 80 mph winds, two feet of snow, and 20 below temperatures. The extreme impacts resulted in 1,830 cow deaths and was reported as an unprecedented event that left the local community shocked and puzzled."97 96 NOAA, National Weather Service.Winter Storm Seventy Index(WSSI).Accessed from: https://www.weather.gov/gjt/WSSI Tutorial 97 Columbia Insight.Yakima valley blizzard:Anomaly or harbinger or climate change.Accessed from: httos://col umbiainsight.org/yakima-valley-blizzard-anomaly-or-harbinger-of-d imate-change/ Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 116 of 215 120 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.44 below outlines 19 severe winter storms and winter weather occurrences reported on the NOAA Storm Events Database within the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Appendix D contains a list of all winter storm events prior to 2015, as well as a more detailed description of each occurrence. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, there were 31 winter weather events in Yakima County from 1960-2017. Table 3.44. Severe Winter Storms and Weather,Yakima County (2015-2021) Property Date Event Type Damages Narrative A weather system produced widespread winter precipitation across the pacific northwest, with a warm front quickly to follow. Several inches of snow accumulated across the central 12/17/2015 Heavy Snow None Washington area. Snowfall amounts in inches reported are as followed: (14)just north of Trout Lake, (8)4 miles north northeast of The Dalles, (6.5) 12 miles northeast of Appleton, (6.5)4 miles east northeast of Thorp, and (6)2 miles north northwest of Tieton. Heavy snow fell over portions of central Washington and Oregon due to a cold front. None Snowfall amounts in inches are as followed: 12/21/2015 Heavy Snow reported (mil0) at Ski es northBlortheast�of Yauewood (12) lkima, (8) in (8) 5 Bickleton, and (6)4 miles east northeast of Thorp. A major Pacific storm brought snow to most of None the forecast area. Heaviest snows occurred 12/8/2016 Heavy Snow reported from south-central Washington south to central Oregon. Accumulation of 5-10" of snow in areas across Yakima County. • A strong Pacific system moved through the 1 211 412 0 1 6 Heavy Snow None area and over modified Arctic air. This resulted reported in widespread snow. Accumulation of 7-12" on snow in areas across Yakima County. • Significant snow fall over portions of South- 1/1/2017 Heavy Snow None central Washington and North-central Oregon reported on January 1st and 2nd. Measured snow fall of 10 inches in West Valley. • A Pacific storm system brought widespread 1/7/2017 Heavy Snow None snow to the Pacific Northwest. Also significant reported ice accumulated in southeast Washington. Up to 6" of snow and freezing rain. 1/17/2017 Ice Storm None Accumulated ice of.38 inches at Toppenish. reported 2/5/2017 Heavy Snow None Storm total snow accumulation of 7 inches at reported Tieton. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 117 of 215 121 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.44. Severe Winter Storms and Weather,Yakima County (2015-2021) Property Date Event Type Damages Narrative None Winter storm produced a snow accumulation of 2/8/2017 Winter Storm reported 12 inches with an ice accumulation of 0.38 inches on top of the snow. 1 212 812 0 1 7 Ice Storm None One quarter(0.25) inch of ice from freezing reported rain at Tieton. None Four inches of slushy snow accumulation fell 11/23/2018 Winter Weather reported resulting in Interstate 90 being closed in both directions. Cold air trapped in the upper reaches of the None Yakima Valleys with warm air overspreading 1/3/2019 Winter Weather reported aloft brought pockets of freezing rain. Interstate 90 was closed in both directions because of several multi-vehicle crashes. One person was killed (indirect)and another injured (indirect) in a six vehicle crash on Interstate 82 three miles north of Selah. The cars were traveling east along the interstate during a snow storm and ran into each other as the drivers attempted to slow for an accident ahead. A pair of storm systems brought significant snow to all elevations on the 3rd and None 4th of February. Wraparound moisture from the 2/4/2019 Heavy Snow reported first system brought 8 to 12 inches of snow to the Blue Mountains. Initial precipitation with the second system combined with lingering wraparound moisture brought between 3 and 13 inches to all elevations on the 4th of February. Over 200 accidents were reported due to slippery conditions. Interstate 82 between Yakima and Ellensburg was closed for an hour to clear multiple accidents. A potent winter storm brought significant snow accumulations to much of central and eastern Washington beginning on the evening of the 8th and peaking on the 9th of February. Along and in the lee of more exposed ridges in the Yakima and Kittitas Valleys and along the 2/9/2019 Blizzard $2,200,000 Horse Heaven hills blizzard conditions were observed with sustained winds between 35 and 40 mph (30 to 35 knots)and observed visibilities near zero. Snow drifts in the Richland area as high as 5 feet were reported with some secondary roads remaining impassable for days. 1-90 from Ellensburg to Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 118 of 215 122 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.44. Severe Winter Storms and Weather,Yakima County (2015-2021) Property Date Event Type Damages Narrative Vantage, 1-82 from Yakima to Ellensburg and I- 82 from south of the Tri-Cities to the Oregon border were all closed for significant portions of the day due to massive snow drifts and near zero visibility.Across the region over 500 additional motor vehicle accidents were reported by the Washington State Patrol. In the Yakima Valley impassable roads and harsh conditions resulted in the loss of over 1700 head of cattle at an estimated value of 2.2 million dollars. Snowfall amounts ranged from 5 to 7 inches in Yakima, 6 to 12 inches in Ellensburg and 5 to 10 inches in the Simcoe Highlands. Accurate snowfall measurements were very difficult due to blowing and drifting snow. A storm brought a mix of wintry precipitation to the region through the day on the 14th of February. Warm air aloft was primarily confined to Benton, Walla Walla and Franklin counties None where a light coating of freezing rain fell 2/14/2019 Heavy Snow reported followed by light snow. Accumulations in these ranges ranged from trace ice to around a tenth of an inch and up to 2 inches of snow. Further west, Klickitat, Yakima and Kittitas County saw mostly snow with total accumulations between 3 and 8 inches. Persistent toughing off the coast of the Pacific Northwest focused a stream of mid-level moisture over the Inland Northwest resulting in a long duration snow event as the plume drifted north and south several times between the 22nd and 25th of February. Breezy northeastern winds in the lower Columbia None Basin and Yakima Valley, especially on ridge 2/23/2019 Heavy Snow reported tops resulting in drifts nearing 5 feet in height making many roads over the ridge tops impassable for several days. Storm total snow accumulations were measured at 25.2 inches in Snowden, 16.5 inches in White Salmon, 10 inches in Ellensburg, 10 inches in Trout Lake, 8 inches in Richland, 9 inches in Walla Walla, 8 inches in Kennewick and 6 inches in Yakima. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 119 of 215 123 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.44. Severe Winter Storms and Weather,Yakima County (2015-2021) Property Date Event Type Damages Narrative None Several inches of snowfall coupled with 9/29/2019 Winter Weather reported melting/refreezing snow led to treacherous travel conditions and causing 1 fatality. 12/18/2019 Winter Storm None Heavy snow and sleet fell along the east reported slopes of the Washington Cascades. None Moderate to heavy snow developed on 11/12/2020 Winter Storm reported mountains and light to moderate snow accumulations on higher elevation valleys. Future Probability Severe winter storms are an annual occurrence in Yakima County and surrounding jurisdictions. Given much of the land area is susceptible to winter weather, a high frequency of past occurrences, and the impact of the changing climate, severe winter storms are considered Highly Likely(expected to occur every 1-4 years). Climate Change Impacts Climate change will lead to a shift in precipitation and an increase in air temperature, which will significantly impact hydrology and water resources in the Yakima River Basin. Winters are expected to get warmer and wetter in the future, potentially reducing snowpack and heavy snowfalls. As noted in the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment, many climate models are unclear about the winter weather impacts in the Cascades as compared to the rest of the Pacific Northwest. It is possible that winter precipitation will decrease in the Cascades, as compared to the rest of the region. Ultimately, climate change experts anticipate that more precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow in the future, increasing rain-on-snow events and potentially leading to more catastrophic flooding. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 120 of 215 124 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Yakima County Vulnerabilities Severe winter storms can lead to many intersection impacts on a community, stemming from the closure of critical transportation routes due to hazardous conditions, widespread power outages, damage to residential and commercial property, loss of livestock and vegetation, and the potential to cause fatalities and injuries. Loss Estimates Table 3.45 summarizes the 2022 Expected Annual Loss for winter weather and ice storms in Yakima County, as provided by the FEMA National Risk Index. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. Expected losses from winter weather are minimal in Yakima County, with some expected property damages and agricultural losses. Table 3.45.2022 Expected Annual Loss— Severe Winter Weather" Hazard Type Total Building Population Population Agriculture Value Equivalence Value Winter Weather $33,096 $9,364 $1,785 0.00 $21,946 Ice Storm $2,103 $79 $2,024 _ 0.00 n/a Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, less than 10% of Yakima County's vulnerable population is in medium or higher severe winter storm or weather exposure areas. However, groups of people experiencing homelessness or with unsuitable housing, people with access and functional needs or disabilities, and low-income families are highly vulnerable to the impacts of severe winter storms. These impacts may stem from increased traffic accidents due to hazardous road conditions, limited access to medical care or assistance if roads are closed or too dangerous to travel on, or power outages limiting the use of essential medical devices. People living in unsuitable housing may develop hyperthermia due to prolonged exposure to cold temperatures from power outages or insufficient heating sources. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure Winter storms can be highly disruptive to critical infrastructure, including power failures, limited road access, and burst water pipes. Past intense snowstorms have closed major highways like 1-82 for extended periods, given storms can last for multiple days. Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Severe winter storms disrupt Yakima County's emergency response services, such as fire, police, and ambulance services. These facilities are generally located in areas with high exposure to winter storms. However, these facilities are expected to withstand severe winter conditions because they are built to higher building standards. First responders face an increase in calls from vulnerable residents in distress from isolation, road accidents, or loss of power to their homes. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Severe winter storms impact Yakima County's private sector by disrupting normal business activities, including power outages, which can impact the local economy. Winter storms in the sa FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/oroducts- too is/nati o na l-ris k-i ndex Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 121 of 215 125 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 late or early season result in damage to crops or lost livestock, as occurred in 2019. Furthermore, there is an increased threat of food scarcity and supply chain disruption when roads are closed. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources The changing climate could impact river hydrology, which is an important part of the delicate, but complex relationship of the region's soil, vegetation, water sources, and wildlife. Late or early season winter storms can destroy crops and damage agricultural production by either not supplying water storage resources for irrigation purposes or inundating crops with heavy rains. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a High Risk to severe winter weather. FEMA has rated Yakima County Relatively Moderate Risk for winter weather, with a risk score is 17.59.According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County has a High Risk to severe weather overall, inclusive of both spring/summer and winter storms. Table 3.46 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the severe winter weather hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.46. Risk Assessment Results—Severe Winter Weather Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 1 Minimal Economic Disruption 4 High; widespread, medium-term disruption Environmental Resource 1 Minimal Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 2 Low; widespread, temporary burden Critical Facilities Exposure 5 High; most critical facilities are exposed Probability Score 5 Highly Likely; expected every 1-4 years Frequency Score 5 Highly Likely; has occurred every 1-4 years 1116Wai Impact Score I-11 i l l 1 _1�< Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 122 of 215 126 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 3.15. Volcanic Eruption USGS describes volcanoes as vents "at the Earth's surface through which magma (molten rock) and associated gases erupt, and also the cone built by effusive and explosive eruptions." Volcanoes are classified as active, dormant, or extinct. When a volcano is erupting or showing the potential of eruption, it is considered active. A dormant volcano is one that is not currently active, but scientists believe could erupt again. An extinct volcano is one that scientists believe will likely not erupt again. When a volcano erupts, it causes widespread damage, but it also creates nutrient-rich soil and provides a source of geothermal energy for many countries. Strength/Magnitude The magnitude of a volcano is determined by historical occurrences using the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). A non-explosive volcano, VEI 1, occurs often and does not create significant impact. A VEI 8 is destructive and can wipe out the entire community. Figure 3.20 depicts past eruptions and where they fall on the scale.99 Figure 3.21 depicts the threat assessment for volcanoes which was developed by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program to categorize the 169 volcanoes in the U.S. Volcanic threat is defined as the "qualitative risk posed by a volcano to people and property." This threat assessment considers both exposure and the relative danger of volcanic hazards, as shown in the figure below. There are five threat levels: Very High, High, Moderate, Low, and Very Low. Of 57 priority volcanoes in the country (Very High or High Threat), nine are in Oregon and Washington.100 Figure 3.20.VEI Scale Figure 3.21.Volcano Threat Potential Erupted p VEI tephra volume Exam les a § 0 ^' 0.0001 km3 Mountr12004s Exposure October 1.2004 1 0.001 km' • Mount St Helens people and property at risk 2 December J,1989 to volcanic phenomena ^' 0.01 km' a Mount St Helens E 3 June 12,1980 01 - 1, 0.1 km' 0 20eopi,lndonesIa A 4 • elens Volcanic Threat to qualitative risk of a volcano bo 199 y 6 11111P Krak.au 1 883 to people and property / lu km' Mmb as1 Mara ey1'',. go Lon. alley 1,000 m' 160 roo y -. 8 •lowstone Volcanic Hazards 600.000 y .. dangerous natural phenomena produced by a volcano 99 National Park Service.Volcanic Explosivity Index(VEI).Accessed from: https://www.nps.gov/su bjects/volcanoes/volcanic-explosivity-ind ex.htm#:-:text 700 USGS. National volcano early warning system-monitoring volcanoes according to their threat. www.usgs.gov/programsNH P/national-volcano-early-wamingsystem-monitoring-volcanoes-according-their-threat Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 123 of 215 127 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Location There are five active volcanoes in Washington State in the Cascade Range: Mt. Baker, Glacier Peak, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Adams, and Mt. St. Helens. Mt.Adams is in the very southwest corner of Yakima County and the Yakama Reservation. Figure 3.22 is a map of Mt.Adams and its hazards zones. There are no Yakima County communities located in the volcano hazard zones (0%of the population is exposed), and about 10%of the overall land area is exposed to volcanic activity, according to the 2018 Washington State HMP. Mt.Adams is the largest volcano in Washington and the summit contains unstable altered rock that can produce debris avalanche and lahars. Figure 3.22. Mount Adams Volcano Hazard Zone10' Mount Rainier j 1 AA:.r Hazard Zone • r. j `s� '`�.���—� RiffeLake iyer �--- '�,----� ` tt``y . _Mick,/ White ' wan Creek z 7 1M0 nt,t _, ` y _ Top etttsltf( Volcano Hazard Zones Mount .-Adams ,- St.Helens , r`� 'if n hear-volcano:lava Hazard giver > nz b L ,' ( - • tJy/fyK_- lil aicktepclasticflows, Zone )) thick tephra,lahars, �, l;�n q l j ballistic ejecta,rock fall �%S �, , �� IIII Lahars G (volcanic mudflows): , �, - r I Q,' �. i patentially far-travelled in t ` valleys draining volcano e t F �° - 4' Regional lava flows: �_� ' 1 r' i_ LI lava flaws from vents Swift . . \,. Trout \ Glenwood ` , dispersed between Reservail' : . •� Trout Lake 1 .. _ / \ major volcanoes , Lake _ '..� • _._.. - �� Volcanic ash 1 • , , _. .... r toot shown):fine fragments of volcanic :: r ' _ rock tarried downwind hjdok „ 411116,. Volcanic Indian Heaven A G Volcanic Field a Gilm ? BZ Corner Klickitat, ` Goldendale Husum Content and graphics v r ( \ •yet An current as of March,2014 =- Ho 'd River® •White Salmon i 5 10 Miles outttb�a j B4. LI USGS Carson„ �JaVauu�Va - -- 014/001__,� River 0 5 tDKilometers _ /_ Lyle Rufus 101 USGS. Mount Adams: Hazards,Accessed from: https:/lwww.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount- adams/hazards Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 124 of 215 128 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Past Occurrences The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens are the only major volcanic incidents in the Cascades in the last century. First, in 1980, 210 square miles of wilderness were burned and 57 people were killed. In 2005, there were no injuries, but ash coated hundreds of vehicles. Damage from Mt. St. Helens explosion included:102 • 4 billion board feet of salable timber were damaged or destroyed • 7,000 big game animals (deer, elk, and bear) perished in the area most affected by the eruption, as well as all birds and most small mammals • 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings were killed when hatcheries were destroyed • 40,000 young salmon were lost when they were forced to swim through the turbine blades of hydroelectric generators • 2.4 million cubic yards of ash (equivalent to about 900,000 tons in weight)were removed from highways and airports in Washington State • $2.2 million in ash removal costs over 10 weeks • 185 miles of highways and roads and 15 miles of railways destroyed or extensively damaged Damages in Yakima County from Mt. St. Helens included ash removal, closed highways due to limited visibility, and habitat damage from ash fall. Future Probability Predicting volcanic eruptions that create significant damage is a challenge. There has been one historical occurrence, Mt. St. Helens, in recent memory. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, the last major event for Mt. Rainier was in 1502, and the last eruption of Mt. Adams was about 1,000 years ago. Given this limited history, the future probability of a major volcanic event impacting Yakima County is Highly Unlikely(expected to occur every 100+ years). However, smaller eruptions that release gases do occur regularly. Climate Change Impacts Volcanoes are a small contributor to climate change because they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The small injections each time there is an eruption contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. There is no evidence that climate change has any impact on the movement of tectonic plates. Yakima County Vulnerabilities There are five active volcanoes near Yakima County. Although there is enough distance to be safe from pyroclastic flows, the county will be impacted by other volcanic hazards. The most recent eruption of Mt. St. Helens provides historical perspective on potential vulnerabilities when the next volcano erupts. Various volcano hazards that could impact the county are: • Pyroclastic density currents are gravity-driven, rapidly moving, ground-hugging mixtures of rock fragments and hot gases. This mixture forms a dense fluid that moves 102 USGS. Impacts and aftermath.Accessed from:httgs://oubs.usgs.gov/gip/msh/imoact.html Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 125 of 215 129 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 along the ground with an upper part that is less dense as particles fall toward the ground. Temperatures may be as hot as 900 degrees Celsius, or as cold as steam. • Lahars are part of the family of debris flows that are fluids composed of mixtures of water and particles of all sizes from clay-size to gigantic boulders. The abundance of solid matter carries the water, unlike watery floods where water carries the fragments. Debris flows have the viscous consistency of wet concrete, and there is a complete transition to watery floods. • Lava flows rarely threaten human life because lava usually moves slowly- a few centimeters per hour for silicic flows to several km/hour for basaltic flows. • Volcanic gases released to the atmosphere during an eruption and while the magma lies close to the surface from hydrothermal systems. The most abundant volcanic gas is water vapor; other important gases are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, and fluorine. • Tephra (ash) falls range from ash (<2mm)to larger debris that can damage property and injure people by the force of falling fragments. Ash fall can damage agricultural lands if buried to greater than 10cm in depth. Additionally, fine-grained particles in the air and water can clog filters and vents, impact machines and industrial equipment, and lead to difficulty breathing.1D3 Loss Estimates Table 3.47 summarizes the 2022 Expected Annual Loss for volcanic eruptions in Yakima County, as provided by the FEMA National Risk Index. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. The high expected annual losses stem from significant damage resulting from tephra (ash)fall in an event like Mt. St. Helens. Table 3.47.2022 Expected Annual Loss—Volcanic Activity104 Hazard Type Total Building Population Population Agriculture Value Equivalence Value Volcanic Activity $2,648,766 $2,229,610 $419,156 0.06 n/a Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations The entire community is vulnerable to the impacts of a volcanic eruption. Thick layers of ash can enter the atmosphere making it difficult for people to breathe. Drinking water in Washington is sourced from wells and springs. Both the ash and the fallout from the eruption can contaminate water sources, limiting the supply of safe drinking water. There is a high risk to the Yakama Reservation because Mt. Adams is partially located on the Reservation. Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure There is very little built environment or critical infrastructure around Mt. Adams, which is the closest threat to Yakima County. The farms around Yakima County that rely on constructed irrigation canals are at risk of losing crops due to ash fall and contaminated water. 1°3 Richard V. Fisher,UC Santa Barbara. Hazardous Volcanic Events.Accessed from: ht-tos://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/hazards.htm 144 FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/i roducts- too is/nati o na l-ris k-i ndex Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 126 of 215 130 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Transportation will be impacted based on the amount of ash fall as visibility is decreased and roadways may be closed for several days. Ash fall damages electrical and mechanical equipment, contaminates oil systems, clogs air filters and pumps, and causes short circuits in electrical systems which leads to power outages. Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Government operations will be impacted if the communications infrastructure is damaged from ash fall. Ash fall could also limit emergency operations by restricting access to certain areas and limiting visibility on roadways. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Physical damage to people, buildings, and communications infrastructure could prevent businesses from operating normally, and if there is large-scale damage, the recovery time might impact the economy. Agriculture is a large contributor to the Yakima County economy and crop and livestock losses from ashfall could lead to some economic and business losses. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources The Yakama Reservation is land sacred to the tribes living in the area and contains many artifacts that could never be produced again. There is a low probability that an eruption would impact the entire Reservation, but a major eruption of Mt. Adams may result in relocation and the loss of important natural and cultural resources. The ashfall from a volcanic eruption contaminates water drinking sources which can create health issues for people and wildlife. It also impacts biodiversity. It may displace species and leave lasting impacts to the ecosystem which requires it to adapt and change. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Low Risk to volcanic activity. FEMA has rated Yakima County Very High Risk for volcanic activity, with a risk score is 94.86. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County has a Low Risk to volcanic activity. Table 3.48 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the volcanic activity hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.48. Risk Assessment Results—Volcanic Event Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 1 Very Low; Minimal Economic Disruption 3 Medium; widespread but temporary Environmental Resource 3 Medium; widespread but minor Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 1 Very Low; minimal Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Very Low; minimal critical facilities are exposed Probability Score 1 Very Unlikely; expected to occur every 100+years Frequency Score 1 Very Unlikely; has occurred every 100+years Total Impact Score 12 Low Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 127 of 215 131 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.16. Wildfire Wildfires are ignited by nature or humans, and cause destruction to the topography of the county, such as forests, brush, crops, and grasslands areas. Fires from least intensity to highest intensity include ground fires, crawling/surface fires, ladder fires, and crown fires. Lower intensity fires, such as ground fires, burn buried organic matter, while crawling/surface fires burn low-lying vegetation and matter. Ladder fires burn low-level vegetation, such as vines and small trees, while crown fires consume at a higher level, burning moss and tall trees. In Washington, wildfire season tends to start in July and end in September. A common cause for wildfires includes lightning strikes during the peak of the season in July, while human-caused incidents occur during the early and late stages of the season. Regardless of fire season, wildfires have taken place every month of the year.105 Strength/Magnitude According to the National Wildfire Coordinating Group, wildfires are categorized into different classes based on their size, meaning the number of acres burned. The sizing chart is as follows: • Class A—one-fourth of an acre or less • Class B—more than one-fourth of an acre, but less than 10 acres • Class C— 10 acres or more, but less than 100 acres • Class D— 100 acres or more, but less than 300 acres • Class E—300 acres or more, but less than 1,000 acres • Class F— 1,000 acres or more, but less than 5,000 acres • Class G— 5,000 acres or more Washington State also follows the Interagency Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC)guidance to describe wildfires with regards to fire regime, frequency, interaction with other types of dangerous agents, and what season the fire occurred. Fire regime encompasses the frequency, extent, and severity of the fire incident. • Frequency is the number of fires occurring within an area • Extent is the total area burned by a single incident • Severity defines the effects and impacts to the landscape 105 Washington Emergency Management Division.2018 Washington State Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan Risk and Vulnerability Assessment.Accessed from: httos://mil.wa.gov/asset/5f233441409d0 Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 128 of 215 132 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 There are five types of natural fire regimes, summarized in Table 3.49 below. Each type is based on the frequency of fires combined with fire severity that reflects the percentage of dominate foliage/trees replaced. Table 3.49. Fire Regime Types1°s Type Frequency Severity Level Description Low-severity fires replacing less than 25% One (I) 0-35 Years Low/Mixed of foliage/trees. Mixed-severity fires that replace up to 75% of foliage/trees. Two (II) 0-35 Years Replacement High-severity fires replacing more than 75% of foliage/trees. Three (III) 35-200 Years Mixed /Low Mixed-severity or high-severity of fires Four(IV) 35-200 Years Replacement High-severity fires Five {V} 200 or More Replacement/ Replacement severity that includes all Years Any Severity types of frequency levels. Intensity is another method of classifying wildfires, calculated by the rate of heat energy released per unit time per unit length of fire distribution. Lower intensity fires are a part of the natural wildland fire cycle and benefit the environment. High intensity fires, however, have major negative impacts on the environment including the soil's productivity level, erosion, and ability to repel a large mass of water. Location Fire season in Yakima County occurs a bit earlier than the state, typically from May through October; however, the season may extend through dry periods. The most common places for wildfires to start within the county are in fields, lawns, wooded wildland areas, and along transportation corridors. The areas with the most repeated cycles of wildfires include the west valley of Yakima County, where residents live in an open shrub-steppe range, as well as the riparian corridors throughout the Lower Valley and Selah areas. While wildfires can occur across the county, the most impactful fires are those that move into or originate in the Wildland- Urban Interface {WUI}. Smaller fires occur frequently in the gap-to-gap reach of the Yakima River along the Yakima Greenway. While these wildfires are not large in acreage, they occur adjacent to or within populated areas and pose a significant risk to communities. Figure 3.23 (following page)shows the WUI areas within Yakima County, indicating areas of high-density development with wildland fuel types. While areas across the county include vegetation and fuels vulnerable to wildfire, many of these areas are either uninhabited or have very low density of human development. The following jurisdictions have medium to high- density WUI: • City of Grandview • City of Granger • City of Moxee • City of Selah • City of Sunnyside 106 Landfire. Interagency Fire Regime Condition Class(FRCC).Accessed from: httos://landfire.gov/frcercchome.oho#:-:text Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 129 of 215 133 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • City of Tieton • City of Toppenish • City of Union Gap • City of Wapato • City of Yakima • City of Zillah • Town of Harrah • Town of Naches These cities, excluding Harrah, are surrounded by WUI areas categorized as high or extreme risk for potential fires. These cities are located alongside major highways that also cut through areas of high and extreme fire risk, which can both increase the risk of human-caused fires, as well as result in major road closures. Figure 3.24. Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI),Yakima County Washington State Yakima County �. ... ITi` Sources E n.GEBCO, G min,HERE Ms.. ✓ -_ o e _ 4>1.yr �Q Yakima;' - _. {:el1 7 '. .@�4k _ .. �"'Union Gap y�Moxee� Wnx finx r" ✓ '�I • r. Harrah 'Wapal4: Zillah '�y"g�yn ..' :"��" Tappanish ` Granger Sunnysde - '�TFe` 1 rots, Yakima County ...• ., In " ` ?Pt ; IWUIC Fire Risk -- xa. ''4s _tea' -— r t.JCounty Boundary -Municipalities —Interstate —Major Road Low 0 4.75 9.5 19 28.5 le Moderate II Miles High %moo ...1✓<• a r y r4 eta Sat tikk3,LE,Bret s[9s .aa�11K)kfnl Extreme sLktJa©U t ,7,Ttr.�mtt rc ale-rl rii.pm,enL dm Ae. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 130 of 215 134 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Past Occurrences Yakima County has been a part of 12 Presidential Disaster Declarations for wildfire between 2000-2021, including five during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). At the time of plan development, an additional 5,800+acre wildfire was burning within Yakima County(Cow Canyon). Table 3.50 below outlines wildfire events of 1,000 acres or more reported in Yakima County during the HMP analysis period. Wildfire history is based on several reports from the Bureau of Land Management for Oregon and Washington, USDA Forest Service, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, and the Yakima County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP). Table 3.50. Past Wildfire Occurrences,Yakima County(2015-2021)107 Fire Name Date Acres Narrative Presidential Disaster Declaration DR-5415, ignited by a lighting storm that blanketed the northern Cascade Mountain Range in the Naches Ranger District. The fire grew quickly in the next several days in record hot and dry conditions, burning in heavy timber, standing Schneider Springs 08/04/2021 107,000 dead trees, and very steep terrain that was difficult for ground resources to access. This was a managed fire under a full suppression strategy where resources shifted around the fire perimeter to protect communities and take actions with the high probability of success.A total of 107,322 acres burned and was 100% contained on October 31st, 2021. Burbank 07/10/2021 7,859 Located 8 mi NE of Yakima Presidential Disaster Declaration DR-5342 ignited about eight miles north of Naches. The wildfire grew to 30,000 acres over a period of Evans Canyon 8/31/2020 75,817 72 hours. Residents evacuated over 2,900 homes in the Wenas and Selah. The wildfire burned west to east through forested areas of Naches west in the Wenas area and towards Selah. North Brownstone 08/16/2020 5,966 Presidential Disaster Declaration DR-5330, located 10 mi SW of Union Gap Taylor Pond 08/16/2020 24,892 Fire mostly within the Yakima Training Center Alkali Canyon 6/20/2019 4,000 Fire mostly within the Yakima Training Center Pipeline 07/23/2019 6,515 Located 7 mi N of Selah Lefthand 07/23/2019 3,406 Located 17 mi NW of Naches 107 Washington State Department of Natural Resources(DNR)Large Fires Map and 2020 Wildfire Season Report, Bureau of Land Management and USDA Forest Service 2018 Pacific Northwest Wildfire Season Summary, Northwest Annual Fire Reports(2015-2021) Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 131 of 215 135 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.50. Past Wildfire Occurre■ces,Yakima County (2015-2021)107 Fire Name Date Acres Narrative Glade Creek 09/08/2018 12,735 Located 7 mi SE of Mabton Meninick Pass 08/16/2018 5,537 Located 5 mi S of White Swan Presidential Disaster Declaration DR-5269, Hawk 08/10/2018 700 started southwest of Yakima and caused Level Three evacuations on the first night. Miriam 07/30/2018 5,400 Located 2 mi SE of White Pass Conrad 07/01/2018 4,583 Located 14 mi NW of Yakima Buffalo 06/02/2018 1,780 Located 10 mi N of Yakima Shut down 1-90 east of Ellensburg for 24 hours Boylston 07/19/2018 71,200 and mainly burned on the Yakima Training Center. The fire led to Level Three evacuations and destroyed five buildings. Started south of Vernita and lasted several L Road 07/19/2018 23,900 days causing a temporary closure of State Route 24 Norse Peak- 08/11/2017 52,062 Located 11 mi W of Cliffdell and cost nearly $20 million American 08/10/2017 3,855 Located 11 mi W of Cliffdell and cost$1.1 million Glade 3 07/30/2017 10,669 Located 3 mi S of Mabton and cost$300,000 Sheep 07/23/2017 1,771 Located 3 mi N of Selah and cost$203,000 400 07/20/2017 26,087 Located 4 mi W of Mattawa and cost$1.2 million Silver Dollar 07/02/2017 30,984 Located 30 miles east of Yakima and cost $1,300,000 Rattlesnake Hills 07/05/2017 2,916 Located 2 miles southeast of City of Yakima and cost$351,072 South Wenas 06/27/2017 2,846 Presidential Disaster Declaration DR-5187, located 3 mi S of Selah and cost$504,420 Rock Creek 09/10/2016 1,383 Located 12 mi NW of Naches and cost nearly $4 million Tule #6 08/21/2016 8,469 Located 25 miles southeast of City of Yakima and cost$700,000 Lower Crab Creek 08/06/2016 6,000 Located 32 miles northeast of Yakima and cost $750,000. Range 12 07/30/2016 176,581 Located 12 mi N of Sunnyside and cost nearly $35 million Beam Road 06/20/2016 1,293 Located 21 miles southeast of Yakima and cost $50,000 Meeks Table 09/12/2015 1,183 Located 14 mi NW of Naches and cost about $3.5 million Cougar Creek 08/10/2015 53,534 Located 9 mi NW of Glenwood and cost over $23 million Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 132 of 215 136 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Future Probability Yakima County has experienced 12 wildfire-related federally declared disasters since 2000, approximately one every two years, including five events in the HMP analysis period (2015- 2021). There have been 30 wildfires greater than 1,000 acres in the HMP analysis period. Given the significant land area exposed to wildfire, a high frequency of past occurrences, and the impact of the changing climate, wildfires are considered Highly Likely (expected to occur every 1-4 years). Figure 3.25 illustrates Burn Probability (or Wildfire Likelihood), considering the annual probability of a wildfire burning in a specific location. Factors contributing to this probability include topography, weather, and ignition history. As indicated in dark blue, urban areas tend to have a lower burn probability than wildland areas but can still experience significant impacts when fires move into the WUI, or from smaller fires that start in open spaces, parks, or drainages within urban areas. Figure 3.25. Wildfire Burn Probability, Yakima County I Washington State _ Yakima County NOM, Esr National Geogr GarmiHERE,GeographR. Garmin,HERE, LLYL n Neches '-' - - Teton cti — I'^_ Gleed.. N" Selah � ' a L. . Union ° 1 INlitha°Inl MA/ Mil Toppenish dagiEntl a Yakima County Il _. Wildfire Burn Probability I- S. * — - " ei ICounty Boundary - ---'=-=.---' - -- ------------- - 1:=1Municipalities ;k Burn Probability , Vale High : 0.0484031 - I.Low: 0 ��� i �nsr,5dt i✓�..0 '.cati-�sdadow-C�:ta idchh L+-'�l+t ,°LcSidst1—Lraa JA iaddn U+1 Jr 41,CL a crC Anroy'd'p>,R si HE RR Gii1lifl i�;l l� l t'�ly�/ =&In'e'i psar I '' ` __ Via ,... Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 133 of 215 137 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Climate Change Impacts According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, climate change impacts include a statewide increase in shorter, wetter winters with less snow and an increase of drier and longer summers. When combined with the present high fuel and vegetation status of the forest, these conditions indicate there will be an increase in high intensity fires. According to the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment, increased summer temperature and decreased summer precipitation will lead to significantly increased burn areas in the state. Increased burning from wildfires projected to double by the 2040s and triple by the 2080s. Yakima County Vulnerabilities Yakima County is highly vulnerable to the impacts of wildfires. Economic losses are expected in the millions, in addition to negative impacts to local community members, including those who are most vulnerable, destruction of critical infrastructure and the built environment, disruption of operations, and potential loss of natural and cultural resources that is all attributed to wildland fires. Loss Estimates Table 3.51 summarizes the 2022 Expected Annual Loss for wildfires in Yakima County, as provided by the FEMA National Risk Index. Expected annual loss is a likelihood and consequence component of risk that measures the expected loss of building value, population, and agricultural value each year. Nearly all losses stem from property damage. Table 3.51. 2022 Expected Annual Loss—Wildfire108 Hazard Type Total Building Population Population Agriculture Value Equivalence Value Wildfire $2,540,263 $2,538,070 $2,188 0.00 $5 The last Presidential Disaster Declaration for the state of Washington was declared in February 2021 (FEMA-4584-DR)for wildfires and straight-line winds in multiple counties, including Yakima, that occurred the year prior in September 2020. Yakima County's per capita impact was around $9.55, and the wildfire caused major highways to close, disrupting recreation and hunting events."D" The Evans Canyon fire in 2020 resulted in over 74,800 acres burned and caused $3,318,873 in damages.110 According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County experienced nearly$10 million in damages over 8 wildfire events between 1960-2017. That does not include significant events in 2020-2021. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations The 2018 Washington State HMP indicated less than 3% of Yakima County's population is in medium or higher wildfire exposure areas. Vulnerable populations to wildfire include people who have been marginalized and/or disproportionally impacted by chronic poverty and inequality, have certain disabilities, or other access and functional needs. Emphasized by research, wildfires pose additional stress to vulnerable people because these populations may not have the resources to combat the negative impacts of fire. They may also be more exposed, including 1°8 FEMA. National Risk Index for Natural Hazards.Accessed from httgs://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/products- too is/nati o na l-ris k-i ndex 1°9 Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA-4584-DR.Accessed from httgs://www.fema.gov/disaster/4584 110 Washington State Department of Natural Resources.Wildfire Season 2020.Accessed from: httgs://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/rp fire annual report 2020.0df Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 134 of 215 138 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 those in unsuitable housing conditions or with lower incomes and subsequently fewer resources for fuel reduction and other mitigation measures. Wildfire impacts are exacerbated due to secondary hazards, such as impacts from smoke and poor air quality,which can cause health issues to populations inhaling the toxins in the air.111 A 2018 study found that census tracts that are majority Black, Hispanic, or Native American experience a 50% greater vulnerability to wildfire compared to other census tracts.112 Over 50% of Yakima County identifies as Hispanic or Latino, a community that is disproportionately vulnerable to wildfires based on adaptive capacity, access to resources, and language barriers. Migrant farmworkers are also highly vulnerable to the impacts of wildfire due to exposure to wildfire smoke and poor air quality, language barriers, and often unsuitable housing conditions. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, 2.5%of Yakima County's built infrastructure is exposed to wildland fires, while 47% or 280 critical facilities are located within wildfire exposed areas (medium or higher risk). Local drinking water systems have been impacted due to the increase in turbid water from burn scars. Turbid water can contain viruses, parasites, and bacteria, and lead to increased filtration and processing burdens for water infrastructure. The 2022 exposure analysis considered critical facilities in Yakima County with a high or extreme wildfire risk. The results are summarized in Table 3.52. Facilities of note include four fire stations in the Nile-Cliffdell Fire District, three dams(Tieton, Clear Creek, and Bumping), a heliport in White Swan, and Naches Valley High School and Hope Academy, both in Naches. Table 3.52.Yakima County Critical Facilities Exposure to Wildfire Facility Type Number of Exposed Facilities Communications 6 Education 2 Emergency Services 4 Hospitals 0 Mass Care 0 Transportation 25 Utilities 7 Total Facilities Exposed by Hazard 44 Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Many emergency services facilities in Yakima County, including 50% of all fire stations(28 total), eight law enforcement buildings, and 27 EMS facilities are at high risk to wildfires due to their location, according to the 2018 Washington State HMP. Moreover, wildfires create major disruptions for emergency response efforts within the county. Wildfires may lead to the closure of critical transportation routes, as well as hazardous driving conditions due to smoke. Government and emergency operations could also experience disruption due to poor air quality, limiting travel or work by personnel. 111 Davies IP, Haugo RD, Robertson JC, Levin PS.(2018).The unequal vulnerability of communities of color to wildfire.PLoS ONE 13(11):e0205825.Accessed from httos://doi.org/10.1371/joumal.00ne.0205825 112 Ibid. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 135 of 215 139 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Wildfires can create direct and indirect economic costs through the loss of crops or agriculturally productive land, potential workdays lost due to evacuations or poor air quality, suppression effort costs, and road access interruptions. Wildfires can lead to years of disruption as agriculturally productive areas are restored. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources The impacts of wildfires on Yakima County's natural resources include destruction of profitable agricultural lands, devastation to wildlife habitats, like the Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge, feeding stations, and critical habitats, and potentially contaminated watersheds. Wildfires in riparian areas reduce canopy and shading potential for streams, many of which provide habitat for Endangered Species. As for cultural resources, the southern part of the county is made up predominantly of Yakama Nation, which contain cultural resources valuable to indigenous communities. Large wildfires pose a threat to sacred, pre-contact lands across Yakima County, as well as associated artifacts and culturally significant resources that cannot be reproduced. This vulnerability is noted in the Yakama Nation Climate Adaptation Plan, which recognizes that wildfire can inhibit access, deteriorate or destroy sites, and curtail the use of ceremonial and ancestral use of key areas. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a High Risk to wildland fire. FEMA has rated Yakima County Relatively High Risk for wildfire, with a risk score is 17.59. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, Yakima County has a Medium-High Risk to wildfires. Table 3.52 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the wildland fire hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.52. Risk Assessment Results—Wildfire Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 3 Medium; localized, substantial Economic Disruption 3 Medium; widespread, temporary Environmental Resource 4 High; localized and severe Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 3 Medium; localized and medium-term burden Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Very Low; less than 10% of facilities exposed Probability Score 5 Very Likely; expected every 1-4 years Frequency Score 5 Very Likely; events have occurred every 1-4 years Total Impact Score 25 High Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 136 of 215 140 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.17. Cyber ThreatlAttack Cyberattacks can fiscally and reputationally impact federal, state, and local governments, as well as private institutions and organizations. FEMA defines cyberattacks as"malicious attempts to access or damage a computer system."13 The word, cyberattacks, also extends to the disruption of communications technologies. Cybercriminals and nation state actors employ various tactics for cyberattacks, the common cyberattacks include: • Malware • Phishing • Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) • Denial of Service (DOS)or Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) • SQL Injections Aggressors direct their attacks on an individual's or business's phone, computer system, gaming system, medical machines, and other internet connected devices.14 The motives for cybercriminals to conduct a cyberattack typically include: • Financial profit • Humiliation • Taking a political or social stand • Competition • Intellectual challenge Strength/Magnitude Cyber criminals, hackers, and nation state actors can attack computer systems on both a local and global scale. An attack on a computer system may be delivered via numerous methods and essentially from anywhere on the globe. New methods of computer entry are developed daily and at a constant rate. An estimated 450,000 pieces of newly developed malware is detected every day.15 On average, hackers attack computers about every 39 seconds and globally an estimated 30,000 websites are hacked daily.116 Unless steps are taken for protection, no one person or business is immune from a cyberattack. Cybercriminals can impact millions of people and disrupt their way of life with a cyberattack. Among the most severe cyberattacks are mega breaches. Mega breaches are defined as data breach incidents that affects one million people or more.117 Although organizations use different metrics, the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center(NCCIC) developed the NCCIC Cyber Incident Scoring System (NCISS)to 113 FEMA. Cyberattack.Access from: https://community.fema.gov/ProtectiveActions/s/article/Cyberattack 114 US Department of Homeland Security.Cybersecurity.Accessed from: https://www.ready.gov/cybersecurity 113 AV-Test.Malware.Accessed from:https://www.av-test.org/enlstatistics/malware/ 76 TechJury. How many cyber-attacks happen per day in 2022?Accessed from: https://techjury.net/blog/how-many- cyber-attacks-per-day/ 117 Washington State Office of the Attorney General.AG data breach report:2021 sets new record for number of data breaches and ransomware attacks.Accessed from: https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/ag-data-breach- report-2021-sets-new-record-number-data-breaches-and-ransomware Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 137 of 215 141 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 provide a tool for estimating the risk and potential impact of an incident.118 The NCISS aligns with other national agencies terminology and provides six priority levels. The six priority levels are summarized in Table 3.53 below. Table 3.53. Cyber Incident Scoring System119 Priority Level Description Emergency An Emergency priority incident poses an imminent threat to the provision of wide-scale critical infrastructure services, national government stability, or the lives of U.S. persons. Severe A Severe priority incident is likely to result in a significant impact to public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, or civil liberties. High A High priority incident is likely to result in a demonstrable impact to public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. Medium A Medium priority incident may affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. Low A Low priority incident is unlikely to affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. Baseline A baseline priority incident is highly unlikely to affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. The bulk of incidents will likely fall into the baseline priority level with many of them being routine data losses or incidents that may be immediately resolved. Past Occurrences There is no record of reported cyberattacks in Yakima County, however,Washington State has seen an uptick in cybercriminal activity, with 2021 as the highest year in data breach notices and cyberattacks. In 2021, Washingtonians saw one of the largest mega breaches since the 2018 Equifax and 2017 ActiveOutdoors incidents.According to the Washington State Attorney General's Office, the 2021 Accellion cyberattack exposed the names, Social Security numbers, account information, addresses, and email of 1.3 million Washingtonians.120 Mega breaches may impact anywhere from one to 50 million individuals and can cost up to about$350 million.121 118 CISA.CISA national cyber incident scoring system.Accessed from: https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/CISA-National- Cyber-I ncident-Scori ng-System 119 Ibid. 120 Washington State Attorney General's Office.2021 data breach report.Accessed from: httns://agportal- s3bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/2021%20Data%20Breach%20Report.pdf 121 VentureBeat. bm security study: Mega data breaches cost$40 million to$350 million.Accessed from: https://venturebeat.com/2018/07/10/ibm-security-study-mega-data-breaches-cost-40-mi II ion-to-350-mi I lion/#:-:text Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 138 of 215 142 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3.54 summarizes major reported cyberattacks in Washington during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Record of these incidents comes from various agency press releases. Table 3.54. Major Cyberattacks in Washington State (2015-2021) Date Location Event Narrative Washington State The DOL experienced a breach in security in its IT 01/24/22 Department of system, POLARIS. Personal data of licensed Licensing (DOL) professionals have been exposed. SAO's third-party vendor, Accellion, experienced a State of breach in data. The attack hit the vendor's data files, Washington, specifically their legacy File Transfer Appliance (FTA) 12/20 - 02/21 Washington State product. The information accessible to cyber criminals Auditor's Office includes files on individuals who filed for State (SAO) unemployment benefits. The information included names, social security numbers, date of birth, email addresses, bank information, etc. Washington State Data held at WSDOT was exposed due to a vulnerability. 12/29/21 Department of The data of 2,200 people was exposed; however, it is Transportation not known if the information was illegally used. (WSDOT) State of Washington The contracted interpreter scheduling system for L&I 5/16/21 Department of Labor identified access to personal information of employees and Industries(L&I) who were not patients. Washington State WSU Foundation's third-party service provider stored University (WSU) was attacked and potentially exposed the personal Foundation information of users of the service. Washington State An individual illegally entered an agency vehicle and 10/14/18 Patrol stole a portable hard drive. The driver's license numbers, and social security number were taken from the data. Equifax's website vulnerability allowed cybercriminals 07/29/17 Equifax, Inc. access to personal files. Individual's names, Social Security numbers, addresses, etc. The online provider for hunting and fishing license in 08/22/16 ACTIVEOutdoors Idaho, Oregon, and Washington was illegally accessed. Data on individual's name, address, and driver license. In addition to state agencies, regular citizens have borne the brunt of large cyberattacks where customer data is stolen, including the 2021 Kronos cyberattack and 2017 Nuance cyberattack, both of which impacted Yakima County residents. Additionally, numerous Washington counties have experienced cyberattack incidents. The infrastructure of Washington's local communities continues to be targeted by cybercriminals and other actors. Impacted sectors of local infrastructure include government, education, healthcare facilities, communications, public safety, and information technology.Although not an exhaustive list, Yakima County's neighboring communities with reported cyberattacks include: • Benton County Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 139 of 215 143 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Douglas County • Jefferson County • King County • Kitsap County • Kittitas County • Okanogan County • Pierce County • Thurston County Local governments have been attacked by malware, ransomware, trickbot, phishing, etc. These attacks exposed the personal information of residents, disrupted communications, shut down systems, destroyed data, cost local government thousands, and have even permanently closed the doors of business and organizations. Often, exposure of personal information occurs through third-party vendors assisting host companies and organizations.122 Future Probability Washington experienced multiple cyber incidents in recent years and the occurrence of these attacks is expected to increase. According to the Washington SAO, cyberattacks spiked in 2021, with a report stating that"cyberattacks caused 87.5% of all reported data breaches— up from 63% in 2020."123 The future probability of a cyberattack in Yakima County is Likely(expected to occur every 5-10 years), given the growing frequency of events in the region, state, and across the nation. Climate Change Impacts Currently, there is no data suggesting a relationship between cyber incidents and climate change conditions. Yakima County Vulnerabilities Yakima County is highly vulnerable to cyber incidents. According to the Yakima County Community Preparedness Survey, summarized in Appendix C, 50.7% of survey respondents said cyberattacks pose a"High Risk" to their households or businesses, and 40.2% said that mitigation actions to cyberattacks should be a "High Priority" for local government. Community members, businesses, and local government are all highly vulnerable to cyberattacks. Local governments are prone to cyber incidents if they do not have the necessary knowledge or funds and often use antiquated systems. Additionally, cyberattacks can cause millions in dollars of loses for the community, and the cost is growing each year. While it is challenging to mitigate the impact of cyberattacks on individuals and businesses, there are opportunities to reduce the vulnerability of government and critical infrastructure systems that are essential to daily life. Loss Estimates Cyberattacks create the potential for severe impacts and significant loses in Yakima County. A cyberattack on one the region's largest sectors such as agriculture, forestry and fishing, health services, local government, business, education, and manufacturing, could lead to significant 122 Forbes. Risks and vulnerabilities when using third-party vendors.Accessed from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcounci1/2021/06/14/risks-and-vulnerabilities-when-using-third-party- ve ndo rs/?sh=37d bcfd72a4b 123 Washington State Attorney General's Office.2021 data breach report.Accessed from: https://agportal- s3budcet.s3.amazonaws.com/2021%20Data%20Breach%20Reoort.odf Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 140 of 215 144 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 disruption to daily life or the economy. According to a recent report, IBM estimated the cost of a data breach in 2021 to be $4.24 million, an increase from 2019.124 The cost of cyber incidents is expected to continue growing in the upcoming years. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations Cyber incidents do not discriminate. Cyberattacks have the potential to impact residents of any age. Seniors and young children unaware of security measures may be highly targeted through their daily devices. Recent research suggests that"every year cyber criminals steal roughly$40 billion from senior citizens," often because of phishing scams.125 Additionally, data breaches, especially on hospital systems, have exposed the information of elderly individuals. Elderly individuals are highly vulnerable and often represent most reported victims. Cyberattacks may not only impact the identity of vulnerable populations but their health as well by targeting medical devices. The identity and information of children may also be exposed or stolen by cybercriminals and may go unrecognized.126 Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure are of major concern. Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure can lead to the disruption of power, water, transportation, financial, and communications systems.127 Disruption to any critical infrastructure sector can have negative financial impacts and affect daily activities. In 2020, the Port of Kennewick was attacked by ransomware which disabled access to emails and computer systems. The Port did not pay $200,000 in ransom and instead worked to restore or restart their systems.128 Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations Government and emergency operations facilities are often heavily dependent on their network and Internet connection. Any computer or electronic device connected to the internet has the potential to be hacked and maliciously used. Cyberattacks can disrupt government communications, preventing incoming or outgoing calls from residents and clients. Cyber incidents can also disrupt systems preventing the organization or clients from paying bills, accessing storage files, or may even destroy vital records. In 2020, a series of phishing emails led a former clerk of the City of Tenino to automated payments to out of state banks costing the City $280,309 in public funds.129 Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Local businesses and organizations that heavily rely on internet access for financial management have the potential to be negatively impacted by cyber threats. Small businesses are not immune to cybercriminal activity— many are the target of attacks and only a few are 124 UpGuard.What is the cost of a data breach in 2022?Accessed from: httos://vvvvw.uoguard.com/blog/cost-of-data- breach 125 SiliconANGLE.As cybercriminals target the elderly, here's how to stop their attacks.Accessed from: https://si I iconangle.com/2020/07/2B/cybercrimi nals-target-elderly-heres-stop-attacks/#:-text 126 Government Technology. Cyber attacks on schools:Who,what,why and now what?Accessed from: https://www.govtech.com/ed ucati on/k-12/cyber-attacks-on-school s-who-what-why-a nd-now-what 127 U.S. Government Accountability Office.Protecting critical infrastructure from cyberattacks.Accessed from: https://www.gao.gov/blog/protecti ng-critical-infrastructure-cyberattacks#:':text 128 The Maritime Executive. Ransomware cripples IT systems of inland port in Washington State.Accessed from: https://www.maritime-executive.corn/article/ransomware-attack-cripples-systems-of-inland-port-i n-washington-state 128 Government Technology.Washington city loses$280, 309 to successful phishing scam.Accessed from: https://www.govtech.com/security/washi ngton-dty-loses-280-309-to-successful-phishing-scam Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 141 of 215 145 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 equipped or prepared.The loss per attack on small business on average is more than $188,000. Unfortunately, small businesses often go under after experiencing a cyberattack. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources There is limited data to suggest cyberattacks have a large impact on natural and cultural resources. The organizations that steward these resources may be vulnerable to a cyberattack that limits their programs and services, at least temporarily. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Medium Risk to cyber threats and attacks. Table 3.55 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the cyber hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.55. Risk Assessment Results—Cyber Threat/Attack Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 1 Minimal Economic Disruption 2 Low; localized and temporary Environmental Resource 1 Minimal Degradation/Damage . Emergency Services Burden 2 Low; localized and temporary Critical Facilities Exposure 5 High; most critical facilities are exposed Probability Score 5 Very Likely; expected every 1-4 years Frequency Score 1 Very Unlikely; no documented history Total Impact Score 18 Medium Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 142 of 215 146 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.18. Dam and Levee Failure Dams are engineered structures used to store water for the purposes of flood control, water supply, irrigation, energy generation, and recreation. Dams are constructed to lay across a body of water and can control or completely stop the movement of water. Levees are defined as structures, usually an earthen embankment, designed and constructed in accordance with sound engineering practices to contain, control, or divert the flow of water as to reduce risk from temporary flooding. Levees are constructed and placed parallel to a moving body of water such as rivers. Dams and levees serve different purposes and their position to the water is unique. The primary purpose of levees is to reduce flood risk and protect life and property. Dams also serve as risk management to prevent flooding; however, they also create infrastructure benefits for both the surrounding community and industries. These structures can help reduce flooding hazards; however, they do not remove all risk—dams and levees may both experience failure. Dam Failure Dam failure is the uncontrollable and sudden release of water as a result of structural failure. The amount of water released by a dam is destructive. It can cause damage to the environment and be fatal to human lives. A failure of a dam can also result in the inundation of vital infrastructure such as bridges, roads, and water systems. According to the Stanford University's National Performance of Dam Program, there have been approximately 1,000 dam failures over the past four decades.130 Dam failure occurs once in every three years in Washington, as recorded in the 2018 Washington State HMP. According to the Association of State Dam Safety Officials, dam failure is a result of many factors. The top factors to dam failures include the following:131 • Overtopping: Overtopping is the spill of water over the dam. Overtopping is a great indication of potential dam failure. • Foundation defects: Foundation defects are deficiencies and faults with the dam including settlement and slope instability. • Cracking: Cracking of the dam occurs from the natural settling of the structure. • Piping and Seepage: Piping is when seepage is not properly filtered through the dam which can form sinkholes. 20% of dam failures occur as a result of piping and seepage. Dam failure may occur because of disasters or human-caused incidents such as sabotage and planned dam removal.132 13Q The Associated Press.At least 1,680 dams across the US pose potential risk.Accessed from: https://apnews.com/article/ne-state-wire-us-news-ap-top-news-sc-state-wire-dams- f5f09a300d394900a1a66362238dbf77 131 Energy Education. Dam Failures.Accessed from: https://energyeducation.ca/encydopedia/Dam failures 132 USACE Hydrologic Engineering Center. Causes and types of dam failure.Accessed from: https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/rasdocs/rasl dtechref/latest/performing-a-dam-break-study-with-hec- ras/estimati ng-darmbreach-parameters/causes-and-types-of-dam-failures Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 143 of 215 147 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Levee Failure A failure of a levee system can also result in the sudden and rapid release of water. Levee failure can similarly inundate the surrounding area flooding homes, critical infrastructure, water systems, bridges, and roads. Levee failure may result from many factors, including: • Breach: When parts of the structure break away allowing water to flow through • Levee Overtopping: Occurs when water tops and exceeds the top of the crest of the levee • Sand Boil: Occurs when pressured water is moved in an upward direction and flowing through soil pores exceeding the weight from the soil above it Levee failures may also occur because of natural disasters or human-caused incidents. Strength/Magnitude The National Inventory of Dams (NID) Report lists 28 of the dams with High Hazard Potential in Yakima County. Dam ratings are based on the potential damage a dam failure can cause downstream and result in the loss of life and outstanding economic loss. As required by the Dam Safety Regulatory Program, dams must have an Emergency Action Plan (EAP), especially if the dam has a High Hazard Potential rating, however, according to the NID, only 69% of the dams in Yakima County have an EAP. The Washington Department of Ecology develops an Inventory of Dams Report containing 1,226 regulated dams in selected counties across the state. Dam hazard potential is assigned by the State based on the potential consequences downstream if the dam were to fail and release the reservoir. The hazard index is summarized in Table 3.56. Table 3.56. Dam Hazard Potential, Washington Dept. of Ecology Category Code Consequences 1A Greater than 300 lives at risk High 1 B From 31 to 300 lives at risk 1C From 7 to 30 lives at risk Significant 2D From 1 to 6 lives at risk 2E No lives at risk but significant economic or environmental impacts Low 3 No lives at risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 144 of 215 148 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Location According to the Washington Department of Ecology's Inventory of Dams Report, Yakima County has a total of 72 dams. Of these, 26 dams have a High Hazard Potential, threatening 7 or more lives downstream. The 1A(highest risk)dams include the Sunnyside Reservoir and Roza WW5 Reregulation Reservoir, both along the Yakima River, Bumping Lake Dam on the Bumping River, Tieton Dam on the Tieton River, and French Canyon Dam on Cowiche Creek. Additionally, several High Hazard Potential (Class 1A) dams in neighboring counties may threaten Yakima County communities, including the Cle Elum Dam and Keechelus Dam in Kittitas County, WA. Table 3.57 below summarizes the Yakima County communities located within these dam inundation areas, as illustrated in Figures 3.26— 3.30 on the following pages. Table 3.57. High Hazard Potential Dams and Inundation Areas,Yakima County Dam Name Cities in Inundation Area Bumping Lake Gleed, Naches, Union Gap, and Yakima Cle Elum Granger, Selah, Toppenish, Union Gap, Wapato, Yakima French Canyon Tieton Keechelus Selah, Toppenish, Union Gap, Wapato, and Yakima Roza Selah, Yakima, Union Gap, Yakima County Fire District#2 Sunnyside Granger, Wapato, Zillah Tieton Gleed, Naches, Toppenish, Union Gap, Wapato, Yakima, and Zillah Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 145 of 215 149 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 3.26. Bumping Lake Dam Inundation Area '1/4. N Washington State W±E 4 Yakima County � I-90 ItY�, Sources.Esri.GEBCO, NOAA,National Geograph Garmin,HERE, /�. f, Si.— -ate,.,. -___^ Naches Tieton - e (Geed ` Selah --- Yakima Xt Union Ihtil Yakima County Bumping Dam Inundation .,-"' it rmCounty Boundary r-=Municipalities Harrah Wapato —Interstate `''o' 25 5 15 zo' —Major Road Ilti0 0 Bumping -4ya SCA.y ,� Isceas*cu data,gee.. ,is -'Uuli Lan bllnti..L�afl. r @ "l IT,rear, mro Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 146 of 215 150 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 3.27. Cle Elum Dam Inundation Area Washington State 'Yakima County 1 I-9n Sources E ri.GEBCO. ( Y, NOAA,National Gaograph 1 Germ in,HERE, ` 1 __ ThfiCIA C��nz-lN Wapato I. Tlllah it / 77 P la h - .. Toppenish ' I-az@OW .IIIIIIII t I is Yakima County Cie Elum Dam Inundation ' =County Boundary r Municipalities Interstate'— 0 5 10 20 3 �40 —Major Road l Miles Cle Elum ,.,R, m. n 4n,/a&oil:sly,st kE C—;cnr5k,,,Jmn. Agin)3,1 .. . aril6Ral l'LL,,,,I Efliiithl HSE1,14,13 gags,SE)0 AIEEfltdOEEh.,re inigrimso cnt in'u O'uNYE most Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 147 of 215 151 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Figure 3.28. Keechelus Dam Inundation Area Washington State Yakima County °ti• ty Sources E ri.GEBCQ NOAA,National GeographE. - Germ n HERE, L 11 We e2 • + S .� '. ubjbx,„ it. - iffi.Eil mpeg)\- ice. ea Zllah z3 Sunnyside I lI 411 Yakima County l Keechelus Dam Inundation °County Boundary 1 DMunicipalities II '-—Interstate 0 5 to 20 aq jl' ao —Major Road Miles Keechelus •um, o cna,. Ls>itr ,� c�; ,c .amr: o.aSa .. . _o 1 Lr .. o ar ladder15112104,11 ti *skim Rkt cscon t l Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 148 of 215 152 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 3.29. French Canyon Inundation Area I: IOW N i I-90 G,n\� i Washington State W V E Yakima County yes l S Sources EBCO NOM. .Es National Seogr Carm' HRE,GeogapM1fe� ,-t Gatmin,HERE, .ti 14 • 'i Tieton Naches [_ Gleed a 2 Selah ----r Yakima Union Gap U Yakima County Bumping Dam Inundation 4eri C=County Boundary [-=Municipalities Harrah Wapato m,t, 1 —Interstate o 22545 i 13 sue, ia, —Major Road - French Si ES SEES, = c Eta .a s,m, o u u ga,Wi t - "_trilEf.ut--II.?,_fiwvu 46 INaq,bll�.sieiNv'e�I U'riT°. ` '1kIS,S sa l al Qnl 4. want Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 149 of 215 153 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 3.30. Tieton Dam Inundation Area Washington State r. 'Yakima County HN!- IODr .._v. 5 ri Sources E .GEBCO. ti NOAA,National Geograph - s- Germ n HERE, ir 1 it st a' i s c. kit rr- e, IC;21/ ''''..."Witrd(VIII:PC:- T. --. ® wina. 7Nt.a, Wapato �� Zillah . : 11I _ - Toppenish ' -az 1 Sunnyside • Grandview - Matiton I Yakima County `z� Tieton Dam Inundation L—I County Boundary is,Municipalities —Interstate — _ 10 20 `3A—I 40 —Major Road 7 Miles Tieton ,9 na:at,/� icy slum c- ,r cwtil.0 cn �. atuSU0,k0a Jslitrol I atom;COW: HM LIti"inns.Fu)l ouirk^1 Fl B.isigrusiru C n liocl'Ysar Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 150 of 215 154 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 In addition to these High Hazard Potential Dams, dams are found all throughout the county as indicated in Figure 3.31 below. FI um 3.31. National Dam Invent° Yakima County • I • • • • to • •1 • 111 Itor • The National Levee Database lists a total of 28 systems reaching 23 miles in Yakima County. The levee network is primarily found along the Yakima River and Naches River. Figure 3.32 illustrates the levees in Yakima County. Figure 3.32. National Levee Database,Yakima County a ♦ Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 151 of 215 155 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Past Occurrences Drawing from the 2018 Washington State HMP, Washington has experienced numerous dam failures since 1918. However, there has been no significant dam failure incident in Yakima County. Yakima County has experienced significant flooding from a levee breech. In 2017, a small levee was breached in a field owned by DeRuyter Brother Dairy farm. As a result, the levee released a mix of water and dairy waste into homes downhill.133 Future Probability The future probability of a dam and levee failure in Yakima County is Very Unlikely (expected once every 100+years). Given the limited history of failures in the county and increased attention to maintenance and preparedness, the rate of failures is not expected to increase. Climate Change Impacts Researchers expect that the frequency of dam failures and levee failure or overtopping will increase due to the changing climate.134 An increase in water run-off from human-caused climate change, short yet heavy precipitation, and less intense but long duration precipitation contributes to the risk of dam failure. Yakima County Vulnerabilities Incidents involving a dam or levee failure can result in significant property damage, loss of life, or environmental and natural resource destruction. A dam failure can greatly deplete water accessibility for the county to use for irrigation and limit water availability for critical services such as firefighting, at least temporarily. Loss Estimates An estimate of losses is often based on the potential damage a dam failure can cause to communities downstream. The aftermath of a dam or levee failure can be catastrophic and costly to the local government and its residents. Dam and levee failures can inundate homes and businesses, costing owners thousands of dollars to repair, clean, and recuperate. As described by FEMA, flooding is one of the most common and expensive hazards in the United States. Just one inch of water in a single-story residence, roughly 1,000 square feet, can create approximately $11,000 of damage; whereas one foot of water can reach upwards of$29,000 of damage.135 With large quantities of water released, the local community may also lose the surrounding natural environmental and agricultural resources including farming fields and ecosystems. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations Dam failure in Yakima County could have a severe impact on the residents and businesses, especially to those living near the dams or in the inundation zone. Often, residents are unaware of their location in relations to dams. According to FEMA, communities are often near or around at least one dam.135 Dam failures can affect roads, bridges, and natural habitat, leaving those who depend on these for transportation or livelihood affected. The aftermath of a flood from a 133 KING-TV. Dairy waste floods homes near Yakima.Accessed from: https://www.king5.com/artide/tech/science/environment/dairy-waste-floods-homes-near-yakima/281-418867608 134 The New York Times. Expect more: Climate change raises risk of dam failures.Accessed from: https://www.nyti mes.com/2020/05/21/cli mate/dam-failure-michigan-d imate-change.html 135 FEMA. Flood insurance and the NFIP.Accessed from: https://www.fema.gov/fact-sheettflood-insurance-and- nfip#::text 136 FEMA.Living with dams: Know your risks.Accessed from: https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020- 08/fema living-with-dams 0-956.pdf Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 152 of 215 156 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 dam failure may also result in bodies of stagnant water, attracting vector borne animals and developing serious diseases and pathogens. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure The failure of the dams and levees can have a serious impact on the nearby built environment and critical infrastructure. Dam and levee failure has the potential to affect every sector of Yakima County's critical infrastructure. A release of a large quantity of water from a dam can inundate the roads, bridges, farming fields, businesses, or powerlines. A failure of levees can result in the contamination of local water systems, including the drinking water. The failure of levees and dams may cause water to inundate industrial facilities and farms, moving chemicals and farm waste to residential areas. The 2022 exposure analysis considered critical facilities in Yakima County located within a mapped dam or levee inundation area. The results are summarized in Table 3.58. Given the significant number of Yakima County communities located in dam inundation areas, there is a high number of critical facilities exposed. Table 3.58.Yakima County Critical Facilities Exposure to Dam/Levee Failure Facility Type Number of Exposed Facilities Communications 7 Education 63 Emergency Services 18 Hospitals 1 Mass Care 26 Transportation 147 Utilities 30 Total Facilities Exposed by Hazard 292 Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations The dams built in Yakima County serve a specific purpose to the area. The dams' function are used for domestic water supply, irrigation, recreation, and flood control amongst other things.137 Dam failure has the potential to disrupt normal and emergency operations and stop the dam from serving its original purpose. Emergency first responders face the risk of danger if they are unfamiliar with how to respond to a failed dam or if the dam operators do not have an EAP. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses Dam failure can have major impacts on Yakima County's local economy and businesses. The inundation of businesses, roads, and vital infrastructure may halt the supply chain process and severely impact the local economy. The cleanup and restoration of the land has serious financial ramifications, especially for residents without insurance. As Yakima County has a large agricultural sector, a levee failure may deplete water resources for irrigation resulting in millions of dollars in loss of product. Dam owners may take full responsibility for the incident and be 137 Department of Ecology State of Washington. Inventory of dams report selected Washington counties and selected dam hazard categories.Accessed from: https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publicalions/documents/94016.pdf Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 153 of 215 157 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 liable for the reconstruction cost for downstream damages.138 Most of the levee systems are publicly owned, leaving local governments responsible for the cost of clean-up and restoration. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources In addition to the displacement of residents, the impact from a dam failure to the nearby natural resources can be heavy. Dam failure can impact the natural ecosystem of animals and plants. A deluge of the natural environment may affect and disrupt the natural flow of water and destroy an animal's breeding grounds and ecosystems.139 Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a High Risk to dam or levee failure. Table 3.59 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.59. Risk Assessment Results— Dam/Levee Failure Criteria Score Description Human Health 5 Very High; 10+ deaths and 20+ injuries Property Damage 3 Medium; localized, substantial Economic Disruption 3 Medium; widespread, temporary Environmental Resource 4 High; localized, severe Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 4 Very High; widespread, medium-term burden Critical Facilities Exposure 3 Medium; 20-30% exposed Probability Score 1 Very Low; expected once every 100+years Frequency Score 1 Very Low; limited documented history Total Impact Score 11 1-H I 136 Association of State Dam Safety Officials.Ownership responsibility and liability.Accessed from: https://damsafety.org/dam-owners/ownership-responsibility-and-liability 139 Environment 911.5 environmental effects of dams.Accessed from5 Environmental Effects of Dams- Environment 911 Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 154 of 215 158 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.19. Hazardous Materials Release Occasionally because of equipment failure, human error, natural disaster, or sabotage, incidents involving hazardous materials can be harmful to the nearby environment and community. These hazardous materials are typically categorized by type and its effects. Hazardous materials and their byproducts are characterized by the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The release of hazardous materials can be fatal to humans, plants, and animals if handled improperly and the quantities released exceed the acceptable amount. Disposal of hazardous materials often occur in transport from their point of origin to waste disposal sites via public roads, waterways, highways, and railroads. Hazardous materials are defined and regulated by the EPA, U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The definition and classification of hazardous material varies among agencies. USDOT categorizes hazardous materials into 9 classes, summarized in Table 3.60. Table 3.60. Department of Transportation Classification Class 1 Explosives Class 2 Gases Class 3 Flammable Liquid and Combustible Liquid Class 4 Flammable Solid, Spontaneously Combustible, and Dangerous when wet Class 5 _Oxidizer and Organic Peroxide Class 6 Poison (Toxic) and Poison Inhalation Hazard Class 7 Radioactive Class 8 Corrosive Class 9 Miscellaneous Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 155 of 215 159 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Strength/Magnitude The strength of any hazardous material spill or release depends on several factors, including: • Toxicity of hazardous material • Quantity of hazardous material spilled or released • Dispersal characteristics of hazardous material • Local conditions such as wind direction and topography • Location of the spill or release in proximity to sensitive environmental areas, such as a watershed that provides a community's drinking water • Efficacy of response and recovery actions A spill or release of hazardous materials must be reported to the state and federal government if the amount passes a certain threshold. According to the EPA, harmful amounts of discharge oil include those that: 140 • Violate applicable water quality standards • Cause a film or"sheen" upon, or discoloration of the surface of the water or adjoining shorelines • Cause a sludge or emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the water or upon adjoining shorelines For hazardous substances, the federal government established the Superfund Reportable Quantities (RQs)to list the quantifiable amount needed to report.141 If the release of substances equals or exceeds the reportable quantities, the responsible parties must report it to the federal government. The RQs for each hazardous substance is listed under the Codes of Federal Regulations. Individuals must report the incidents if injury, death, evacuation, change of flight patterns, release of radioactive or biological agents, or if the marine pollutant exceeds 450 L (119 gallons)for a liquid or 400 kg (882 pounds)for a solid.142 14°U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.When are you required to report an oil spill and hazardous substance release?Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/when-are-you-required-report-oil-spill-and- haza rdo us-substance-release 141 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.When are you required to report an oil spill and hazardous substance release?Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/when-are-you-required-report-oil-spill-and- haza rdo us-substance-release 142 National Archives and Records Administration.49 eCFR 171.15-immediate notice of certain hazardous materials incidents.Accessed from: https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-171/subpart- B/section-171.15 Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 156 of 215 160 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Location Incidents involving hazardous materials are not limited to one location—they can occur anywhere where hazardous materials are generated, managed, transported, or disposed of. In Yakima County specifically, it is difficult to narrow and specify where incidents occur given there are hazardous materials transported on every road in the county, using heavy rail, and passing through multiple pipelines. Hazardous materials are categorized into three types for this profile: fixed facilities, transportation, and pipelines. Fixed Facilities Tier II Facilities are required by the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)to submit a mandatory report of hazardous and toxic substances that are housed at the facility at any given point during the reporting year. Facilities are required to report Tier II substances and Extremely Hazardous Substances (ENS)that are equal to or greater than the defined Tier II reporting thresholds. There are over 2,350 Tier II fixed facilities reporting to the EPA, Yakima Valley Emergency Management, and local fire departments in Yakima County. These facilities are located across the county, managing various chemicals and hazardous materials. Common types of fixed facilities include agricultural warehouses and processing facilities, which often store ammonia or other hazardous chemicals. There are 46 facilities included in the EPA's Toxic Release Inventory, which includes any facility that has been reported to the EPA since 1987. In 2021, 14 of these facilities reported a release to the EPA, including Granger, Moxee, Selah, Sunnyside, Toppenish, Yakima, and Wapato. The EPA manages an interactive site called the "Cleanups in My Community" map that includes superfund sites, brownfields, and other facilities requiring cleanup. There are 7 superfund sites in Yakima County, including Grandview, Nachos, Yakima, and White Swan. Additionally, there are four brownfields, and several facilities that have required Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA)corrective action sites. Transportation The likeliest place for a hazardous spill or release while in transport is along one of the main transportation corridors passing through a populated area, including 1-82, US-97, US-24, or US- 12. The potential for a hazardous material incident from a train derailment is high considering the heavy railway traffic inside city limits. According to the U.S. DOT, Yakima County has a total of 115 miles of freight railroad.143 There are approximately 80 miles of the Central Washington Railroad track located in Yakima County.144 Pipelines Pipelines are hollow structures often underground used to transport various liquids such as oil, oil products, and natural gases. In Washington, there are approximately 36 pipeline operators 143 U.S. Department of Transportation. County transportation profile.Accessed from: https://wviw.bts.gov/ctr 144 Columbia Basin Railroad. Central Washington Railroad.Accessed from: https://cbrr.com/companies/central washington railroad.html#:-:text Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 157 of 215 161 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 managing 45,000 miles of pipelines.145 According to the Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission, 25 of the pipelines carry natural gas and 10 carry hazardous liquid.146 Past Occurrences Yakima County has experienced several hazardous material incidents in recent years. These incidents caused tremendous damage to the localized environment. Past incidents include a fire at a site in Grandview that closed 1-82 for 24 hours, as well as ammonia leaks in local apple storage facilities. Yakima County has also experienced pipeline incidents, including on the CNG main line that runs along the Yakima River, as well as the Williamson Pipeline. Table 3.61 includes recent significant pipelines incidents in Washington. Table 3.61. Significant PHSMA Pipeline Incidents (2015-2020) Year Number Fatalities Injuries Total Cost Current Year Dollars 2020 2 0 0 $1,913,578 2019 2 0 1 $428,819 2018 1 0 0 $136,619 2017 3 0 0 $1,981,214 2016 1 0 0 $3,333,821 2015 2 0 3 $1,132,585 In 2022, a fire at the Nutrien Ag Solutions Plant in Sunnyside burned 1.7 million pounds of Sulphur and other chemicals. The fire consumed the hazardous chemicals and released them into the air.147 Although no injuries were reported, 18 homes in the area were evacuated. Also in 2022, a fruit warehousing facility reported an ammonia leak, which was quickly resolved by emergency responders. Prior to this incident in Zillah, the last reported ammonia leak was in 2008. In 2021, a semi-truck and trailer crashed and overturned into Toppenish Creek and its associated wetlands off US-97, approximately 4 miles south of Toppenish. The truck discharged oil into the Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge and a lamprey rehabilitation area.148 In 2015, an above ground storage tank failed in Sunnyside causing as roughly 1,500 gallons of used motor oil to seep into the Sulphur Creek and Yakima River.149 These are just some of the more significant hazardous materials incidents that have occurred during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). Smaller incidents requiring emergency response, or with some environmental damage, are more common. Larger incidents that threaten communities or require evacuation or shelter-in-place orders, are more infrequent. 145 Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission. Pipeline Safety.Accessed from: https://www.utc.wa.gov/public-safety/pipeline-safety 146 Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission.Pipeline Safety.Accessed from: htlps://vvvvw.utc.wa.gov/public-safety/pioeline-safety 147 Yaktrinews. Chemicals burned in Sunnyside agricultural plant fire generate hazardous runoff,triggering evacuations.Accessed from: https://www.yaktrinews.com/structure-fire-at-sunnyside-agricultural-plant-draws-large- firefighting-presence-2/ 149 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Toppenish creek truck spill.Accessed from: https://response.eoa.gov/site/site profile.aspx?site id=15307 149 Department of Ecology Washington State.Sulphur Creek Oil Spill.Accessed from: httos://ecology.wa.gov/Spills- Cleanuo/Spi I Is/Spi II-oraperedness-response/Resoondi ng-to-soi II-incidents/Soitl-incidents/Sulohur-Creek-Oi I-Spi II Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 158 of 215 162 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Future Probability The future probability of a major hazardous materials incident in Yakima County is Likely (expected to occur every 5-10 years)given the number of hazardous materials transported in the region and presence of hundreds of fixed facilities. Climate Change Impacts Climate change is not expected to increase the frequency or intensity of hazardous materials incidents. That said, the management, disposal, and transportation of hazardous materials has a clear impact on climate change. Yakima County Vulnerabilities Incidents involving the release of hazardous materials can have severe impact on the health and safety of the community and residents, the local economy, and critical facilities. Loss Estimates According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, property damage as a result of a pipeline incident occurring in a densely populated area of the state could generate approximately a cost of$100-500 million dollars. The EPA has the authority to manage contaminated sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act(CERCLA), the RCRA, and the Brownfields Laws.150 The EPA has the authority to seek the responsible parties involved in a hazardous material spill. Congress established two funds to cover clean-up expenses if the responsible party cannot pay or is unwilling to cooperate.151 The clean-up of hazardous material spill is the responsibility of the businesses and parties involved, not the local government where the incident occurred. While clean-up costs are the responsibility of the company transporting or storing the hazardous material, communities can incur upfront costs for mitigation and protective actions. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations A hazardous material incident can affect all community members and put them at greater risk for developing health impacts. Workers in facilities who regularly use or handle hazardous materials, transportation carriers, nearby residents, first responders, and first receivers are all at risk of health impacts from hazardous materials152 Hazardous materials incidents have the potential to impact Yakima's residents of any age. However, certain individuals are more vulnerable and at greater risk for harm depending on the location, occupation, and type of material released. Yakima County's residents living near bodies of water(rivers, lakes, etc.), highways, railways, and industrial buildings have a higher chance of being impacted by hazardous materials due to spills or other types of releases. As of 2020, roughly 12.7% of the population live near toxic release sites.153 Air quality may also be compromised when hazardous materials burn. Like smoke from a regular fire, individuals with heart or lung diseases, diabetes, older adults, children and teenagers may be at greater risk. Hazardous substances can have 15° U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Economics of land deanup and waste management.Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/economics-land-cleanup-and-waste-management 151 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Who pays.Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/emergency- response/who-pays 152 FEMA. Hazardous Materials Incidents.Accessed from: httos://www.fema.govlsitestdefaulttfiles12020- 07/hazardous-materials-i nd dents.pdf 153 Stacker. 17%percent of people live near toxic release facilities-here's how it breaks down by state.Accessed from: httos://stacker.com/stories/24514117-people-live-near-toxic-release-facilities-hares-how-it-breaks-down-state Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 159 of 215 163 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 major effects on someone' health and cause cancer, behavioral abnormalities, genetic mutations, and even physical deformation. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure Impacts on critical infrastructure from hazardous materials incidents are of major concern to Yakima County. Hazardous spills can halt production of services and utilities. The county's transportation, water and wastewater systems, energy, agriculture, and manufacturing sectors could be at risk. Hazardous material spills or broken underground storage tanks can contaminate water supplies in natural water reserves and impact wastewater treatment sites. The 2022 exposure analysis considered critical facilities in Yakima County located within a one- mile of a main transportation corridor likely to carry hazardous materials. The results are summarized in Table 3.62. With a wide boundary, there are nearly 500 critical facilities in this buffer zone that may require evacuations in a hazardous materials spill. Table 3.62.Yakima County Critical Facilities Exposure to Hazardous Materials Transport) Facility Type Number of Exposed Facilities Communications 14 Education 122 Emergency Services 40 Hospitals 0 Mass Care 43 Transportation 233 Utilities 37 Total Facilities Exposed by Hazard 489 Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations The release or spill of hazardous materials can heavily impact a responding agency's operations. A large release of hazardous material may cause evacuations for closure of roads delaying the response of specialized units and other operations along those routes. Initial first responders often bear the high risks associated with the incidents. Due to their involvement, HAZMAT incidents can heavily impact emergency services operations. First responders may not be able to extricate or transport individuals to receive medical care due to decontamination protocols. Emergency first responders similarly face the risk to developing serious health impacts from hazardous material incidents. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses According to the FEMA, "hazardous materials incidents are perhaps the most relatable and scalable, from neighborhood to national level incidents with the potential for devastating long- term impacts to the environment and the economy."154 Land cleanup and management of hazardous materials after an incident has heavy financial implications and may even affect property values.155 According to research, "most studies find that property values decline in 154 FEMA. Hazardous Material Incidents.Accessed from: https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020- 07/hazardous-materials-i nci dents.odf 155 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Economics of land cleanup and waste management.Accessed from: httos://www.eoa.gov/environmental-economics/economics-land-cleanup-and-waste-management Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 160 of 215 164 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 response to contamination events and/or rebound after cleanup."156 In 2018, the total cost of damages from transporting hazardous materials in Washington was $1,333,533, in 2019 the total amount was$1,297,582, and in 2020 it reached a total of$6,168,743.157 Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources The impact of hazardous materials incidents on Yakima County's natural resources can be severe. In any incident there is the potential for hazardous substances to contaminate soils, water systems, plants, and animals. According to the Soil Science Society of America, "common contaminants in urban soils include pesticides, petroleum products, radon, asbestos, lead, chromated copper arsenate and creosote."158 These contaminants are extremely hazardous to animals and plants. Hazardous materials incidents also result in increased predation and decrease reproduction. In plants, high levels of toxic chemicals may inhibit photosynthesis leading to their death. In other cases, the chemicals can burn plants or prevent adequate oxygenation. 156 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Economics of land cleanup and waste management.Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/economics-land-cleanup-and-waste-management 157 U.S. Department of Transportation.All incidents.Accessed from: https://oortal.phmsa.dot.gov/analytics/saw.dll?Portal pages&Portal Path=%2 Fshared%2 FPublic%20Website%20Page s%2F portal%2F10%20Year%201ncident%20Summary%20Reoorts 158 Soil Science Society of America.Soil contaminants.Accessed from: https://www.soils.org/about- soils/contaminants/ Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 161 of 215 165 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a High Risk to hazardous materials incidents. Table 3.63 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.63. Risk Assessment Results— HazMat Release Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 1 Minimal Economic Disruption 2 Low; localized, temporary Environmental Resource 4 High; localized, severe Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 2 Low; localized, temporary Critical Facilities Exposure 5 Very High; most critical infrastructure exposed Probability Score 4 Likely; expected to occur every 5-10 years Frequency Score 4 Likely; has occurred every 5-10 years Total Impact Score 23 High Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 162 of 215 166 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.20. Nuclear Release/Radiological Incident Multiple facilities in Washington State manage and deal with radiological materials and waste, however, Washington State has only one fixed nuclear facility. The Columbia Generating Station is the only commercial nuclear energy facility in the Pacific Northwest and is one of the largest producers of electricity.159 Other sites such as Department of Energy's Hanford Site, U.S. Navy bases located in the Puget Sound region, and at the Framatome Richland Engineering and Manufacturing Facility also handle radiological material. The Hanford Site is approximately 26 miles from the nearest city in Yakima County—Sunnyside, and the Columbia Generating Station is approximately 40 miles from Grandview. When handling radiological material, there is always a concern of release to local or neighboring areas. Commercial low-level radioactive waste is regulated by the Waste Management Section of the Washington State Department of Health and issues licensing for the disposal of radioactive waste. Currently the Washington State Department of Health licenses nearly 400 facilities in the state that use radioactive materials.160 These sites are categorized as medical, industrial, and laboratory and often use radiation. These facilities, inspected frequently, use radiation daily for medical treatments, radiography, flow gauges, and research and development.161 The different types of radiation include: • Alpha • Beta • Medical X-ray • Gamma • Neutron All these types of radiation have different penetration abilities and effects. Strength/Magnitude A radiological incident may have severe impacts on Yakima County and result in millions of dollars in loss and remediation. A radiological incident can be dangerous to animal and human health, resulting in long-term health impacts and even death. Isotopes and radiation can last years, sometimes surpassing a lifetime. Therefore, consideration and care must be taken when managing a nuclear power plant and responding to a radiological incident. Location Any facility that handles radiological material is susceptible to a radiological or nuclear release incident. However, the larger sites may pose a greater risk to the population. A release of radioactive material from the Columbia Generating Station or Hanford Site would initiate an evacuation of the general population within a radius of approximately 10 miles of the facility and radioactive material may enter the human chain via crops or dairy products out to an approximate radius of 50 miles from the facility.162 Yakima County falls within the 50-mile Ingestion Planning Zone for the Columbia Generating Station and the Hanford Reservation. 159 Energy Northwest.Nuclear Energy:Columbia Generating Station.Accessed from httos://www.energy- northwest.comlenergyprojects/Col umbia/Pages/default.aspx 160 Emergency Management Division. Radiological.Accessed from httgs://mil.wa.gov/radiological 161 Washington Emergency Management Division.Washington State Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan Risk and Vulnerability Assessment.Accessed from: httgs://mil.wa.gov/enhanced-hazard-mitigation-plan 162 Emergency Management Division. Radiological.Accessed from httgs://mil.wa.gov/radiological Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 163 of 215 167 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Past Occurrences There has not been a significant release of radiological material in Washington in the past 50 years. Future Probability The future probability of a radiological/nuclear incident in in Yakima County is Unlikely (expected to occur every 50+years). Climate Change Impacts There does not appear to be a link between the frequency of radioactive material release and climate change. However, nuclear plants may be impacted by extreme temperatures brought on by climate change. As a result of extreme temperatures, nuclear plants run the risk of experiencing outages. After the entire energy process, nuclear plants return the water to its source and potentially heat it up. Plants cannot allow the water to reach a certain temperature, however, extreme heat is causing the water to meet the threshold ultimately pausing the plant's operations. Yakima County Vulnerabilities A release of radioactive material may result in great losses for Yakima County and impact a wide arrange of sectors. Impacts to Yakima County's built environment, critical infrastructure, population, and natural resources may occur. Drawing from the Yakima County Community Preparedness Survey 2022, Yakima County participants believed that a radiological incident was a low risk(41.5%), while others believe it was a medium (34.1%) and high (19.4%)risks. Loss Estimates The aftermath of a radiological incident can be catastrophic and costly to the local government and residents. A radiological incident can result in significant expenses to remove toxic chemicals from the built and natural environment. Clean-up after a radiological incident can and rebuilding life can reach millions of dollars. The local economy may also lose revenue because of economic disruption from close businesses and supply chain disruptions. Most significantly for Yakima County would be a quarantine of animal and agricultural products after a radiological incident. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations A radiological incident in Yakima County, the Columbia Generating Station, or neighboring radiological sites will have a severe impact on the residents and population in the county, especially those living near the sites. If exposed to radiation, residents may run the risk of developing long-term health effects including cancer. Long-term health effects may occur more in children or pregnant women. Many Yakima County residents, especially in the eastern part of the county, commute to Hanford and the Columbia Generating Station, and may be directly exposed to an incident or lose their jobs in related sectors. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure In a radiological incident, such as radiological material release or meltdown, the county's critical infrastructure may be disrupted or even destroyed. A disruption to a major bridge or highway from a radiological incident may result in the disruption of traffic flow, impeding evacuations. Additionally, the surrounding built environment may absorb radioactive material and remain contaminated for years. Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 164 of 215 168 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations A response to a radiological incident may have severe impacts to emergency first responders. Emergency first responders place themselves at risk to develop radioactive poisoning and long- term health effects. First responders must be mindful of the acceptable dose and exposure as they conduct response activities. Incident specific equipment must be used to respond to radiological incidents. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses As a result of a radiological incident and emergency, nearby local businesses may lose clients and may even close their doors permanently. Supply chain operations may be halted due to product contamination or the publics' fears. Drawing from the 2018 Washington State HMP, public fear would lead consumers to no longer buy agricultural products from the county or state. In the State of Washington, this may result in billions of dollars lost per year.163 In Yakima County alone, agriculture also contributes a billion of dollars into the local economy. Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources A radiological incident can greatly impact the natural resources in Yakima County. The release of radioactive material can be dangerous to animals including aquatic specifies. Nuclear radiation may disrupt animal habits and plant patterns. Critical wildlife habitats within the 50-mile Ingestion Planning Zone may be affected by a radiological incident. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Low Risk to a nuclear release. Table 3.64 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.64. Risk Assessment Results—Nuclear Release Criteria Score Description Human Health 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Property Damage 1 Very Low; 0-1 deaths and few injuries expected Economic Disruption 5 Very High; long-term disruption Environmental Resource 5 Very High; widespread, severe, long-term Damages/Degradation Emergency Services Burden 1 Minimal Critical Facilities Exposure 1 Minimal Probability Score 1 Very Unlikely; expected once every 50+years Frequency Score 1 Very Unlikely; no documented history Total Impact Score 16 Low Risk 163 Emergency Management Division.Washington State Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan Risk and Vulnerability Assessment.Accessed from https://mil.wa.gov/enhanced-hazard-mitigation-plan Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 165 of 215 169 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3.21. Terrorism Forecasting potential terrorist incidents and targets is a difficult task at the national level and in Washington State.164 However, the growth of domestic and international terrorism attacks, as well as Homegrown Violent Extremist(HVEs) it is important to analyze such incidents. The Washington State Legislature defines terrorism or a terrorist act as an act that is intended to: (1) intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (2) influence the policy of a branch or level of government by intimidation or coercion; (3)affect the conduct of a branch or level of government by intimidation or coercion; or(4)retaliate against a branch or level of government for a policy or conduct of the government.165 The definition of terrorism continues to expand and includes the following terms: • International Terrorism includes violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with, designated foreign terrorist organization or nations (state-sponsored).166 • Domestic Terrorism is any act of violence that is dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical infrastructure or key resources committed by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or its territories without direction or inspiration from a foreign terrorist group.16' • Homegrown Violent Extremist (HVEs) is a person of any citizenship who has lived and/or operated primarily in the United States or its territories who advocates, is engaged in, or is preparing to engage in ideologically motivated terrorist activities (including providing support to terrorism) in furtherance of political or social objectives promoted by a foreign terrorist organization but is acting independently of direction by a foreign terrorist organization.168 • Targeted Violence is violence premeditated and directed at specific individuals, groups, or location to achieve specific motives such as resolution of a grievance or to make a political or ideological statement.169 • Weapons of Mass Destruction is defined by the Department of Homeland Security as a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, or other device that is intended to harm many people.170 164 Washington Emergency Management Division.2018 Washington State Hazard Mitigation Plan.Accessed from https://mi I.wa.gov/enhanced-hazard-mitigation-plan 165 Washington State Legislature.RCW 70. 74.295;Terrorist act defined.Accessed from: https://am.leg.wa.gov/rcw/defau lt.aspx?cite=70.74.285 166 Federal Bureau of Investigation.Terrorism.Accessed from: https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism 167 Department of Homeland Security.Domestic Terrorism and Homegrown Violent Extremism Lexicon.Accessed from: https://info.publicintelligence.net/DHS-ExtremismLexicon.pdf 166 Department of Homeland Security. Domestic Terrorism and Homegrown Violent Extremism Lexicon.Accessed from: https://info.publicintelligence.neUDHS-ExtremismLexicon.pdf 168 SchoolSafety.gov.Targeted Violence.Accessed from: https://www.schoolsafety.gov/targeted-violence 17°Department of Homeland Security.Weapons of Mass Destruction.Accessed from: https://www.dhs.gov/tooics/weacons-mass-destruction Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 166 of 215 170 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Strength/Magnitude The likelihood of an act of terrorism or extremism in Washington State is likely and is anticipated to occur annually"'. An act of terrorism or violent extremist incident in Washington State is likely drawing from the historical incidents in the state such as attacks and prevented attacks from foreign or domestic groups. Location Terrorist often target areas that are densely populated and high-profile areas because of their accessibility to large population and soft targets.172 Soft targets are"any person or thing that is relatively unprotected or vulnerable to a terrorist attack or an act of violence."173 Any of the major urban areas, point of interest, and high profile critical infrastructure in Yakima County are at risk for an attack, however, terrorist and violent extremist may target any location in the county. Some soft targets of concern in Yakima County include the Sozo Sports Complex, Valley Mall, Yakima Fairgrounds and SunDome, as well as public facilities. Past Occurrences There have been no notable terrorist attacks in Yakima County. However, Washington State has experienced numerous incidents of terrorism and violent extremist attacks. Washington State has experienced the following incidents: • Active Shooters(Single/Multiple) • Bombings • Arson and Firebombing • Murder/Assassination • Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear(CBRN)Attack/Bomb Future Probability It is difficult to predict future terrorist or violent extremist incidents, however, an act of terrorism or violent extremism incident in Washington State is likely and is anticipated to occur annually.174 An act of terrorism in the State of Washington may also impact and have serious ramifications for Yakima County. Given the limited history in Yakima County, the future probability of a terrorist attack in Yakima County is Unlikely (expected to occur every 50+ years). Climate Change Impacts Researchers expect that the frequency of a terrorist or violent extremist attack will increase due to the changing climate.175 As seen with many countries already, a change in climate may result in environmental collapse in conflict-stricken areas. Climate change has clearly exacerbated 171 Washington Emergency Management Division.2018 Washington State Hazard Mitigation Plan.Accessed from: https://mil.wa.gov/enhanced-hazard-mitigation-plan 172 U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency(CISA). Securing Public Gatherings.Accessed from: https://www.cisa.gov/securing-public-gatherings 173 Department of Homeland Security. School and Workplace Violence.Accessed from: https://www.dhs.gov/school- and-workplace-violence 174 Ibid. 175 UNODC. Climate Change Could Mean More Terrorism in the Future.Accessed from: https://www.unodc.org/nigeria/en/d imate-change-could-mean-more-terrorism-i n-the-future.html Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 167 of 215 171 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 competition over increasingly scarce resources.16 Climate change can amplify terrorist or violent extremist activities. Yakima County Vulnerabilities Terrorism events can contribute to multiple impacts to Yakima County. Economic losses are expected in millions of dollars because of directed terrorism to the region. A terrorism incident can also impact and damage the county's critical infrastructure, built environment, natural resources, and disrupt government and emergency operations. Loss Estimates The estimated losses from a terrorist incident can reach anywhere between a million to a billion of dollars. According to the 2018 Washington State HMP, if an attack were to occur in Washington State, a less than 1 percent of gross domestic product(GDP) change would be expected.17'Aside from the cost of cleanup or building reconstruction from a direct physical attack, a terrorist or violent extremist attack may change consumer behavior, leading to economic and business-level impacts. Impacts on the Yakima County Population and Vulnerable Populations Certain residents and populations in Yakima County may be seen as unprotected soft targets, resulting in more severe impacts from an act of terrorism or violent extremist incident. Residents who live near vital, popular, or significant landmarks may be more at risk to experience a terrorist incident. Impacts on Built Environment and Critical Infrastructure Every sector has had the attention of a terrorist group or experienced terrorist activity. An attack on Yakima County's critical infrastructure sectors may disrupt vital services and may leave the county struggling to conduct everyday functions. Furthermore, a large-scale terrorism attack in a densely populated city or against a critical infrastructure in Washington State. Depending on the size, a large attack may have the potential to change the built environment. Impacts on Government and Emergency Operations A terrorist or violent extremist attack can have a negative impact on government and emergency operations. A large terrorist attack may have the potential to halt government and shift domestic or international policy. Emergency first responders may be amongst the many severely impacted from an attack. First responders risk danger to their physical and mental health responding to a terrorist or violent extremist attack. By responding to terrorist incidents, first responders may expose themselves to harmful debris and contaminants that may result in health complications later in life. Impacts on the Economy and Businesses An act of terrorism or violent extremist incident in Yakima County can have a negative impact on the local economy and businesses. Terrorism incidents may alter economic behavior and alter consumption patterns. Local business in Yakima County may also experience disruption of their supply chain, unemployment, and inflation as global trading may come to a halt from terrorism. 176 UNODC. Climate Change Could Mean More Terrorism in the Future.Accessed from: https://www.unodc.org/nigeria/en/d imate-change-could-mean-more-terrorism-i n-the-future.html 177 Washington Emergency Management Division.2018 Washington State Hazard Mitigation Plan.Accessed from: https://mi I.wa.gov/enhanced-hazard-mitigation-plan Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 168 of 215 172 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Impacts on Natural and Cultural Resources Terrorist and violent extremist incidents can also impact to the natural resources; however, it is unlikely to lead to significant loss to species or habitat. Depending on the type of incident, harmful debris and contaminants may be released to the natural environment. An act of violence, such as arson, has the potential to cause significant damage to natural resources, potentially burning large acres of land. Overall Risk Ranking Yakima County has a Low Risk to terrorism incidents. Table 3.65 below summarizes the risk assessment results for the hazard for Yakima County. Table 3.65. Risk Assessment Results—Terrorism Criteria Score Description Human Health 3 Medium; 4-5 deaths, 8-10 injuries Property Damage 3 Medium; localized, substantial Economic Disruption 2 Low; localized, temporary Environmental Resource Damages/Degradation 1 Minimal Emergency Services Burden 2 Low; localized, temporary Critical Facilities Exposure 3 Medium; 20-30% exposed Probability Score 1 Very Low; expected every 50+years Frequency Score 1 Very Low; no documented history Total Impact Scorill 16 Low Risk Section 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Page 169 of 215 173 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 SECTION 4. MITIGATION STRATEGY This section provides information on the process used to develop goals and action items to mitigate the potential impacts of 17 natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. It also describes the framework used to develop a successful mitigation strategy and prioritize projects for implementation. The mitigation strategy is made up of three parts: Mission, Goals, and Action Items. 4.1. Mission The mission of the Yakima County HMP is to promote sound public policy designed to protect community members, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss-prevention, and identifying activities to guide the county towards building a safer, more sustainable community. 4.2. Mitigation Goals The plan goals describe the overall direction that Yakima County agencies,jurisdictions, and community members can take to minimize the impacts of hazards. The goals are stepping- stones between the broad direction of the mission statement and the specific recommendations that are outlined in the action items. The HMP Committee reviewed the 2015 HMP Goals and made several small revisions, noted in blue text below. Protect Life, Property and Public Welfare • Implement sustainable activities that assist in protecting lives by making homes, businesses, infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resilient to natural and technological hazards. • Reduce losses and repetitive damages for chronic hazard events while promoting insurance coverage for catastrophic hazards. • Improve hazard assessment information to make recommendations for encouraging higher standards for safer development in areas vulnerable to natural and technological hazards. Public Awareness • Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with natural and technological hazards. • Provide information on tools, partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in implementing mitigation activities. Natural Systems • Balance watershed planning, natural resource management, and land use planning with natural hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment. • Preserve, rehabilitate, re-establish, and enhance natural systems to serve natural hazard mitigation functions. Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 170 of 215 174 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Partnerships and Implementation • Strengthen communication and coordinate participation among and within public agencies, community members, non-profit organizations, business, and industry to gain a vested interest in implementation. • Encourage leadership within the public and private sector organizations to prioritize and implement local, county, and regional hazard mitigation activities. Emergency Services • Prioritize mitigation projects for critical facilities, services, and infrastructure. • Improve understanding of hazard risks through monitoring and assessment projects. • Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, non-profit organizations, business, and industry. • Coordinate and integrate natural and technological hazard mitigation activities, where appropriate,with emergency operations plans and procedures. Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 171 of 215 175 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 4.3. Action Plan Matrix Action items are activities which county agencies, participating jurisdictions, special districts, and other stakeholders can implement to reduce risk. The action items are detailed in Table 4.1 on pages 172-186, organized by relevant hazard. To improve readability, the mitigation strategy in Table 4.1 includes a simplified version of the strategy. The complete strategy is available as Appendix E to the HMP. The HMP Committee integrated several hazard-specific mitigation plans in the development of the mitigation strategy, including: • 2022 Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP): The CWPP includes a mitigation action plan with specific areas requiring fuels reduction and other mitigation projects. The CWPP has been adopted as an annex to this HMP. The HMP mitigation strategy does not attempt to repeat the actions included in the CWPP but highlights collective strategies. • Comprehensive Flood Hazard Management Plans (CFHMP): The Yakima Countywide Flood Control Zone District manages four CFHMPs—Upper Yakima River, Lower Yakima River, Naches River, and Ahtanum-Wide Hollow. These plans identify mitigation strategies and regulatory needs for flooding in Yakima County. The Flood Control Zone District identified the top priority mitigation projects from the CFHMPs to integrate into the 2022 HMP. The HMP does not attempt to provide the same level of detail as the CFHMPs, but instead highlights priorities. For each action item, the following information is included: Coordinating Organization, Participating Jurisdictions and Supporting Agencies, Relevant Mitigation Goals, Timeline, Estimated Cost, Funding, Potential Benefit, and Priority. Coordinating Organization The Coordinating Organization is the public agency with regulatory responsibility to address natural or technological hazards, or that is willing and able to organize resources, find appropriate funding, or oversee activity implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Coordinating Organizations may include local, county, or regional agencies that are capable of or responsible for implementing activities and programs. Participating Jurisdictions and Supporting Agencies Supporting Agencies are public/private sector organizations that may be able to assist in the implementation of action items by providing relevant resources to the Coordinating Organization. Supporting Agencies may include, or may be listed in addition to, participating cities, towns, and special districts that plan to implement the mitigation action item as a part of the community mitigation strategy, outlined in the Jurisdiction Annexes. Relevant Plan Goals The plan goals addressed by each action item are included to monitor and evaluate how well the mitigation plan is achieving its goals once implementation begins. Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 172 of 215 176 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Timeline Included for each action is an estimate of timeline to inform implementation and prioritization. • Short-term action items are activities which county and local jurisdiction agencies can implement with existing resources and authorities within one to two years. • Medium-term action items may require new or additional resources or authorities and may take between two and five years to implement. • Long-term action items are complex, multi-agency efforts that require additional resources, including grant funding, and may take more than five years to implement. • Ongoing action items are programs and services that are part of a department or agencies work plans and have pre-identified and sustainable funding sources. Funding An important element of mitigation action implementation is the availability of funding to support the project or program. 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Review of 2015 Action Plan The mitigation strategy presented in the 2022 HMP update reflects progress by Yakima County communities in advancing mitigation efforts across many jurisdictions and agencies. Many of the action items from the 2015 HMP continue to apply in 2022 and beyond as long-range ongoing actions, thus the HMP Committee chose to retain those action items. Additionally, some action items were removed because they have been completed, are no longer relevant, or were amended to reflect new information and supporting efforts. Table 4.2 contains a summary of action items from the 2015 HMP that were not carried forward into this plan update. Table 4.2.2015 Hazard-Specific Mitigation Strategy—Completed and Removed Actions Hazard Action Items Lead Summary of Revisions to 2015 Responsibility Action Items Adopt and Enforce Yakima County Completed. Yakima County Earthquake Building Codes. Building adopted the 2018 update to the Yakima County will Official/Code International Building Code. adopt the IBC 2015. Enforcement Update Special Yakima Valley Completed.The 2019 Update Flood Subject Flood Office of to the CEMP includes a Flood Response Plan to the Emergency Emergency Response Plan 2014 CEMP Management Annex. Yakima County Adopt and Enforce Planning; Completed. Yakima County Severe Wind Building Codes. Yakima County adopted the 2018 update to the Storm Yakima County will Building International Building Code. adopt the IBC 2015. Official/Code Enforcement Yakima County Adopt and Enforce Planning; Completed. Yakima County Severe Winter Building Codes. Yakima County adopted the 2018 update to the Storm Yakima County will Building International Building Code. adopt the IBC 2015. Official/Code Enforcement Completed. Horizon 2040, the Incorporate Wildfire 2017 Yakima County Wildfire Mitigation in the Yakima County Comprehensive Plan, includes Comprehensive Plan Planning Wildfire as one of several priority hazards. Review and adopt the Yakima County Completed. Yakima County Wildfire 2012 edition of the Building and adopted the 2018 International IWUIC in 2015 Safety Division Wildland Urban Interface Code. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Avalanche actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 189 of 215 193 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 4.2.2015 Hazard-Specific Mitigation Strategy—Completed and Removed Actions Hazard Action Items Lead Summary of Revisions to 2015 Responsibility Action Items County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for Dam/Levee i activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Failures actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. Remove. This action was replaced with a more specific Yakima County mitigation action related to the Drought Plan for drought Planning Yakima Basin Integrated Plan, which outlines drought and water management resilience strategies for the entire region. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for Extreme activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Temperatures actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. Remove. This generic action Protect and Restore item is replaced with specific, Flood Natural Flood Yakima County priority mitigation actions to Mitigation Features Planning restore natural flood mitigation features. Remove. This generic action Conduct Regular item is replaced with specific, Maintenance for County Road priority mitigation actions to Flood Drainage Systems and Maintenance construct and maintain flood Control Division control structures. Regular Flood Structures maintenance is generally not considered for mitigation project funding. _ _ County Remove. This generic action Flood Protect Infrastructure Engineer and item is replaced with specific, City Engineers priority mitigation actions to protect infrastructure. Remove. This generic action Construct Flood County item is replaced with specific, Flood Control Structures Engineer and priority mitigation actions to City Engineers construct and maintain flood control structures. Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 190 of 215 194 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 4.2.2015 Hazard-Specific Mitigation Strategy—Completed and Removed Actions Hazard Action Items Lead Summary of Revisions to 2015 Responsibility Action Items Yakima County Remove. This action item was replaced with more specific Improve Flood Risk FCZD and Flooding Assessment Local Planning efforts to improve risk Department assessments for flood hazards in specific watersheds. Form Partners to Yakima County ners Remove. This generic action Flooding Support meadsFloodplain FCZD and item is replaced with specific Local Planning Management Department actions to form partnerships. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Hail actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Lightning actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for Severe Wind activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Storm actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for several hazards. It will be Severe Winter activities, response Office of removed from the 2022 Update Storm actions, post disaster Emergency and replaced with more specific actions, recovery Management actions that are relevant to the activities. hazard. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Tornado actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 191 of 215 195 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 4.2.2015 Hazard-Specific Mitigation Strategy— Completed and Removed Actions Hazard Action Items Lead Summary of Revisions to 2015 Responsibility Action Items County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for Volcanic activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Eruption actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. Planning and Remove. This is a generic preparedness action item that was repeated for Animal Crop several hazards. It will be activities, response Plan Disease actions, post disaster WSU Extension removed from the 2022 Update Infestation actions, recovery and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Dam Safety actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for HazMat- activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Fixed Facility actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for HazMat- activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Transportation actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness Yakima Valley action item that was repeated for HazMat- activities, response Office of several hazards. It will be Pipeline actions, post disaster Emergency removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery Management and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. Communicable Basic mitigation Yakima Health Remove. This is a general Disease measures include: District action item that encompasses Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 192 of 215 196 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 4.2.2015 Hazard-Specific Mitigation Strategy— Completed and Removed Actions Hazard Action Items Lead Summary of Revisions to 2015 Responsibility Action Items childhood and adult many mitigation strategies for immunization public health emergencies. It will programs; health be removed from the 2022 education in the Update and replaced with more schools and on a narrow, specific action items. community level to address disease transmission and prevention; targeting the mechanism of transmission, such as drug usage for diseases like HIV infection and Hepatitis B; maintaining strict health standards for food service employees and eating establishments; maintaining strict health standards for food products; and utilizing accepted and recommended infection control practices in medical facilities County-wide planning Remove. This is a generic and preparedness action item that was repeated for activities, response Yakima County several hazards. It will be Terrorism actions, post disaster Sheriffs Office removed from the 2022 Update actions, recovery and replaced with more specific activities. actions that are relevant to the hazard. Manage short-term Remove. This is a generic Erosion erosion resulting from Yakima County action item to be clarified and periodic natural Planning replaced with more specific events. actions. Integrate the goals and action items from Hazard Remove. This action is more Multi-Hazard the Yakima County Mitigation appropriate as a part of the Hazards Mitigation Steering implementation strategy, rather Plan into existing Committee than a mitigation action. regulatory documents Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 193 of 215 197 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 4.2.2015 Hazard-Specific Mitigation Strategy—Completed and Removed Actions Hazard Action Items Lead Summary of Revisions to 2015 Responsibility Action Items and programs where appropriate. Identify and pursue funding opportunities Yakima Valley Remove. This action is more Multi-Hazard to develop and Office of appropriate as a part of the implement local and Emergency implementation strategy, rather county mitigation Management than a mitigation action. activities. Establish a formal role for the Yakima County Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee to Hazard Remove. This action is more Multi-Hazard develop a sustainable Mitigation appropriate as a part of the process for Steering implementation strategy, rather implementing, Committee than a mitigation action. monitoring, and evaluating countywide mitigation activities. Emergency Yakima Valley Remove. This action item was preparedness Office of removed for lack of specificity. Multi-Hazard education programs Emergency Specific preparedness programs for schools Management are included in other action items. Yakima Valley Remove. This action item was Drills, exercises in removed for lack of specificity. Office of Specific preparedness programs Multi-Hazard homes, workplaces, Emergency p p p p g classrooms, etc. Management are included in other action items. Distribution of severe Yakima Valley Remove. This action item was Office of removed for lack of specificity. Multi-Hazard weather guides, Specific preparedness programs homeowner's retrofit Emergency are included in other action guide, etc. Management items. Yakima Valley Remove. This action item was Preparedness Office of removed for lack of specificity. Multi-Hazard handbooks, Emergency Specific preparedness programs brochures. Management are included in other action items. Strengthen emergency Yakima Valley Remove. This is part of the Multi-Hazard services preparedness Office of Mitigation Goals, rather than a and response by Emergency distinct action. linking emergency Management Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 194 of 215 198 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 4.2. 2015 Hazard-Specific Mitigation Strategy— Completed and Removed Actions Hazard Action Items Lead Summary of Revisions to 2015 Responsibility Action Items services with hazard mitigation programs and enhancing public education on a countywide scale. Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 195 of 215 199 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 4.5. Analysis and Prioritization This section is not intended to provide a comprehensive description or analysis, nor is it intended to provide the details of economic analysis methods that can be used to evaluate local projects. It is intended to (1)raise benefit/cost analysis as an important issue, and (2) provide some background on how economic analysis can be used to evaluate mitigation projects. Evaluating mitigation projects is a complex and difficult undertaking, which is influenced by many variables. First natural (and technological) disasters affect all segments of the communities they strike, including individuals, businesses, and public services such as fire, police, utilities, and schools. Second, while some of the direct and indirect costs of disaster damages are measurable, some of the costs are non-financial and difficult to quantify in dollars. Third, many of the impacts of such events produce "ripple-effects"throughout the community, greatly increasing the disaster's social and economic consequences. While not easily accomplished, there is value, from a public policy perspective, in assessing the positive and negative impacts from mitigation actions and obtaining an instructive benefit/cost comparison. Otherwise, the decision to pursue or not pursue various mitigation options would not be based on an objective understanding of the net benefit or loss associated with these actions. Benefit/Cost Analysis Benefit/cost analysis is a key mechanism used by WaEMD, FEMA, and other state and federal agencies in evaluating hazard mitigation projects and is required by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as amended. Benefit/cost analysis is used in hazard mitigation to show if the benefits to life and property protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity. Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity should assist Yakima communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, to avoid disaster-related damages later. In benefit/cost analysis, costs and benefits are evaluated in terms of dollars, and a net benefit/cost ratio is computed to determine whether a project should be implemented (i.e., if net benefits exceed net costs, the project is worth pursuing). A project must have a benefit/cost ratio greater than 1 to be funded. The benefits of proposed actions were weighed against multiple factors as part of the project prioritization process. The benefit/cost analysis was not of the detailed variety required by FEMA for project grant eligibility under the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) and Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC)grant program. A less formal approach was used because some actions may not be implemented for several years, and associated costs and benefits could change dramatically in that time. Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 196 of 215 200 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Estimated Cost While the preference is to provide definitive costs for each mitigation action, this is not possible for every mitigation action. Therefore, the estimated costs for the mitigation initiatives identified in this Plan were summarized across five categories. • Very Low: Less than $10,000 • Low: $10,000 to $25,000 • Medium: $25,001 to $100,000 • High: $100,001 to$250,000 • Very High: Greater than $250,000 Potential Benefit Potential benefit for each action item is assigned as Low, Medium, or High using a qualitative framework that considers the following factors: • Eliminates Repetitive Loss • Greatest Economic Impact • Greatest Good for Most People • Least Expensive Option • Funding Is Secure or Easy to Obtain • Can Fund Sooner • Has Greater Public and Political Support • Benefits More Than One Jurisdiction • Addresses Two or More Goals • Local Ability to Perform Project Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 197 of 215 201 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Prioritization Prioritization is based on the combination of several factors-Timeframe, Estimated Cost, and Potential Benefit, as well as the well-established STAPLEE (Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental)criteria, described in Table 4.3. Mitigation actions with the highest STAPLEE scores, when combined with the cost and benefit parameters, represent those mitigation measures that represent the highest priority.The detailed mitigation strategy with each of these parameters listed is included as Appendix E. Table 4.3. STAPLEE Prioritization Table Item Score Social: Do you agree or disagree that the mitigation action is more likely to: be acceptable to the community; does not adversely affect a particular segment of the population; does not cause relocation of lower income people, and is compatible with the community's social and cultural values. Technical: Do you agree or disagree that the mitigation action is technically effective in providing a long-term reduction of losses and has minimal secondary adverse impacts. Administrative: Do you agree that your jurisdiction/organization has the necessary staffing funding to can-out this mitigation action. • Strongly Agree = 5 Political: Do you agree or disagree that the mitigation Agree -4 action has the support of the public and stakeholders • Neither Agree or Disagree 3 who have been offered an opportunity to participate in • -- the planning process.the =2 Legal: Do you agree or disagree that the jurisdiction or • Strongly Disagree = 1 implementing agency has the legal authority to implement and enforce the mitigation action. Economic: Budget constraints can significantly deter the implementation of mitigation actions. Do you agree or disagree that the mitigation action is cost-effective, as determined by a cost-benefit review, and is possible to fund. Environmental: Do you agree or disagree that the mitigation action is sustainable and does not have an adverse effect on the environment, complies with federal, state, and local environmental regulations, and is consistent with the community's environmental goals. TOTAL Total Maximum Score is 35 As the HMP Committee decides to move forward with mitigation actions, the department or agency responsible for implementing the measure will be responsible for taking further action. If the mitigation grant is from the FEMA, a full benefit-cost analysis that meets FEMA's requirements may be necessary. Section 4. Mitigation Strategy Page 198 of 215 202 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 SECTION 5. MITIGATION STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND PLAN INTEGRATION This section describes Yakima County's capacity and capability to implement the mitigation strategy outlined in Section 4. The essential components for successful implementation are funding, resource allocation, and organizational capacity. The multi jurisdictional mitigation strategy identifies the principal Yakima County and municipal agencies and departments that are responsible for implementing each identified action item. The strategy also considers other jurisdictions and state or federal partner agencies for collaboration. FEMA requires the evaluation of existing hazard management policies, programs, and capabilities that exist and could be used to implement the mitigation strategy. Many Yakima County departments, programs, and collaborative groups can help reduce losses from emergencies and disasters. The capability of participating jurisdictions to implement mitigation activities is described briefly in each Jurisdiction Annex. 5.1. Existing Policies and Programs This section describes the legal, regulatory, and programmatic mechanisms in place in Yakima County to support effective implementation of mitigation actions. The information is summarized in Table 5.1 below, which includes key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects. Table 5.1.Yakima County Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Comments Codes and Ordinances Building Code Chapter 13 of the Yakima County Code serves as the adopted County Building Code. The Code includes the 2018 International Building Codes with certain amendments ad adopted by the State of Washington. Relevant sections include structural design, roof snow load, wind design, earthquake design, flood design, and fire protection systems. Zoning The Yakima County Planning Division manages and enforces the Unified Land Development Code, last updated in 2022. Hazard-Specific Chapter 16C of the Yakima County Code includes hazard- specific policies and enforcement, including flood hazard areas, wetlands, and geologically hazardous areas. Chapter 16D adopts the Shoreline Master Program, which protects critical areas within shoreline jurisdiction. Yakima County has also adopted the 2018 International Wildland-Urban Interface Code (Chapter 13.12)with certain amendments. Subdivisions The Yakima County Zoning and Subdivision Division manages subdivision permitting and development as outlined in Yakima County Code Chapter 19.34. Stormwater Management Yakima County and the cities of Selah, Sunnyside, and Union Gap make up the Yakima Regional Stormwater Group. This interagency group reviews regional stormwater policies and Section 5. Implementation & Integration Page 199 of 215 203 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 5.1.Yakima County Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Comments permitting processes. Stormwater management is addressed in Chapter 12 of the Yakima County Code. Growth Management The Washington State Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter 36.70A)directs growth management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Public Health and Safety Yakima County Code Chapter 6 addresses health, welfare, and sanitation ordinances. Chapter 6.04 creates the Yakima County Health District, which is responsible for implementing public health programs. Environmental Protection The Washington State Yakima River Conservation Area (RCW 79A.05.750) establishes a protected river corridor from Selah Gap to Union Gap. The intent of this legislation is to preserve river wetlands in their natural state and manage development alon• the conservation river corridor. Community Planning Comprehensive The Horizon 2040 Comprehensive Plan was adopted by the Yakima County Commissioners in 2017. The plan includes a natural hazards element that outlines goals and policies resulting in development that minimizes loss of life and property from disasters. Environmental Protection Yakima County government includes a Water Resources Division and an Environmental and Natural Resources group. The Water Resources Division manages various plans to protect environmental resources, including watershed and water storage studies, flood hazard reduction plans, and groundwater management. The Environmental and Natural Resources Planning Section is responsible for implementing policies that protect natural resources as a part of development projects. Yakima County and various municipalities are parties to the Yakima Basin Integrated Water Management Plan, which is a collaborative effort to address fishery, habitat, and climate variability challenges in the Yakima River Basin. Transportation The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last u•dated in 2020. Response/Recovery Planning Comprehensive Emergency Yakima County last updated its CEMP in 2019. This plan is Management Plan (CEMP) maintained by Yakima Valley Emergency Management. Comprehensive Flood The Yakima Countywide Flood Control Zone District manages Hazard Management Plans four CFHMPs— Upper Yakima River, Lower Yakima River, (CFHMP) Naches River, and Ahtanum-Wide Hollow. These plans identify mitigation strategies and regulatory needs for flooding in Yakima County. Community Wildfire The Yakima County CWPP was last updated in 2014 and was Protection Plan (CWPP) undergoing revisions at the time of HMP development(2022). Section 5. Implementation & Integration Page 200 of 215 204 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 5.1.Yakima County Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Comments The CWPP will become an annex to the HMP as of 2022 and will be maintained by YVEM moving forward. Additionally, there are three community specific CWPPs in the County, including Highway 410, Highway 12, and Cowiche Mountain. Continuity of Operations Yakima County does not have a COOP or Continuity of Plan (COOP) Government plan in place currently. Yakima Valley Emergency Management YVEM is responsible for the full spectrum of emergency management in Yakima County and 14 other member jurisdictions, including maintaining and updating the CEMP and HMP. The CEMP was last updated in 2019 and includes the City of Yakima's CEMP as an annex. The CEMP also includes a Flood Emergency Response Plan. YVEM also manages the Community Preparedness Program, which includes training based on the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) curriculum. Finally, YVEM manages the Local Emergency Planning Committee to provide coordination and oversight of hazardous materials in the county. Yakima Countywide Flood Control Zone District The Flood Control Zone District(FCZD)was established in 1998 to address flood management needs in Yakima County. The FCZD is responsible for flood planning, flood proofing and elevation of structures, flood warning and emergency response, and identifying and implementing other flood-related mitigation projects and regulations. FCZD maintains CFHMPs for the Upper Yakima River(2018), Naches River(2006), and Ahtanum-Wide Hollow(2012). Yakima County Planning Division The Yakima County Planning Division is responsible for community development service activities related to subdivision, zoning, environmental, long-range comprehensive planning, and other intergovernmental projects. The Environmental Section administers the Yakima County Critical Areas Ordinance, Regional Shoreline Master Program, and Washington State Environmental Policy Act. The Zoning and Subdivision Section implements the County Comprehensive Plan and other development regulations. The Long-Range Planning Section is responsible for the maintenance of the County Comprehensive Plan and formulating plans and policies for county land use in alignment with the Washington State Growth Management Act Yakima County Building and Fire Safety Division The Building and Fire Safety Division is responsible for managing and issuing building permits in alignment with the Building Code. The Yakima County adopted building code includes the 2018 International Building Code and Title 13 Amendments. Various sections of the building code relate to hazard-specific building requirements, as well as opportunities to reduce hazard vulnerability. Examples include the 2018 International Wildland-Urban Interface Code, roof snow loads, flood, wind, and earthquake design, required fire protection systems, and more. Section 5. Implementation & Integration Page 201 of 215 205 to t0 E 0 as a) >+IP CO C Vj N 0 TO O E ton Cci) O CNI 0 0 Q O } Co 7 `� L Co E c a N N C O O C O E 0 C a) V D �• Co 0 y V CO j0 to Y m c c N Co c 'C art+ 9 N O) - .7 O 7 CO o C E �` a) c a o } oc c Co c ,� v - 0 o a C coes a) a) C c2 y... 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Funding There are several current and potential grant programs that help jurisdictions implement hazard mitigation projects. FEMA administers many of the grant programs listed below. FEMA is not the only source of funding for mitigation assistance. There are other agencies involved in funding projects that can also serve to reduce risks from disasters and emergency events. These agencies include but are not limited to the Department of Homeland Security, the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the US Department of Agriculture. Many of the potential sources of funds that can be used for mitigating hazards are identified below. Federal Emergency Management Agency Grant Programs The following grant programs are made available through the Stafford Act: Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) FEMA has developed the Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) program through the Disaster Recovery Reform Act to address National Public Infrastructure Pre- Disaster Hazard Mitigation. BRIC replaced the Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program. BRIC supports states, local communities, tribes, and territories as they undertake hazard mitigation projects, reducing the risks they face from disasters and natural hazards through capability-and capacity-building; encouraging and enabling innovation; promoting partnerships; enabling large projects; maintaining flexibility; and providing consistency. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)was created in November 1988 under the authority of the Stafford Act, Section 404. The HMGP assists states and local governments to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures following a Presidential major disaster declaration. Initially, the federal cost share for projects 75% of a project's total eligible costs. Objectives of HMGP include: • Preventing loss of lives and property due to disasters • Implementing state and local hazard mitigation plans • Enabling mitigation measures to be implemented during immediate recovery from a disaster • Providing funding for previously identified mitigation measures that benefit the area Public Assistance (PA) The objective of FEMA's Public Assistance (PA) Grant Program is to aid states, tribes, local governments, and certain nonprofit organizations to alleviate suffering and hardship resulting from major disasters or emergencies declared by the President. Through the PA Program, FEMA provides supplemental Federal disaster grant assistance for the repair, replacement, or restoration of disaster-damaged, publicly owned facilities and the facilities of certain Private Non-Profit(PNP) organizations. The Federal share of assistance is not less than 75% of the eligible cost for emergency measures and permanent restoration. National Flood Insurance Act Grant Programs The following grant programs are available under the National Flood Insurance Act. Flood Mitigation Assistance Program The overall goal of the Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program is to fund cost-effective measures that reduce or eliminate the long-term risk of flood damage to buildings, Section 5. Implementation & Integration Page 205 of 215 209 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 manufactured homes, and other National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) insurable structures. This specifically includes: • Reducing the number of repetitively or substantially damaged structures and the associated flood insurance claims • Encouraging long-term, comprehensive hazard mitigation planning • Responding to the needs of communities participating in the NFIP to expand their mitigation activities beyond floodplain development activities and permitting • Complementing other federal and state mitigation programs with similar, long-term mitigation goals There are three types of FMA Program grants: • Planning grants to assist the state and communities in developing flood mitigation plans • Project grants to fund eligible flood mitigation projects that will greatly reduce or eliminate the risk of flood damage- "non-structural" hazard mitigation measures such as the elevation, relocation, or acquisition of flood-prone structures are encouraged • Technical assistance grants provide guidance to applicants in applying for the program or in implementing approved projects All FMA Program grants are offered on a cost-share basis requiring 25% non-federal match. Repetitive Flood Claims The Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC)grant program was authorized by the Bunning-Bereuter- Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004(P.L. 108-264), which amended the National Flood Insurance Act(NFIA) of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4001, et al). Up to $10 million is available annually for FEMA to provide RFC funds to assist States and communities reduce flood damages to insured properties that have had one or more claims to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Severe Repetitive Loss The Severe Repetitive Loss(SRL)grant program was authorized by the Bunning-Bereuter- Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004, which amended the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 to provide funding to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk of flood damage to severe repetitive loss(SRL)structures insured under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). SRL properties are residential properties that have: • At least four NFIP claim payments over$5,000 each, when at least two such claims have occurred within any ten-year period, and the cumulative amount of such claims payments exceeds$20,000; or • For which at least two separate claims payments have been made with the cumulative amount of the building portion of such claims exceeding the value of the property, when two such claims have occurred within any ten-year period. Aspects of the SRL program are as follows: • Purpose: To reduce or eliminate claims under the NFIP through project activities that will result in the greatest savings to the National Flood Insurance Fund (NFIF). • Eligible flood mitigation project activities: Floodprooflng (historical properties only), Relocation; Elevation; Acquisition; Mitigation reconstruction (demolition rebuild); and Minor physical localized flood control projects. Section 5. Implementation & Integration Page 206 of 215 210 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Federal /Non-Federal cost share: 75 /25 %; up to 90% Federal cost-share funding for projects approved in States, Territories, and Federally recognized Indian tribes with FEMA-approved Standard or Enhanced Mitigation Plans or Indian tribal plans that include a strategy for mitigating existing and future SRL properties. Other Federal Grant Programs U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Eligible projects include levee rehabilitation and repair of flood control works damaged by floods. Technical engineering assistance is also available. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency • Wetland Protection, Restoration, and Stewardship Discretionary Funding Program: This program provides support for studies and activities related to implementation of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act for both wetlands and sediment management. Projects can support regulatory, planning, restoration, or outreach issues. USDA - Rural Development Agency: Develop essential public facilities in rural areas and towns of less than 20,000 people. Construct, enlarge, or improve community facilities for health care, public safety, and public service. USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service • Wetlands Reserve Program: This program offers landowners the opportunity to receive payments for restoring and protecting wetlands on their property. Landowners are provided cost-share funds to restore wetlands. • Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program:This program is a voluntary program for people who want to develop and improve wildlife habitat primarily on private lands. It provides both technical assistance and cost-share payments to help establish and improve fish and wildlife habitat. U.S. Small Business Administration Loan Program Through its Office of Disaster Assistance (ODA), the SBA is responsible for providing affordable, timely and accessible financial assistance to homeowners, renters and businesses following a disaster. Financial assistance is available in the form of low-interest, long-term loans. SBA's disaster loans are the primary form of federal assistance for the repair and rebuilding of non-farm, private sector disaster losses. For this reason, the disaster loan program is the only form of SBA assistance not limited to small businesses. Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act In 2022, the federal legislature based on the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act(IIJA)to invest in the modernization of transportation, drinking water, and wastewater infrastructure. The bill provides $550 billion in spending on infrastructure over five years, including $47 billion for resilient infrastructure and $48 billion for water infrastructure. Funding will be distributed across many federal agencies and programs, but many mitigation projects should be eligible for funding under the following strategies: Flood Mitigation (including Army Corps of Engineers priorities and FEMA Flood Mitigation Assistance Grants), Wildfire Management, Wildfire Risk Reduction, Drought, Cybersecurity, FEMA BRIC Grants, Waste Management, and more. Section 5. Implementation & Integration Page 207 of 215 211 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Other Sources Other agencies to contact regarding possible grants to help implement hazard mitigation plans are the Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Fire Administration. Federal agencies are not the only sources for funds. The state of Washington and other nongovernmental organizations may also be able to assist in the implementation of hazard mitigation measures by providing technical assistance, grants, or additional resources. It may be possible to add a mitigation component to specific projects or complete a grant project that also proves to help reduce the impacts from the identified hazards even if that is not the project's main objective. Section 5. Implementation & Integration Page 208 of 215 212 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 SECTION 6. PLAN MAINTENANCE, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION The plan maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation section details the formal process that will ensure that the HMP remains an active and relevant document. The process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the HMP annually and producing a plan revision every five years. Plan maintenance will be the overall responsibility of YVEM. 6.1. Plan Adoption YVEM will be responsible for facilitating the adoption of the HMP in coordination with participating jurisdictions. The Yakima County Board of County Commissioners (BOCC)will be responsible for adopting for the county, city councils for the cities/towns, and governing bodies for the special districts.These governing bodies have the authority to promote sound public policy regarding natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. Once the plan has been reviewed and approved by the HMP Committee, YVEM will be responsible for submitting it to the Mitigation Officer at WaEMD. WaEMD will then submit the plan to FEMA for review. This review will address the federal criteria outlined in FEMA Interim Final Rule 44 CFR Part 201. FEMA will designate the HMP as"Approved Pending Adoption", giving each governing body up to 12 months to formally adopt the plan. Upon local adoption, Yakima County and the participating jurisdictions will gain eligibility for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds. YVEM and each participating jurisdiction will maintain documentation of local plan adoption. Section 6. Plan Maintenance Page 209 of 215 213 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 6.2. Plan Maintenance The HMP will be reviewed on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or mitigation priorities. The YVEM Director or their designee will serve as a facilitator to convene meetings of the HMP Committee. Plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among the jurisdictions, but YVEM is responsible for plan maintenance. The facilitator, or designee, will be responsible for contacting the HMP Committee and participating jurisdictions and organizing the annual meeting. Jurisdictions will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the HMP based upon their area of expertise. Annual review of the plan allows for"mid-course" corrections to the plan and consider additional funding opportunities. Evaluation of the plan provides the opportunity to: • Incorporate new information and updated scientific data about hazards • Coordinate mitigation efforts with local, state, and federal agencies • Modify the plan's goals • Devise new hazard mitigation actions that more effectively address the identified risks • Engage the public in hazard mitigation and preparedness Yakima County HMP Committee The HMP Committee will be responsible for coordinating implementation of plan action items and undertaking the formal review process for mitigation issues covering the entire county. The choice of these county departments as the core group of committee members is based upon county-wide planning initiatives (e.g., Flood Control Zone District and Wildland Fire)which involve other jurisdictions as well as special districts. This HMP Steering Committee will consist of the following departments and agencies: • Yakima County Departments/Agencies a Yakima Valley Office of Emergency Management a Public Services a Environmental Services a Flood Control Zone District/Water Resources Division a Environmental/Natural Resources a Subdivision/Zoning a Building & Fire Safety a Code Enforcement a Geographic Information Systems a Technology Services a Facilities • Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Representative • Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) Representative Cities and Towns YVEM will use the existing city/town emergency organization structure to facilitate the review, solicit public feedback and coordinate the promulgation of the Yakima County HMP. YVEM has established within each city and town an emergency structure consisting of the Mayor, City Manager/Administrator, City Attorney, City Clerk, Fire Chief, Police Chief, Public Works Director, Section 6. Plan Maintenance Page 210 of 215 214 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 School Superintendent, Code Enforcement, and others selected by the Mayor/City Manager. YVEM has created an Emergency Operations Center for emergency/disaster response in each of the thirteen cities and towns. These existing emergency networks within the unincorporated areas of the county as well as the incorporated cities and towns will continue to function as part of the HMP Committee. Special Districts A benefit of the mitigation planning process conducted by YVEM is an increased awareness by special districts of the importance of emergency planning beyond the typical response to an incident. These special jurisdictions are becoming aware of mitigation as a proactive element of emergencies. Special districts (i.e., schools, fire, and irrigation)will be encouraged to annex into the plan and it will become a work in progress for their emergency planning efforts. The challenge facing YVEM will be to encourage districts to become an active partner in their community's efforts to mitigate the impact of major disasters. However, these special districts will use the HMP as a stand-alone document in support their jurisdiction's planning. YVEM will continue to provide information and solicit comment from fire and law enforcement association meetings and utilize the ESD #105 to reach out to the school districts. Plan Revisions During annual plan review meetings, the HMP Committee representatives responsible for the various action items will report on the status of the projects, the success of various implementation processes, difficulties encountered, the success of coordination efforts, and which strategies should be revised or removed. Each annual mitigation meeting must be documented, including the plan evaluation and review of mitigation actions. YVEM ensures that necessary changes and revisions to the plan are prepared, coordinated, published, and distributed. YVEM will submit updates to WaEMD as needed. The plan will undergo revision whenever: • Any other condition occurs that causes conditions to change • Local government structure changes • Community situations change • FEMA requirements change Section 6. Plan Maintenance Page 211 of 215 215 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 6.3. Continued Public Involvement Yakima County jurisdictions are dedicated to involving the public directly in the continual review and updates of the HMP. The public will also have the opportunity to provide feedback on the HMP annually. The HMP will be posted to the YVEM website along with any proposed changes. This site will also contain an email address and phone number to which people can direct their comments and concerns. A public meeting will also be held after each annual evaluation or when deemed necessary by the steering committee. The meeting will provide the public a forum for which they can express their concerns, opinions, or ideas about the Plan. YVEM will utilize local resources to publicize annual public meetings and maintain public involvement through the webpage, and newspapers. Section 6. Plan Maintenance Page 212 of 215 216 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 6.4. Five Year Formal Review Process As part of the hazard mitigation planning process, FEMA expects plans to be monitored, evaluated, and re-submitted to FEMA for review and approval. All updates or amendments to this Plan must be submitted to FEMA for review and approval. This entire HMP must be updated and reapproved within 5 years from the plan's original adoption date. Below is a recommended five-year action plan for YVEM and the HMP Committee to follow five years following the adoption of this HMP, and then every five years thereafter. It should be noted that the schedule below can be modified as necessary and does not include any meetings and/or activities that would be necessary following a disaster event. The HMP Committee should reconvene within 90 days of a disaster or emergency to determine what mitigation projects should be prioritized during the community recovery. If an emergency meeting of the HMP Committee occurs,this proposed schedule may be altered to fit any new needs. Year 0: • April— September 2022: Update Hazard Mitigation Plan, including a series of planning team meetings & public meetings. Submit 2022 Hazard Mitigation Plan for WaEMD and FEMA approval. • October 2022- December 2022: Obtain WaEMD and FEMA approval; formally adopt the Plan by resolution. Work on mitigation actions. As mitigation actions occur, lead agencies/departments will report on project status and progress to YVEM and/or the HMP committee. Year 1: • January—March 2023: Prepare for and promote the first annual plan review and public meetings. Departments will provide a status update for each mitigation action/project. • April 2023: Reconvene HMP Committee for first annual mitigation meeting. Introduce the concept of mitigation plan integration with other planning documents. Host first annual public meeting. • May— December 2023: Work on mitigation actions. As mitigation actions occur, lead agencies/departments will report on project status and progress to YVEM and/or the HMP committee. Encourage plan integration efforts. Year 2: • January— March 2024: Prepare for and promote second annual plan review and public meetings. Departments will provide a status update for each mitigation action/project. • April 2024: Reconvene HMP Committee for annual mitigation meeting. Review plan integration efforts. Host annual public meeting. • May- December 2024: Work on mitigation actions. As mitigation actions occur, lead agencies/departments will report on project status and progress to YVEM and/or the HMP committee. Encourage plan integration efforts. Year 3: • January— March 2025: Prepare for and promote annual plan review and public meetings. Departments will provide a status update for each mitigation action/project. • April 2025: Reconvene HMP Committee for annual mitigation meeting. Review plan integration efforts. Host annual public meeting. Section 6. Plan Maintenance Page 213 of 215 217 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • May— December 2025: Work on mitigation actions. As mitigation actions occur, lead agencies/departments will report on project status and progress to YVEM and/or the HMP committee. Encourage plan integration efforts. Year 4: • January—March 2026: Prepare for and promote annual plan review and public meetings. Departments will provide a status update for each mitigation action/project. • April 2026: Reconvene HMP Committee for annual mitigation meeting. Review plan integration efforts. Host annual public meeting. • May— December 2026: Work on mitigation actions. As mitigation actions occur, lead agencies/departments will report on project status and progress to YVEM and/or the HMP committee. Encourage plan integration efforts. Year 5: • January— December 2027: Update 2022 Hazard Mitigation Plan, including a series of mitigation planning team meetings and public meetings. • Submit 2027 Hazard Mitigation Plan for WaEMD and FEMA approval. Repeat. Section 6. Plan Maintenance Page 214 of 215 218 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 6.5. Procedures for Additional Jurisdictions to the HMP Jurisdictions and special districts not included in the 2022 HMP Update may choose to annex into the plan at any time. The procedure for adding jurisdictions was developed by YVEM in cooperation with the WaEMD. 1. A jurisdiction not included in this update and wishing to join the plan contacts YVEM with the request to become a participant of the plan. 2. YVEM provides the jurisdiction with a copy of the approved plan, planning requirements and any other pertinent data. 3. The jurisdiction reviews the plan and develops the portions of the plan that are specific to the jurisdiction as directed by YVEM staff. The portion of the plan must meet the requirements of the most recent version of FEMA's Local Mitigation Planning Handbook. 4. The new jurisdiction submits its portions of the plan to YVEM, and the new jurisdiction plan is forwarded to the State Hazard Mitigation Program Manager for review and compliance with current Local Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning Guidance. 5. The State Hazard Mitigation Program Manager reviews the new jurisdiction plan for compliance with current Local Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning Guidance in conjunction with the Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. If the new jurisdiction does not meet the required standard, the State Hazard Mitigation Program Manager will work with the jurisdiction to resolve issues until it does. 6. The State Hazard Mitigation Program Manager forwards the new jurisdiction plan to FEMA Region X for review and comment. Upon approval from FEMA Region X, the new jurisdiction is considered part of the Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan and will comply with the update schedule of the plan. Section 6. Plan Maintenance Page 215 of 215 219 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 APPENDIX A. ACRONYMS Acronym Definition AIDS Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome BAER Burned Area Emergency Response BFE Base Flood Elevations BOCC Board of County Commissioners BRIC Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear CDC Centers for Disease Control CEMP Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CERT Community Emergency Response Team CFHMP Comprehensive Flood Hazard Management Plan CFR Code of Federal Regulations CGS Columbia Generating Station CID Community Identifier CNG Compressed Natural Gas COG Continuity of Government COOP Continuity of Operations CRS Community Rating System CSZ Cascadia Subduction Zone CWPP Community Wildfire Protection Plan DHS Department of Homeland Security DNR Department of Natural Resources DOE Department of Energy DOL Department of Licensing DOT Department of Transportation EAP Emergency Action Plan EMD Emergency Management Department EMS Emergency Medical Services EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act ESD Education Service District EV Electric Vehicle _ _ FCZD Flood Control Zone District FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Maps FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance FRCC Fire Regime Condition Class Appendix A A-1 220 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Acronym Definition FTA Federal Transportation Authority GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information Systems HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program HMP Hazard Mitigation Plan IBC International Building Code IIJA Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act IT Information Technology LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee MJHMP Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan MMI Modified Mercalli Intensity MPH Miles per hour NE Northeast NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NID National Inventory of Dams NOAA National Oceanic &Atmospheric Administration NW Northwest NWS National Weather Service ODA Office of Disaster Assistance (SBA) OR Oregon OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PA Public Assistance PDM Pre-Disaster Mitigation PNP Private Nonprofit RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RCW Revised Code of Washington RFC Repetitive Flood Claims SBA Small Business Administration SE Southeast SPC Storm Prediction Center SVI Social Vulnerability Index SW Southwest TB Tuberculosis UGA Urban Growth Area URM Unreinforced Masonry US United States USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USDM U.S. Drought Monitor Appendix A A-2 221 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Acronym Definition USDOT U.S. Department of Transportation USGS U.S. Geological Survey VEI Volcanic Explosivity Index WSDOT Washington State Department of Transportation WSU Washington State University WUI Wildland-Urban Interface YCOG Yakima Council of Governments YVEM Yakima Valley Emergency Management Appendix A A-3 222 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 APPENDIX B. PLANNING PROCESS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT This appendix provides detailed supporting documentation and evidence of the six-month plan update process for the 2022 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP). Documentation includes efforts to engage the public in plan review (press releases, social media posts, website information, etc.) as well as engagement from planning committee members (meeting attendance, etc.) Community Preparedness Survey The Community Preparedness Survey was distributed in both English and Spanish for more than four months. Distribution included two press releases, email distribution through the Yakima County Commissioners listserv, posting to the Yakima Valley Emergency Management (YVEM), Yakima County, and City of Yakima websites, and posting to social media (Facebook). Screenshots of this distribution are included below. '''''''D - ... City of Yakima �i "....-.47';: ` • VISITYAKIMA- BUSINESS- SERVICES- DEPARTMENTS- C- (,,,, Disaster Preparedness Survey By City of Yakima April r3,2022 You are invited to take a Community Disaster Preparedness Survey.This survey will help a Yakima County planning committee understand your experiences with disasters,potential impacts and the current preparedness of your household and the community as a whole. The survey should only take about 5-7 minutes to complete.Your input will help Yakima Valley Emergency Management better serve our community members.You can access the survey at https://survey.alchemercom/s3/679738r/Yakima-County-Mitigation. Yakima County is currently updating its Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan(HMP).The HMP will help communities prevent significant property damage and loss of life in the event of a disaster.An important element of the HMP is community feedback,such as the Disaster Preparedness Survey. The HMP is required by the Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)every five years for our community to be eligible for certain types of grant funding.You can visit this page for project updates and ways that community members can influence plan development. Appendix B B-1 223 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 t ,, City of Yakima ir' k �i VISIT YAKIMA- BUSINESS- SERVICES- DEPARTMENTS- CI Nelson Dam Project Updates on Nelson Dam removal craws r. ae "' WINDOWS% '1111111.11111 ,l w Y�irli t e Disaster Preparedness Survey Windows Alive!Downtown Yakima Art Yakima Comity is updating its hazard mitigation A new Windows Alive!art exhibit can be seen now plan and encourages your participation in a disaster in various storefronts in Downtown Yakima Click preparedness survey.Click"Read More"for details "Read More for more about this unique project led about the plan and a link to the survey. by the Yakima Arts Commission Read More» Read More» COThe city A Yakima Intro ., . r April is National Yakima is bated in the Mal,of Central Waslingtnn Yakima a a full- . ..." Volunteer Month - a - o Nge'C osnment at.. la Like I Comment Share ^- l. not W5.601) el Mite a comment.. Cr alyotyakima.sodaleda@yakimaexgm ® - The My A Yakima ... Vsr o posrvg Soon Yakima Cmunhhas a'-ns-.r preparedness survey and needs to Mar from you.What are you doing to prepare for emegeloe5?Vawe do you get . into?,stem know at Ptoto�from Sept 2o?➢,ldfireznntrin��oe!?lrr'r Nma Photos i loan.'+ ikork lit . i. mull Ye . fiF r cargo tal twin.aid We al 6011 n II! F u t F _ Vt.. k 1PI - LL p, -a Uki it imp 3Shares o c hotline l(. • . Like A sc 11 comment are 0 e oS7Sor r6 its A j ... --..� Write a comment.. O ® g Appendix B B-2 224 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 OC.,„:4 YA K I NIA Emergency Management Groundwater Manag. . . COMMUNITY uvuiwII lJ� Resources ► Training Resources . NOTIFICATION SIGN UP Volunteer! ► Graphical Weather Update(NWS Pendleton) YVEM Subscriptions FEMA's Frequently Asked Questions on Wireless Emergency Alerts(WEA) iTOME LA ENCUESTA SOBRE For more disaster updates follow us on Facebook or Twitter LA PREPARACION PARA DESASTRES EN LA COMUNIDAD DEL CONDADO Public Disclosure Request DE YAKIMA! ril Yakima Valley Emergency Management LC: 122 676 followers J Appendix B B- 225 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Public Meetings The planning team hosted two public meetings for the HMP plan update process, one at the beginning of the process and one during the final plan review period. The kick-off public meeting in April 2022 was a hybrid, in-person and virtual opportunity, while the final meeting in August was virtual only. Public meeting information was distributed through YVEM, Yakima County and City of Yakima websites, social media, press releases to the Yakima Herald and YakTri News, and through various listservs. Screenshots of this distribution are included below. About Us -sec cornyurnty.Ern,genc.Man;oement>Public Meetings Alert Yakima Public Meetings County Emergency Plans Event Date/Time Location Call in Number Conference ID Executive Board Meeting February 16th,2022 2403 5.18th St.,Union Gap,WA (206)485-3656 557055931# LEPC o93oam OEM Training Room Hazard Mitigation Meeting for April nth,2022 2403 S.18th St,Union Gap,WA (650)419-1505 573869433 Preparing for Disasters • Public Comment 06:3opm-o83opm OEM Training Room (In-person or virtual) Prevention YAK I M A Emergency Management Groundwater Management Health District Resources COMMUNITY Commissioners at the city councils for each participating municipality.Every year,the planning team will meet to monitor and report on progress on identified mitigation actions.In zo27,the plan will be completely reviewed and updated,continuing on a five-year cycle.Continued implementation of mitigation actions will help us steadily reduce the risks posed by hazards to our community. Public Involvement Residents and community stakeholders will be regularly engaged in the hazard mitigation planning process.Key roles for members of the public include:•Shape the mitigation goals that guide the focus of the entire plan.•Inform priority community assets and vulnerable groups.•Prioritize mitigation actions for the community to implement over the life of the plan. You can submit a public comment at any time during the planning process by emailing Leah Bausch at Leah.Rauschfi- s-consulting.com. We also ask that residents join the following public meetings to provide feedback and comment: Public meeting on Monday,April11 from 6:3o-8:0o PM To participate in-person,join us at the Yakima Valley Emergency Management Offices:2403 S.18th St.,Union Gap,WA (OEM Training Room) To participate virtually.use the meeting information below.Using your computer: https://v.ringcentral.com/join/573869433 By Phone:(65o)419-1505 Access Code/Meeting ID:573869433 Appendix B B-4 226 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • „Wall, FCO Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Communities Coalition @YVFACC Non-Governmental Organization(NGO) SL Kl pease let us know howwe can help. Videos Photos About More• fib Like Q ... About 41 Create post O The purpose of the yvfacc a ly Photo;'cu.,D Cfieckin 1 Tag fiends 1` 499 people like this 0 512 people fellow the r fikim rm Yakima Valley Fre Adapted Co unities Coalition e� ® r.'p,ifreaoaDaedyak�ma.org/ O Send message II Non-Governmental Organisation(NGO) Photos See ad PUBLIC - _.,,,,,,rot 11111I(;,. wv. - 1 M EETI NG MOW... '4.X NOTICE BAN la lab° ___AIL_ .___ dIM Volume Valley Emergency Management March 31 at254 PM-(i Videos See all YAKIMA COUNTY HAZARD PLANNING EFFORTSEBONG PUBLIC COMMENT Yakina County has experienced several natural and human-carsed disasters in resent years- //// lardsTel_See more • J i A ii / like i_.Comment ,.ej Share Appendix B B-5 227 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 YAKTRI NEWS COM NEWS SPORTS WEATHER MORE Yakima42° SEVERE WEATHER A Winter Weather Advisory (Moderate) - Washington: East ' Yakima County needs input on hazard mitigation plan Posted: April 7,2022 4:29 PM by Emily Goodell Yakima galley covrkim W �( � aster ResilieCommunity° 'CE 171. me-` Dis - nt Ir akin , , . . - ,.... Appendix B B-6 228 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 20� 22 12A•VdmfiSOAY,,PRZ6.2022 GYWA IillUtDiSPlJLC•1YVM16lYCe111111 Public Notices Garage Sales yg1.g AlC1E IryVIQQII[[eA�J \ 5:5W1.'Aef g2 Public Notices NOTICE OF PUBLIC Union GeV ISAI. 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Tin Board resamas ea rya COL1NI59ON Frk l y-Saturday, 609829571yNo Sat. price for all.509-697E823 to Nita wry Of all ba.a Ibm-3pin Mee ye jacket. Lath.Jeans Sae 32 and Satiated apple wood, c pane ard Pura-ant 10 CeatAr•5.45 cheat and lr blrytle BOO feet of small tope 5401bin,500-966-1174 new bake o;hen teat a Proceeds support 530.001a al 815.001a all. GONE as Mt day at Apo ca..'necking as be held missions.no early bbdsl 509-829-5715.No.Sat. 509829-5715Mo Sot 2022 Ircerlinpro-2mpm on Mount Cave Lutheran Soni 10,202210 nomvare Womten s SAS sarfdab. ATTEST:AM Lamina- Cantldaaa to pcalnna I end Church We Mar b. 110tM Xyygyftram01.stir 7. Cora to ea Borg 2 m ea WasFw U.m Lila new.676. Care aeon.Dump ra SO9A52.73555 509.452.73SS p CLASSIFIEDS (26755)Aped 6 and 13,2072 meed4 ailing ons mayy ce '�'� ��_ 1f09.379-4fOD. made by ailing t3601902- L.W�IFIEDS . ..__........__., .,,x.nu..0..,.._ .___._._..._. The Yakima Police Dept•needs a swing shill c.aumin mec,blame to 93C9 SERVEO By Tonduct a ON 14.2ST2lo :corps of mak a tannin red PUBLICATION-TO' veuc5npf.00oagyrW., conduct 6a sonar ream of maintenance Vociafan w7 2 years exp.performing eta canpe,md r tee V vanv buildingmaintenance,cleaningandr air work.Exp. CoMARIS JAEL M,prO2A, Ea.mben'Lao. eta ails Tibew keel Edueelkn roper Mote-.an order be lxcledton Oita ream ao Noo9 tGa, Crane Application.Tt60pOWpmy In carpentry,construction,plumbing,eleceical•and Tne C ty metes al Ineerested was pan[ad on bN 7m, Sweet Cute zoo.:n Unix Goo hosing nil betlnetaxueni XVAC Is preferred.Must be oble la IMP a txcmpcoNraCUO ioacpY. 20�.0p behalf a «snit bov6mW.An as Paif d Ibe IMun Education No 0teel u deftimraoil or Caaanlhc Mlefao a.Faber eke abc tuna ic0009 mi Patent MmHg in ale Waofln background Imrostigation. c ureWCaiof..Zed'rill aria lee Mast daCam.Obtain tate glass in September 2022 Ili fp Sdnd Lbary tCW(.Vlronee0 mroeh` tmpW•al V4kimd Candy wmn ton tan pun is ready b, weed Iho complete posting Sa I oared cumlea am! Ceroiaaoude-3ra loci.12e N. tens 426932)6pg 10 and 13.2022 Pla jobpos�t'i�ng PP y :mot mows eo bearez TM SPOT'Yakm.1 Wn YIwW.Yekim2120.9 ,lg� rnteryrxa en alluY•a !RA01 For more alromanon of eo IW and kin 09000001y to 0/910t0.'kg ilia public We have it-SO9.452.7335 Closes 4119,22 s,6l and an etv5,I wawbai. (2rNp71 Apr 1a.TmT maann9.borealmeet,11nrw,rm TApma, Y �©®EOE FCC ceGn COMMc 21aTlFYoasNeedOg APeace. Pubic Woos Meow(WOne 509696 2,i,, an, e nne,u.nC2 --^ 509.452.7355 7�. -- flak " " �_ teo�7 C6yClerk Nmw"'ti � ieawer -mare- 509..1 .7355 EllCLASSIFIEDS.. �"v CLASSIFIEDS '2705,1Aptno.2022 CLASSIFIEDS CLAS FIEDS ..• ..^•-.. Appendix B B-7 229 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 d 2E•Stea7AY,APs.10,2022 Y,VO.tAPP RAtDAmOEuc•11110WHI PAtooOH Employment Employment Employment Employment ITEMS UNDER$100 GROUNDSKEEPER/LABORER Paaa year ad M yaktmntaraada..01.,Meda The Yakima Housing Authority is seeking a Fug Time 11ia Rey err am.1 a,at,le,W9yrli,uM,dd.aam as well as a Seasonal Groundskeeper/Laborer. Position is responsible for maintenance of grounds Bergin Bin Favorite Applique including general lawn core;litter control;sprinkler Patterns.Vol.1.6,trot irrigation/maintenance:srww,lce removal:operation Nachos Valley School District is hiring for: 6)cobee cups and Old Country Store. of various motor-operated equipment.Valid saucers,swirl pattern, NEW. $30. SOLD Washington State driver's license required. Middle School Long Term Sub-An $90,(609)972.9002 Flexions Of Faithful glees Employment Applications available at HS/MS Long Term Sub-Choir turkey call wlwood moguav,kirnahnuelog,gg on the About Us bib In the Para Educator-Transitional Bilingual Almost new walker.Used striker.NEW condiion. Employment section.Your completed epplicetion Bus Driver.3 Routes 3 weeks indoor only.$25. $20,509.965-016. -m and resume may be eailed to Sub Bus Drivers 509.248.9528. Heavyg tall tenet.shell gwg19.ymoo19lyakimellousing&fg,faxed to glass purse.clear handle, 609-214-6311,or dropped off at the YHA office, To apply:svww.nvad mg Bunny basket,ears form $90,(609)972.9002 810 N.6th Avenue in Yakima. - - handle,very rare, Small dental once I Legal $99.(609)972.9002 How Cobalt pitcher, looking for experienced 1 _ [leer applied handle. Dental AszlsMmfull Nme Cited Valor. polished petit, —'� �rr NOTICE TO enanestoo We have it 509652.7355 575,(509)972.9002 M-F wit benefits call PARTIES 46•.-" 509-965-3236 RF0122.0 4200 Announcements NaateisnxRry Lobyme ANSWER TO TODAYS PULE tncerti mnON.tnenn CONTRACT ATTORNEY RECRUITMENT a Dtu.,catvons tscol;ma. 13Dt]0 no Yakima County Prosecuting Attorn.y.ORI<e Announcements mmetre Otticouabllnanw,ChM. j3m00 O' [RD Unlined and Civil Divisions 1:r10:00 ALI PO;M April 29, ©0(1113 �0�©Do ©0WDDU80 MonthlyCompensation Y NMABonsai Sonlem epee oo08.Wbeacy,'qy O©DM 0O�©0 ©13[©I]DO[0 P Negotiable.DOG mamanya..ria City 1.Ptrl, 00M©R© M0(RM0000D BegkmersWOMShoP Coulee CAantm:.l.gN 000000 1300D0 110UE3 Yakima County Prosecuting Attorney's Office L ......ut'Mine ,ma sumo Yakma DUDOD 1312111013 D[m 01310 as h11r1Mdate epenlnOs I.Contras Attorneys et bonsai get pro-horxael In vrlasMgton 99201 A:sa l+ a nurwrynanulden a .nc-4cnacme mean ern 0000©00IO10 000© 000©E I leveb.Case both the Is et the discretion of the guided Instruction en p.c.,/mere a,:Martin DIEM UOOR 00E10E3 g000 ,osecutor in both the criminal and civil divisions. Set 4/16,22 10am-tom, teener King Jr.Park Pool ©05213 000�k2 �1liROO Criminal cases may include juvenile,district court. $60 whichooven tree, Oestg"$e+Mcee 13170©0 1300300IJID 00100 ,enrol felony,or special assault work.TTA sirine and imtmma.. -re cm F1D©d Yakima resewee l D 1Ht1©Em RM0 1, experience is preferred for orle specialired area of loutsq ac 102 Neches vs ngnus rain env a an rr D0RD0 00E10 R 0000 DOM Ave,Noceas,WA OFPs.Tit?Ca herep rya]IM aeignment aIw es seaen DUDOD DAD© UOOmODOO©D ,fis'c:wdy arts,.. ©©0 DOD D0000 00131130 •Membership in the Washington State Bar Cell(609)694$66 for eun'wsa mrh WA Slate 0E110 0000E 13D01300 ore Lev:Aimsalesenemiion D00001310000 0©313Rm-octagon Is required. m PCYa cvylet 4960)8 Me •Work can be Datiomd in the office and'& - Aito-Dammesmi 0©0©RDD[© [[[[h[ 0000 emotcly,as needed. Found (2a1;>C l2 t210,erse,ET.. ©[ODOROR M000130UDDO©o &walla"lwn wa ba In OD[©ORML [MONO 0000R19 •Flexible hours based upon availability. Found:2 small dogs 3,30 umwsrce wen me atofcmb ust have: In Grandview proof of mono:mare Amereae 0©I'J m.0 ere 00M©Dm •personal computer,laptop: ownerstp 609.731-0581 esn(3eaWmae AC1 a'990. 4/1Q22 We wit oavyannrepaewleovyelnw•Iur ability use wheneedd. vehicle,and travel to Found:Dog in Terrace OeO,xxlnetiteY,lolmnrChi Public Notices Public Notices Courthouse when headed. Heights.Proof of Riple Act of 1964.ere Please sand an Interest small,noting your preference 1(6091823�' "Ke O 14 Lk ylasnne.,3.". iYOTICEOF ZOOM AND ay S01JCtranoN FOR BIOS PERSON COUNCIL for criminal or civil work to: -' 41EFIYIVO City olSeWI 7,M Permit Deborah Clausing,Operations Manager.Prosecuting MarchMarchDameDamew Apra a,2077 CITY OF UNION GAP 115 W.Nudes Awn.Do%er on 162,od...dde et OI IYA4YRNOTON Seth.VIA 99942 Attorneys Office Yakima,609,586.3460 r2 O1)AEN 1Y a ann 10 7J geborah eem ng:Aco yekima wa NOTICE OF INTENT TO NOTICE iS HEREBY OIVEN TM cdr d SeM,..ales m or call 609-574-1303 Found:Med.sire dog in SOLE SOURCE Maven Menem/.r'prt 11, rR a teeing tcoated.. Tetrad Height..Must 2�022 af6a10pm,ng Vnm Fa,rp aiNbwm ignat C:aon have proof of ownership. The Cf'N(.el YOWna Intends k mHr CM Chm 1(6091623.0614 HISO a ado uxrza perap"'m the Union Gapg �� nn Ann Laval,mC., Camel Chanters.t]M.al The anD 9emenr wens nom, Naches Valley Le ads 6WOklemanod,VA2 o �p Legals aldxlond,VA 2329t 102Y1.AneMUlh Raid Union bltlCFkb Ftnxr m pnnnn Cep.WA'The rr*" wa h'M ell be signed bNween Pub tic Notices :he wastewater Treatment also h.llcx...sate Iwpe�p�Ap erttinlhs Fun,intends to sore source .69.01Mrnnaha,3.3 :le M-0PIAet Gwtae and Nast..Valley School District la hiring for: Abandoned Va ICIa AUCegn rapaaanwnl d a failed 1991 iMuh wM erg nlxctad n so.......a la a,'apawe a Alfa Lavalnge spiral l ee &pfyy I.coming nnaW/ o t091 via a'Ie Gala IHHle 13t S.Lath Street Yakima exchanger. primary "i tin�a I wwr reahraa gn, High School P l$ WA digester l spiral l he a Iley! Salary Rage:$127,930.00-6136,610 Auction for APRIMen f AM Alfaexchanger. Langel.Sore Sou In=i,06,_.6co p m on Centred spasms me ,, ONO APRIvemi g or 1 9A1.1116 due to suer.Sole Source la p,N 11,500 Far Start Date Cl Julys: 2022 h hour vririt of Lion. f due,noon i„owit Qlesiona ti g pease all spanGwo,k Ire pats[ Position Closes:April 12th hole prior to audton on,m„no,on Openvo,am al509mteanqq,passe Cale me lemurs,ann.. 3"U To apply:ww.v.nvsd.oag the oucnon will Sr Mldm na,ez mmkymp M50?etwii 6peara5:00 20;a]to 1n 311.MO,tibia d. goo am cambng m101'hnld p.m.on Daltrl022. work WON 9901.1 10 ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT:Full time for bony pwmbing and exchmge Wt1,2022 CpunllCle Meeting pret'Mirg•Kage saw I2apeul.ion u,.x.c mete pn0esw.sot nil law office.Benefits Included;Salary DOO.Catacl -- - • Sour.to Include future To ba CGYfOwed.n mmpmaSehnw law.%SU HaNeraonmw cow for ADOP1m 1 TO CONTRACT purCMses ar Alfa Laval h. Mee.Aped 11.3)22:6.00 PIA PROWSIONS exchangers.WV/TP nae 3 eOWCens mud nave Oe more information. primary Montehe that rely do Jon der ZOOM toeing Id a 4,a Ciy a.oelraabbon. CIS'&SwM on S Alta Level heal dick the inn Wow and use -etme Construction laborer-Whshrem,WA ' f IS W.Nacres Avanu3 extnenllere to ganwdte the Akanng ID and MI a LIN rumen(c)an LNI The Construction Laborer reports to the Special 6aes,WA98B12 Clara B Mammas farPaucodC ,ogeaaaonnu:wor.fd)an bmn,Gal me.These hew 'Imm1lo Par Revak.Wage Projects Manager,Construction SuparI n ndele.aM! The dry al Sebh mama M gm how t the:, a ages Il<f Min moon et. AlfidLNI,ew o kdoran emanated ba. ran Construction Lead Laborer.Shall assist in activities Cl ire a 1m�cdvg,tG,1ntF.a1�rabr 10 e c the end of their to,Pith B+'I' ubl new construction;modernizingsingle familyfat a V/o5rd F yriR Iva life oM need to be wd=N%ZK)UHxI'Fklyj¢,g (h I ny Insurance In are(g) nil Fain a, ef Wn YOcxyNLMOA1TVLetOR dump lnPldnte In a"Oton,d dwelllne units:tax credit new and renovation . b hopcW a�� �� PerKATI guaraxee will be project.:and,other typeset construction projects, Finns woo creme tray can MhNing M.061 5990 3413 �iY'ed 551........55 such as sanitation facilities,well renovation projects ngagaDwnar+wolMopax C6010.lpr rho ete.tngr, W lee ppmgm Loa d' ce)ra'aR 4'e roomed too-nor 9 Mie' PaescOde-SaB261 and projects°Merit,.HUD housing.The Iq AWN.Field FeM2. statement Of 9wa ir4ert to The 0.p�0.Md apPY19 responsibility'hall bo consistent with applicable whkn wit..ogncd batweM coepai„mo.,any relate. I by k0Nlune y'3' ' ary YNHA policies,NAHASDA Regulation.,Federal 50 palm.M Made,.cePy mamma ale Sudan Knits I ce I se lb po a'Pa tp0o,,,o shiaba NM vu paL Oiinb epi.o 1 253 215 8792 or 10M 9M eyahed1 nelnc.bna:lar Ile requirements,and Tribal ordinances.Mote 5 Ca5.l3 mst5Me M mite.A Call by Apd125. some al non o kcdn.minors'and sv,wr.vnh0Rasl5mojotmoo1 awwwno OW can is names pn information visit wa rZ+v p.e Ya an rime nit DATED m55m day a AO The CI keine an mete.. Pg6,k 14.0h Viet$" roe Conaxx c:cnlm Ira guarantee Mal nmx 21122 snore solnraCars I appy a S2ad3in911.5me:$19.26•$25.13 per hour 4 Benefits q'.01 wok.Ma pram nspxnng d m h98110 norm No unawlul dscmmnason or N mMgrsd a mqugzl le at,KarBn CNlgn,CryOed bG&bn.aM SCheeuta M mnd,r an rAa lnr ll'as praarpnnai tmelmanwll The Yakima Health District u hiringfore Temporary code to mpg xne0'ie Aky 9. C I Whir..3 p �. (2g775l Ape 8 fmd 10.2012 wall'(somas a•'naomv. Po rY 20221d L(e 31.2022 Thewaled somas&,0 Public Health Technician position.Work includes nes+Al ea steeds y111,yd(ap Maenad. dlla IS,06e Names gathering relevant information needed to prepare C`M.M°g we0e laws. all come le MKpic sentient. NOTICE Cl.PUBLIC Id BenteM I gni ell d and.]a Mil less ee the NJN to space NEETINO nllwduevoq recorda.tracking of PatRni sera.entering all acne mnaiacea.an �rta >, copy and an eq.evMuelbn. information into the appropriate data system,and mob..min Ivve o, Feriavr c new rot ataxy YAKIMA COUNTY HAZARD acreMdg Patjnms to obtain market and rink hisory: �'6'"''any al 36.0 des se mord regma,a.a NmOATgH PLAN Fq the illhlraGGl,cpwap regzaaxn. amhv err ROWy,(pho ,MAS:World Anyone who Is inarested should send a Coveralls 10)a UN narta IC)an Lta A memenq et be tools Mammy. O"ado'goads 50P0Na. and resume to HealthrtimictHROco Yakima wa It. .OW4,on nurAa.(A,,M ap eiyi�lg fp, Ap,l I nA horn 6 93 per•am 7705) For more information about rho job posts or the Ar tdavll'orlylsl0005I ill,p o Iet•COC1O hhrwWl.N mine YWmSCWnly I�ssa"dloae Yakima Heeldr District Please LN11at a tsgerd Ella nutter aAdgntew a]vHle,xl tics Magri,Plan lbs pion, Cry vieit stdem•,yakimahwalmdisNirt gag. tit debiity a,aiwnte.end(g) 4•mraramldaa m: waned every tie f<an.n ' salaam...In&dal:n.a �' ccaaramo rah me Yakra (7•5.V5)kali Sand 10.1022 nem,. -tea wed la Danato'J a r t ,day nI Ann, Cowry am Ms alas w1lhn,a t, , ellP,errryaiai,Knd 2d22 Cawtr. saa,�w®sa..s].tau mlily M ADDENDA.Ida yarn Kmo b.Bu II roan NOW to ma Cllya Psaarn¢oat communay f1 f7(Gu>ANTI IOaId 13 ,vaM.tteG terse aFIaMa7,92t Mxubn ae are nwm to.2022 s u nIM naurd,m,2, rs Apll ta.2,122 %I / as OM.anaa emneetodoe NOTICE OF ORDER FOR 6.... .66.6,0brt ,sly Akdce M Pleke He9rMg receptor dig ADDEAOUM on PROlECT10Nellsl whet WAPATO SCHOOL e pwi591 lowness lino end ascarda are me me DISTRICT NO.207 CITY OF YAKIMA cowing. SUPEWORRCCURT a pgralaa eamd shoo loss m 11405. BUILDING MAINTENANCE SPECIALIST WASHINGTON In.YAKIMA Boas 10015ude ea based The N Ptak Hearn; ....M-F 1:00 PM-9:00 PM Tee deBOifle..1111114.119 COUNTY NOTICE OF canes hplanwlaerd nay �♦At..13, ORDER FOR PFIOTECTION vMne,aye Wapato Ptak Schools wad __w-�.°me Tnnwri by P_tClmbn No.22.b 9n+Da apmnn V.Z.a ANNi1...:m On.— Appendix B B-8 230 Yakima County Muiti-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 To learn more visit:tiwww.co.v.akima.wa.usLOEM ,. i ;;: Yakima Valley Emergency Management ��fyo 22K followers•355 following e Follow 0 Learn More .. About Mentions Followers Photos Videos More. ^• Intro Posts f. Filters Emergency updates.disaster news.&readiness information posted by the Valley's original Office of /o` Yakima Valley Emergency Em en Management iEh 1 0 Page•Government organisation YAKIMA COUNTY HAZARD PLANNING EFFORT SEEKING PUBLIC COMMENT Yakima County has experienced several natural and human-caused disasters in recent years- MtpsVltwittercan/YakimaOEM landslides flooding.smoke horn wildfires.and of course the COVID-19 pandemic (509)574-1900 Every five years.Yakima County and local cities update our Hazard Mitigation Plan to identify the greatest threats and hazards facing our community,and how we can best mitigate the impacts. Hazard Mitigation is any effort to reduce or eliminate...See more ® cayakmaaaaus/350/Emergency-Management Photos See pi otc<_ 'UBLIC RT YAK '2 t PUBLIC MEETING pOMNfed by awd AKA NOTICE TIFICATION'SI(„6.1.4 M EETI N G NOTICE SLOW DOW IF FOS' 'R;t1f` r II STAY OFF THE -EE /-\ iif • Rnlr s'rs a 2 5n3r-; >,, iej Like U Comment h'Share ^- t Fs Most relevant. -m�.,..iv.w .n.K t Write a comment._ Q (Q) E:l (9 et !. _-. 11111111 Most Relment is seiYted so some comments may have been fttered out Appendix B B-9 231 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Plan Review Period The draft Yakima County MJHMP was available for public comment and review for a two-week period between September 19 and October 5. The plan was available on the YVEM website and notification of the opportunity was shared through social media, press release, email, and public meeting forums. Screenshots of these platforms are included below. YAKI MA �•.;: COMMUNITY Emergency Management Groundwater Management Health District Rcsoarees Alert Yakima County Emergency Plans County Emergency Plans CHM? HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN(I-IMP) LEPC Welcome Preparing for Disasters ► Yakima County is currently updating our Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan(HMP).The draft plat will be posted tere for public review and comment from September 19-October 5. Prevention The HMP will help our communities to prevent significant oroperty damage and loss of life in the event of a disaster.The HMP is required by the Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)every five years for our community to be eligible for certain types of Public Meetings grant funding.You can visit this page for project updates and ways that community members can influence plan development. The goal of the project is to save lives,property,and natural resources by reducing the vulnerability of Yakima County to disaster Rattlesnake Ridge Info events.During this planning project,local leaders and community members will identify risks,assess capabilities,and formulate a strategy to reduce our community's disaster vulnerability. Resources ' Public and stakeholder participation and feedback is a vital part of the hazard mitigation planning process.Please check back regularly forinformation on upcoming opportunities to engage in the planning process.If you would like to get in touch with the project team, Training Resources . please use the following contact information. Project Contact: Volunteer! ► Tony Miller,Director antone.miller@co.yakima.wa.us YVEM Subscriptions Public Meeting Join the Planning Committee at our final public meeting on Wednesday,October 5 at 4:00pm to provide your feedback on the HMP. iTOME LA ENCUESTA SOBRE To participate virtually please register for the Microsoft Teams webinar here:https:Vbitlyl3LuLYCP LA PREPARACION PARA To review the current draft of the Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan click here DESASTRES EN LA COMUNIDAD DEL CONDADO General Information DE YAKIMA! Every year.natural hazards like wildfires,flooding,and drought cause property damage,loss of life,economic hardship,and other threats to our community's public safety.In 2021 alone,there were 21 events across the United States that caused more than one billon dollars in damages. Appendix B B-10 232 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 VAK I M A Government Services Law&Justice Community How Do I? COUNTY r .... :, ..„....-- . ,, .....," O Search a `,. .a Fg a N4.. • 5 J Home.News Flash Pudic Services Search Posted on:September za.zazz FINAL OPPORTUNITYTO COMMENT ON YAKIMA COUNTY HAZARD PLAN I All categories vI Yakima County has experienced several natural and human-caused disasters in recent years- Q] [ landslides,flooding,smoke from wildfires,and of course the COVID-1g pandemic. 1 Every five years.Yakima County and local cities update our Hazard Mitigation Plan to identify the ii Tools greatest threats and hazarcs facing our community,and how we can best mitigate the impacts. ®Rss Hazard Mitigation is any effort to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property. •Notify Me e View Archived Residents and community stakeholders are invited to provide your feedback on the final draft of the Hazard Mitigation Plan.Community members help to shape our strategy for mitigation and ensure ❑Categories thoughtful investments and projects. .AIL Categories • Utilities Join the project team for our final public meeting on Wednesday,October 5 at 4:00pm as we review • Road closures the final plan and provide your feedback!Participation is open to members of the public virtually .commissioners through a Microsoft Teams webinar. Office •Health District For more information or to register for the public meeting,please visit: •Pubic Services https://www.yakimacounty.us/1.81.5/County-Emergency-PLans Appendix B B-11 233 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Planning Committee Participation The Yakima County HMP Update was led by a committee representing various agencies involved in mitigation projects, as well as representatives from each participating jurisdiction. Additionally, subject matter experts and neighboring jurisdiction representatives were invited to participate in committee meetings which served as Mitigation Strategy Workshops. Sign-in sheets for the planning committee meetings are available as a supplement to this document. Appendix B B-12 II 234 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 APPENDIX C. COMMUNITY SURVEY RESULTS As a part of the 2022 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) update, Yakima Valley Emergency Management and participating jurisdictions distributed an online, public survey to residents from April 15—August 15,2022.There were 284 complete responses to the English language survey and 3 complete responses to the Spanish language survey.The survey included 15 questions which were designed to better understand the emergency preparedness needs and risk perceptions of community members and stakeholders as part of the 2022 Hazard Mitigation Plan update process. Table C.1. Survey Response Statistics English Language Count Percent Complete 284 71.5 Partial 102 25.7 Disqualified 11 2.8 Spanish Language Count Percent Complete 3 5.9 Partial 47 92.2 Disqualified 1 2 Appendix B B-13 II 235 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 1.Do you live and/or work in Yakima County?Please select the best answer that applies to your current situation. Living and Work Situation 70 61.5 60 50 CD m 40 t c P30.2 a> 30 0 20 10 4.2, 0.8 2.4 . _ 0.3 0.5 0 — — Yes,I live in Yes, I live Yes, I live in Yes, I work No, I do not Do Not Know Other Yakima and work in Yakima in Yakima live or work (please County Yakima County,but County,but in Yakima specify) County work in live in County another area another area Table C.2. Living and Work Situation Value Percent Count Yes, I live in Yakima County 30.2% 114 Yes, I live and work in Yakima County 61.5% 232 Yes, I live in Yakima County, but work in another area 0.8% 3 Yes, I work in Yakima County, but live in another area 4.2% 16 No, I do not live or work in Yakima County 2.4% 9 Do Not Know 0.3% 1 Other(please specify) 0.5% 2 Total 377 Appendix B B-14 236 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 2. Please indicate which community in Yakima County you live in. Community Representation 60 51.5 50 40 { 30 20 14 13.4 10 7.8 0 = 0.3 ■ ••2'9 0_9 0_6 0_9 0.9 c ,ti mare e+� ar 5`a. �e'�°c per ce Qar'`� ," mar t 2\4'_er d`�``�'g r Jurisdiction Appendix B B-15 237 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Table C.3. Community Representation Value Percent Count Grandview 2.0% 7 Granger 0.3% 1 Moxee 3.2% 11 Selah 14.0% 48 Sunnyside 2.9% 10 Tieton 1.7% 6 Toppenish 0.9% 3 Union Gap 0.6% 2 Wapato 0.9% 3 Yakima 51.5% 177 Zillah 0.9% 3 Unincorporated Yakima County 13.4% 46 Other(please specify) 7.8% 27 Total 344 Responses for Other Count Naches 11 Terrace Heights 3 Gleed 2 Harrah 2 Cowiche 1 East Selah 1 Outlook 1 Retired 1 West Valley 2 Westside 1 White Swan 1 Yakima 1 Appendix B B-16 238 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 3. Please indicate which community in Yakima County you work in. Other Work Location Representation (please Grandview specify) Mabton Moxee 13% 2% 1% Sunnyside Unincorporate 6%Tieton d Yakima ° '' 2% County 3% Toppenish 1% Union Gap 16% Yakima 48% Wapato 1% Table C.4. Work Location Representation Value Percent Count Grandview 2.0% 7 Mabton 0.3% 1 Moxee 0.8% 3 Selah 7.6% 27 Sunnyside 5.1% 18 Tieton 1.7% 6 Toppenish 1.4% 5 Union Gap 15.8% 56 Wapato 0.8% 3 Yakima 48.0% 170 Unincorporated Yakima County 3.1% 11 Total 354 Appendix B B-17 239 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Responses for Other: • Retired • All of Yakima County • All of these • Benton • Cowiche • Gleed • Harrah • I door dash so I deliver to these areas • I travel to the work site. Special skills. • I'm not currently employed • Naches • Prosser • Remote work • West Valley • White Swan • Work from home • numerous county locations involving my salmon education and naturalist • activities throughout Yakima County Appendix B B-18 240 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan , 2022 4. Please indicate those activities you have done to prepare for emergencies and disasters. Please select ALL that apply. I have... r -1 Preparedness Activities 60 56.7 50 43.6 45.1 40 34.2 35.7 a 30 28.5 29.5 N 0_ 20 11111129 10 I 6.6 0 • I I I 3.8 0s5' ,�o �� �d' m° ate° sp .c0 see N-so'��� o�g� `�0ac� yaQQ`� �,.�°�, a�`°�� �0`<a �,�°� 000 0y 4" 450 c• 04,0 o��, 0i�0o if c `�s o9�6 5t? , Q �e �o � s L J Table C.5. Preparedness Activities Value Percent Count Signed up for Alert Notifications through Alert Yakima 56.7% ' 181 an emergency preparedness plan 34.2% 109 flood Insurance 6.6% 21 a 72 hour kit/Disaster supply kit 43.6% 139 visited local government website(s)for emergency preparedness 35.7% 114 information an evacuation plan 28.5% 91 a weather radio 29.5% 94 signed up for emergency alerts for Yakima County(from any source) 45.1% 144 done nothing 12.9% 41 Other (please specify) 3.8% 12 Appendix B B-19 241 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 1 2022 Responses for Other: • Attended Emergency Management Training • I have the items but not in one place • Keep a go bag with supplies in my car; water and shelf stable food in the basement; have established emergency contacts for household members- including out of state contacts in case communication infrastructure is damaged at a local level, making it difficult to reach family here • Obtained an amateur radio license. • Prepping • Signed up for Nixie Alerts • Stockpile firearms and ammunition. • Use myAlerts, FEMA, and WSDOT apps • Very complete first-aid kit • We have simple go bags, and an emergency ration for sheltering in place • We have totes packed, ready to evac for fire • have supplies of water and canned food, blankets, and flashlights Appendix B B-20 242 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 5. What has prevented you from preparing for a disaster? Please select ALL that apply. Preparedness Preventing Reasons 50 45 43.6 40 35 .. 30 = 25.1 25 y 21.1 20 16.5 15 10.9 10 4.6 0 ■ I don't think it I don't know I don't have It costs too I don't need None of the Other will make a what to do. the time. much. to prepare above apply (please difference. because to me. specify) emergency responders (fire,police, etc.)will h Table C.6. Preparedness Preventing Reasons Value Percent Count I don't think it will make a difference. 4.6% 14 I don't know what to do. 25.1% 76 I don't have the time. 16.5% 50 It costs too much. 21.1% 64 I don't need to prepare because emergency responders (fire, police, 1.7% 5 etc.)will help me during an emergency. None of the above apply to me. 43.6% 132 Other (please specify) 10.9% 33 Appendix B B-21 243 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Responses for Other: • Don't have room for storing stuff to be saved • Don't know what to prepare for • For evacuation, I have nowhere to go! • Haven't given it much thought; don't worry about emergencies. • I am the emergency responder. • I beleive we've done what we can • I have prepared to the best of my knowledge. • I have stuff to get me through if needed. Hopefully not needed. • I probably have not done enough because I may not be educated enough • It hasn't risen to the top of my busy life. • Just have not done it • Just have not done it. • Just haven't made it a priority to take the last few steps for preparation • Just moved to area • Just need to do it. Procrastination. • Lazy and complacent • Mostly prepared however with supply chain issues it's hard to get more supplies due to limited stock. Costs are high due to over taxing and limitations of products caused by Jaydolph Inslee • Moved to Yakima within the past year, and I'm still learning. • No buy in from the family • Procrastinating. Had it all when lived on the west side and had an in-home childcare business • Retired and live in an area not affected by regional disasters • Storage space • There are some things I would like/need in an emergency but can not afford right now • Too busy • We don't live in a floodzone, and we monitor the news • always put off until later date • have some supplies on hand • just have not done it yet • lack of defined disasters to prepare for • lack of storage space and adult home health care issues • need to do so • procrastination • procrastination is my problem Appendix B B-22 244 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 6. Where do you get your information about disaster preparedness? Please select ALL that apply. Preparedness Information Locations 50 42.4 44.9 45 37.1 38 39.3 40 30.2 29 30 26.2I 27.1 2 P5 21.5 d 20 14.3 15 8 1 IIuIlIiiI . 4.4 0 se ve ve e�c'I` ** boo ot` a'° o' o*` 1 dae cf' i. o Q0 ao<c` �� `` o �' `�h°� • ?oho `#°i �LQ\ J� �° �� J°�J o�A Sao I , �o Q- for Disaster Preparendess Information Table C.7. Preparedness Information Locations Value Percent Count Municipal government websites 26.2% 84 County government website 42.4% 136 State government website 37.1% 119 Federal government websites(example:www.fema.gov) 38.0% 122 Web search 44.9% 144 Social media 39.3% 126 Volunteer or nonprofit groups(American Red Cross, Salvation Army) 14.3% 46 Religious organization 8.1% 26 Local television 30.2% 97 Local radio 27.1% 87 National News(Radio and Television) 21.5% 69 Word of Mouth 29.0% 93 Other(please specify) 9.7% 31 Do Not Know 4.4% 14 Appendix B B-23 245 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Responses for Other: • Attended Trainings • Books/Magazines • Civil Air Patrol and its federal coop links • Classes • Community emergency notice calling tree • County Safety Committee • Do my own research. Compare sites, books, etc • Everbridge • I wish Yakima County would update their website like other adjoining counties do. Some post in climate weather road closures fairly timely however Yakima County never seems to do any of that. Some other counties do it via social media and their websites, but Yakima does not. That would be a great resource for the county to use but it's really almost nonexistent on the county's website. Some information you find is over 10 years old.As large as Yakima County is I really feel they should try to get the information out this way so I times of disaster or other circumstances folks could quickly find accurate information.The county is severely lacking in this area. • LEPC: Local Emergency Planning Committee • Local Newspaper • Local volunteer fire dept • My employer • NONE OF THE ABOVE • Public radio • School district • Social Media news sites, i.e., NPR, KAPPTV, KIMA, etc. • Social media. • The training that I attended. • Yakama Nation • YouTube • alternative media • former SAR volunteer; worked with USAF SERE instructors • local community resources • my own knowledge and research • past experience • research • various books • what I was taught as a kid growing up in earthquake territory on an island that could be cut off from mainland help • Yakima herald Appendix B B-24 246 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 7. Would you agree or disagree with the following statements? 160 140 120 100 0 80 60 40I iiI.FiIh1 20 i: i L iii Yakima County is I am familiar with During times of I can easily access providing the services Yakima County's emergency, emergency information necessary to prepare website and can easily information is provided in times of crisis. me for a disaster. obtain information in a language and about emergencies format I can and disasters. understand. •Strongly Agree •Agree Neither Agree or Disagree Strongly Disagree -Do Not Know Appendix B B-25 247 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 8. Please indicate how Yakima County can better assist you in preparing for emergencies and disasters. • I moved here in February from out of state and had no idea that ANY organization was active in Emergency Preparedness or Homeland Security. • I just need to go over information currently available and implement steps that our currently missing from my current state of preparedness. • As far as I can tell, they haven't done anything. • Making information more public. Starting a public campaign (using pamphlets/tv commercials for emergency preparedness education/information • Issue updates over radio and then get out of the way... • Have preparedness information on their website and send out information via mail on occasion. • More information on how to get emergency alerts during an actual emergency • Most people will not go to the website because they do not understand or are not aware of many possible emergency occurrences in our valley. Don't believe it will affect them. More educational outreach is needed. • Nothing • Community outreach programs and presence • Support property and second amendment rights so that citizens can support themselves during times of crisis. Improve county EOC radio comms capability in order to maintain two-way community communication. • More information on preparedness. I try to keep on top of it but there are many places to call, lots of numbers to remember and then all of a sudden people look to me for the numbers. I would like to get more involved to make it easier. • Provide checklists on what is needed in an emergency preparedness kit. Provide basic emergency kits at low cost to help people get started. • Make people more aware of what is available to them for information and preparing • Having easily accessible information at county fairs and local grocery stores. • My biggest concern is I work in Union Gap and would need to evacuate to the north across multiple bridges, or one bridge and the Yakima River Canyon, to get home. The bridges are choke points and the Canyon has significant landslide risks, depending on the nature of the event • Mail or email out preparedness fact sheets to each household. This is more direct contact versus going on-line searching for the website. • More public education via television. Not all have internet access(as we have learned in the last 2 years), especially outside the city limits. • I feel like my elderly neighbors need to be contacted if something is happening. Is there a way to have an emergency alert to landlines? • COVID: website is still obscure. We need: 1. Clear definition of current conditions 2. Resources list and contacts 3. If all out emergency,what can county provide LANDSLIDE: Totally confusing response in both news and online. We needed to know what would happen if the landslide had cut off Yakima River flows, and how much time we might have to response as individuals. How far would flooding extend? If flooded out, who do we contact or where do we go?WILDFIRE: Would the responders need to drain my well to respond? Appendix B B-26 248 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Develop higher visibility and greater interest in emergency prep. Volunteer to speak to service clubs, schools, community, and senior centers, etc. • Having predesignated p[aces for people to get supplies i.e. sandbags, sand and like things for all disasters. • More public awareness campaigning. • If not doing is already, attend festivals by having a booth with materials to take, people or speak to, conduct mini classes, seminars, and such to visually see. Interaction for families to prepare together and know what to do when a disaster or emergency occurs • Written information provided at public library • I was involved in an evacuation order two years ago for a fire on Ahtanum Ridge.The information from the County alerted to me was untrue and completely contradictory to what fire department had provided. I have little to no faith in the County's ability to clearly communicate state of disasters nor those plans are in place if a bigger disaster should occur. During that fire there was no management of nearby roadways,they were dogged with people taking videos and pictures of the fire. I truly have no idea how the County positively assisted its residents during this disaster. • I have not yet experienced an emergency and or disaster to have an idea how prepared I can be. Understanding Yakima County risk may help me better understand/assist me in preparing. • It is the logistics of an emergency that trouble me the most. Our culture and society are trapped into thinking they can just get something easily in one more errand to the store. Cooperative alternatives for communication, food provisions and energy resources are not well informed. However, that's not the county and municipal problem; it's the consumer's problem and its lack of education • Outreach to my employer,who distributes safety information to its staff • Broadcast the Emergency Management information that is available on the county website. There was so much information about COVID,other disaster information hasn't appeared as relevant. I would say it is even more important at this time. • Easy web access • Promote the web sites and sources of info in the Herald.Anything posted on Facebook,twitter, etc. will not be seen by a very large portion of the county's citizens. • In a power outage I would be left without emergency information. Perhaps cellular texts would be great. • Have preparedness fairs • A list of exactly what should be in a 72-hour kit, with links on where to purchase items at the best price. • Maybe a check list of supplies and amounts of things that each household should have on hand. • Law enforcement resources are sorely inadequate due to lack of staffing. Fire services are adequate. • Do you have coordinators in each community?Are you a player in what some see as the overreaching state government that imposed mandates and restrictions on us during the COVID-19 fiasco? Is your image benevolent or malevolent? Do you think your organization needs to be trusted to be able to effectively assist the general Appendix B B-27 249 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 public?Are you associated with the same people who are responsible for issuing building permits? • When people are following the news about wildfires, describe what everyone, including those in town what they should do if fires spread quickly.And point them to websites that provide specific instructions for each location in the County, with info on where they should go and what they should do. • Promote THE MOST APPROPRIATE place to go for information • Broadcast before the news • Acknowledge that Naches is in the County • Put together emergencies plans for different situations and locations and post them on a web page that links from local fire departments and law enforcement web pages. Make available 72-hour packs for people to purchase.A lot of people don't know what to put in one. • I just need to search and prepare. • The county should focus on making ALL county residents aware of the need to have an emergency preparedness plan and supplies on hand, and where to get information. Broadcast and written materials in multiple languages is necessary. • Maybe some workshops, advertised through snail mail? Perhaps, if I joined a listsery then an email would be good to announce things like that. I don't watch TV, listen to radio, or go to the movies, so those kinds of announcements will miss me. • Offer more classes • Should offer more CERT classes,get people trained and interested. The everyday person lives paycheck to paycheck but needs to understand just a few extra cans of food/cases of water here and there and their supply will start growing. Most do not think about a natural disaster or emergency and are not prepared. • Put an educational segment on the local radio and nightly news. Show how easy, affordable, and effective planning can be. Show us the right resources and materials, and demonstrate how to find, attain, maintain, and use them. Perhaps do live demonstrations at local events and schools as well. Children especially can bring the idea into the home. Provide educational materials in multiple languages and with pictures. • Maybe ads on social media, radio and tv? • Providing regular communication and outreach information would help to raise my awareness level and the importance of preparation (PSAs, regular tips on the local news, etc.). • Communicate whatever means available, examples already mentioned above and more frequently keep top of mine awareness to the general public. • Better way to get situational awareness of a situation during evenings and weekends. • Perhaps a clear and easy link to a website, listing what to do and have with contact info for resources for getting ready. Maybe a few workshops for the community. • Use Twitter more often. Some people don't have Facebook. • So far they've done an excellent job of communicating • If they could do something to help the lower income people and that would be great • Maybe prepare materials to go out to people in our areas through drop offs at homes apartments businesses! This would be great! • Maybe some encouragement to prioritize making disaster plans. Appendix B B-28 250 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Maybe mail out fliers to residents with tips, websites, how to sign up for Yakima alerts, what to even have in a 72hr disaster kit, etc. • More information about what is needed and where to get things or information to help. • Maybe a packet in the mail with information • Alert the public ahead of time • Testing of the broadcast systems. I know I'm subscribed for weather alerts but a test to assure we will get the emergency notification would be reassuring • Active shooter drills for entire community • Need Spanish Translations on information • More flyers/marketing of resources • Social media • A more user-friendly web page when looking for answers would help but also someone to answer the phone would be a plus also. • Same way you sent this survey • Better define emergencies and disasters. Is snowfall an emergency or disaster? Is flooding?Wildfires? Knowing what Yakima County defines as emergencies and disasters would be helpful for those preparing. • Not sure until it happens • Help with 72 hour kits • More communication on social media. • Help provide resources (i.e. equipment, food, information, etc.). We would like to be more prepared, and we are working on it, but the cost is problematic, and it would be nice if there were better and easier ways to get information. • I feel better comfortable with our family's emergency preparedness. Please remember to include the"non-media"and non-electronic demographic population within your vast communication network, as they use school districts, Church, stores, and neighborhoods to receive information, especially vulnerable elderly and the under-served. Thanks. • I don't think it is Yakima County's responsibility to assist me or my family in preparing for an emergency. I think Yakima County's limited resources would be better spent preparing for emergency impacts to roadways, bridges, utilities, power grid, etc. People need to take care of their own preparation. • We have an awful lot of poor people in Yakima that can't afford to have a 72-hour emergency kit, maybe potentially take money from some other area and by kits for the poor Yakima County • Practically,what sort of disasters should we be expecting?A flood, an earthquake, wildfire, human induced disasters?We always have enough food for 3-10 days, but not sure about preparation for a long-term legit disaster. • Community Trainings Community Awareness Booths at Fairs/Festivals Community Network/Partnerships with other organizations • Distribute Emergency Preparedness Kits • perform public meetings on how to prepare for a disaster,for floods, fire, landslides, snowstorm, extreme temperatures heat/freeze, etc. Take the show to the people, community centers, senior centers, senior apartments, senior meal sites, senior advisory board meetings, etc. Appendix B B-29 251 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 • Community outreach and presentations to the City Council. • SEND MAIL OR FLYERS • Keep up the great work of informing us • Have locations during a disaster I can go to. • Have alerts sent out • Mail me information about free or low-cost things I can do to prepare. • Keep the website updated and don't rely on Facebook. • Get involved I know nothing about what Yakima County does. • Public Outreach at events such as the Fair, community gatherings,the FreshHop Festival, etc. would be a good start • I need to do the work and look on the website and get what I need together. Maybe a link to the emergency preparedness page would help. • Maybe more reminders that tell us what to do. • Make the websites more widely available and noticeable through regular resources especially for people without tech access/skills. • More education on likely hood of various disasters in the community • How does one with no vehicle prepare??Everything I see is about loading a big emergency kit into your vehicle's trunk and taking off. No vehicle, no trunk.Also no local relatives, and I don't really know anyone here yet. • If social media is to be used to announce emergencies it has to be all, not just Facebook.There also needs to be timely updates provided. • Have law enforcement agencies with adequate personnel • Where are more resources located? • Maybe give out a list of items people should have and also give out information more in English not always just in Spanish • Publish and distribute by USPS resource lists • I didn't even know there was a website or anything. Maybe put up flyers at the libraries, occasional radio interviews with the morning jocks, etc.to help inform people. Classes on how to make plans, help the neighborhood, etc. • Public Workshops • You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink. Keep providing timely and important information. • During the wildfires of 2020 I was able to get way more up to date info from my neighbors on FB which is not the best sign. That needs to be improved definitely. Right now, it's thumbs down. • The county really needs to take advantage of using their website or social media posts like adjoining counties do. One example is one adjoining county posts fairly timely posts on their website and social media places on road closures for in climate weather then posts again when the roads are open.They will post information on wildfires and its impact to roads etc.This is a great benefit to folks in the county and with most of the resources already available the costs should not be significant. It is really helpful to check other counties resources for this information. This would also be a great tool in times its disaster to help residents with evacuations and to stay away from other areas that are affected as well as not be in the way of first responders etc. I'm really surprised with the size of the county this hasn't been Appendix B B-30 252 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 looked at. Searching the county's website usually results in information that is many years old. • More specific info. Such as: what foods to put in emergency kits, where we can get good storage containers for food and water. This may sound simple bit these are questions I have been asked • Annual community outreach via social media AND direct mailers. Include emergency preparedness information for your home/property that is specific to our region (wildfires&flooding), how to create &safely store emergency food &water provisions, instructions on where &how to sign up for alerts&how to create a family escape plan.You may also consider a collaborative effort with some of the major home/property insurance companies. • Have Emergency Preparedness training for the public. Send out warning notices via text and recovery or help with the aftermath soon after the disaster/emergency • Get rid of the homeless • First- I think Yakima County should make KIT radio a partner with preparedness. They should have emergency generators to continue to provide information during power outages.There should be designated places throughout the county for people to meet up and get information. Pre-designated so people know where to go ahead of time.Videos showing how to create and stock a disaster kit. Keep talking about it. • Information regularly on social media • Emergency mgmt communication is poor and outdated. Stop only relying on communicating exclusively on Facebook as a general post. Use Twitter, make what's app group, a general web page of each disaster. USE the GIS to support communication. I want to see a real-time traffic and road condition map for everywhere in the valley 24x7. The investment in all the technology foundation is in place- make it work for the citizens.There are add in modules for the CAD system that would help this process. • Make sure everyone has a emergency plan and to ensure they know what to do or where to go • Please provide assistance to those that have fire danger property that pose threat to others. My neighbor is spending a lot of$to clean overgrowth on his property to protect him and others.We are thankful, we live on the Wenas, it's a matchstick. • Stop only updating Facebook. Not everyone is on Facebook or social media. We recently called 911 about a disturbance, and no one showed up.What do we do in an instance like that? I'd also like to understand better how the fire department addresses unincorporated areas. 1769 Naches Wenas Road, Selah, WA 98942 2945 Naches Wenas Road, Naches, WA 98937 • List and describe potential dangers that pertain to our area: Cascadian subduction Quake, floods, chemical leak, Hanford dangers, War, etc. • Promote more through local tv and radio stations. Come up with incentives for people to start preparing. • Send a list of things one would need for a survival kit • Provide some education regarding different types of disasters we could face in our area. Appendix B B-31 253 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 9. if a disaster(i.e. snowstorm) impacted Yakima County, knocking out electricity and running water,would your household be able to manage on its own for at least seven (7)days? Household Impact After Disaster Do Not Know 2% No 23% Yes 43% Maybe 32% Table C.10. Household Impact After Disaster Value Percent i Count Yes 43.1% 138 Maybe 31.6% 101 No 23.4% 75 Do Not Know 1.9% 6 Total 320 Appendix B B-32 254 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 10.Do you believe that your household and/or place of business might ever be threatened by the following hazards? Please rate what hazards present the greatest risk. • Low Risk=Low impact on threat to life and property damage • Medium Risk= Medium impact on threat to life and property damage • High Risk= High impact on threat to life and property damage Respondents' Hazard Threat Beliefs 200 180 160 r 140 ■ = 120 III IN 100 — . ■ V 80 60 40 U ]20 - I- _ I . HI . _ 1 , .1I, I1 . . i. . , o • 6010- le ozoo Noce •`se 'c'` \ 4,4 e. ec� anti ee Vic°.- �sv. 40 `®� O O eon , ego' sr,, Qca 4 c��. `e• ."se)?f clzeftsteJ i se 13 P GO mac J,p`° a ea0c0 •Low Risk •Medium Risk High Risk •Not Applicable Appendix B B-33 255 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 11. Please select the answer that best describes your experience. • Minor= Repairable, non-structural damage to a home or damage from flood waters when the waterline is 18 inches or below in a conventionally built home or when the waterline is in the floor system of a manufactured home. • Major= Structural damage or other significant damage that requires extensive repairs or damage from flood waters when the waterline is 18 inches or above in a conventionally built home or when the waterline enters the living space of a manufactured home. • Catastrophic= Significant enough damage that the home is deemed a total loss. Respondents' Damage Experiences I have experienced I have catastrophic experienced major property damage property damage and loss from a and loss from a disaster(s) disaster(s) 1% 11% II have never experienced property damage I have or loss from a experienced minor disaster(s) property damage 46% and loss from a disaster(s) 42% 411/ Table C.11. Respondents' Damage Experiences Value Percent Count I have never experienced property damage or loss from a disaster(s) 46.0% 131 I have experienced minor property damage and loss from a 41.8% 119 disaster(s) I have experienced major property damage and loss from a 11.2% 32 disaster(s) I have experienced catastrophic property damage and loss from a 1.1% 3 disaster(s) Total 285 Appendix B B-34 256 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 1 2022 12. If you have experienced any damage(s)or injury(ies)from a disaster in Yakima County, please list the hazard(s)and briefly describe the damages/losses and/or injuries (Example: flooding that caused damage to my home) • Severe summer thunderstorm rain eroded garden areas on sloped ground that created small mudslide onto neighboring property, and also high winds forced rainwater through cracks in window frames that caused minor water damage inside of home. • Wind damage to buildings and trees • High winds that caused damage to my home and outbuildings. • Experienced disaster in Canada. Canada is ill prepared and a hazard for the USA. Canada needs to be given an ultimatum, or suffer some consequence... • I was a volunteer Firefighter/First Responder/EMT with the West Valley Fire Dept.for 13 years. • Flooding on property(not house-placed well above flood plain), trees knocked down from wind. What I see as lacking in your considerations of emergencies are volcanos and earthquakes.Those are real potential emergencies in our community. • Snow&ice damage to my home(roof damage)during heavy snow event in mid-90's_ • Windstorm with falling tree limbs • Windstorm that broke several branches off neighbor's tree. Large limbs in my yard we had to cut down and dispose of.Also, lost roofing tiles which had to be replaced. • High wind has damaged roofing and a stack of apple bins fell into our yard due to high wind.A fence was damaged, but no pets were killed. • Fuel release to ground, ongoing clean-up costs • Wind damage • Wind damage • Not applicable. • Snow load impacting outbuildings in 1996 • Lost some of my roof in high winds • Loss was not in Yakima County • City water pipe broke and water damaged my basement(rug, wall, floor, pipe) • Wildfire debris caused minor damage to property(large ambers on roof&patio furniture). Easily repaired ourselves. • Irrigation line rupture caused flooding within the home. • Our local irrigation district had a pressurized mainline break after the Nisqually earthquake, and it flooded the lower level of our house. • Snowstorm that caused damage to my outbuildings. Mountain eruption that caused damage to my home. • So minor damage to home and office from snow of 1996, minor wind damage at home. • None in Yakima County. • Flooding: several times. Latest with loss in full shop/garage and contents. Fencing. Loss of land. Loss of power(and pole) No injuries • Flooding affected road to our cabin 2 years in a row 2)fire caused us to evacuate our cabin- came to 2 miles from it 2 different years • Wind and heavy snowfall. Damage to the home. Appendix B B-35 I 257 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 1 2022 • No • I have a second property located in the Cliffdell area and right next to the Naches River. The occasional floods have shifted the main river current to an erosion trough directly next to our property.This current shift has moved the gravel base, causing a shift sluff in the vertical position of the stone fireplace.This structure needs to be replaced. Historically, the valleys and canyons in the Cliffdell area have had frequent 'local'fires and some very large regional fires. The overall region in the Naches watershed has an historical perspective of always being susceptible to sudden and severe events, as far as habitation goes. If there were no humans staying in the region through all seasons,there would be no issues • The pandemic caused loss of income and food insecurity • Flooding has damaged immediate family's home-lost house in 1996 • Smoke damage, wildfire on LT Murray This is why we have an evacuation plan in affect with our children • Broken fencing due to high winds. Hole in shop roof due snow and wind. • Wind damage at home, wind damage to crops at work • Tree branches fell on fence from windstorm • Heavy snow fall caused flooded basement and roof damage to home • Snow fall that caused damage to my parents' home that I was living in. • N/A loss did not occur in Yakima County. • Earthquake large cracks in walls that had to be repaired • Heavy snowfall caused collapse of a storage building on our property • Downed trees and utility service lines due to wind and heavy snow. Flooding around/near my residence but not on my property. • Wildland Fire-Burned all the way around my house to the edge of my yard burning the majority of the fence around approx. 1.5 acres and losing power for 3 days. • High wind damage to roofing. • Irrigation water flooded basement; wildfires came very close to our cabin on Chinook. • Wind damage • Flooding that broke the dike and tore land away from home area • Flooding caused by the City of Yakima redirecting flood waters into the lakes adjacent to our building. • Downed trees, missing shingles • Loss barn to fire with several animals dying. • Mount St Helen's roof damage&landscape damage. • flooding that went through part of my house and garage. • Snow/ice caused flooding to my garage. Wind has cut power and downed cable lines • Wind blowing off roof tiles. • wind damage to house and outdoor items and windows. work wind damage to roll-up door • Flooding cutting me off from roads, damage, and loss of personal property due to water damage. Loss of property due to wind damage. • Snowfall that caused roof damage. Drought that caused loss of crops in garden. • Flooded basement, neighbor's tall evergreen trees fell on property line during severe windstorm Appendix B B-36 258 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 • snow damaged our roof and awnings, wind damaged roof, trees, and home. • Wildfire that causes environmental and minor damage to home, but complete loss of 2 neighbor's homes. • During the mount Saint Helens eruption in 1980, my family was impacted on our farm it affected our crops in our livestock and we had to take extreme measures to keep them alive and to care and feed for them. We had to take extreme measures to remove Ash from the leaves of a crops so that irrigation would not burn the leaves due to the high acid reaction of moisture.Air pollution vehicle and HVAC system etc. were impacted • Windstorm-fence, deck rail, window damage • Wind -damage to home roofing and siding • Wildfire in Wenas valley. • Evans Canyon Fire-surrounded home and destroyed fences which then caused injuries to livestock • Wind damaged my roof • Wildfire burned pump house and surrounding property but not the house. • Floods damaging fences • Flooding • Flooding • Smoke and wind damage from storms and wildfires • High winds have caused damage to the roof of the house • I have had trees knocked over from high winds and things like that I'm more at risk from my hillbilly neighbors with their Trump treason flags their general hatred of people that are not exactly like them and their ability to access their massive amount of guns • None • Wind brought down trees and fencing • Hail that damaged our roof. • Wildfire- loss of house. • Roof lost from windstorms; no disaster declared • high winds caused damage to roof • Windstorm that blew over storage unit and exterior light posts. • Not in Yakima County. • Mostly wind removing shingles from my roof. • Strong winds causing downed trees(damage to house and fence). • High winds, tree branches breaking free and coming through window. • Irrigation pipe broke in front of my home causing water to enter my home. • Flooding • damage to gravel driveway from flooding. • Mudslide from stalled rain event filled in back of property and all ponds used as irrigation water, 2013. • Wind, flood from rainstorm and snow melt, fire, hail.All with varying degrees of damage to home, out buildings and vehicles. Multiple first aid needs, two ER visits and one death.And my dog got hit in the head by a large hail stone and now he can't walk straight and yelps every time he takes a leak. Appendix B B-37 259 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Excessive Wind and/or Snowstorms Pandemic Electricity Interruptions PumpNVater Interruptions Basic Needs(groceries, gas, medical services)Interruptions • Trees falling on multiple occasions during high winds • May 18th, 1980, Mount St Helens enough said • None • Flooding washed out my driveway over 20 years ago when the dam breached up above Ahtanum road.We couldn't get out for 2 days.There was no warning. One neighbor got a call from a utility worker friend who saw the water about to breach the frozen dam and 15 minutes after that call the water hit our community. My house was fine and above the flood plain, but our neighbor's house caught fire when the water rushed under it with the electric wires running under her house. Lots of other homes and roads were affected.The land where all those new housing developments popped up along Ahtanum and 64th were under water.All 3 freeways were flooded over. My flood risk is low because I'll only live above that 100-year flood line now, but you'll probably have another epic flood disaster in those same communities eventually. • Winter storm that froze up eves causing water to back under shingles as weather improved causing water damage to our home • Wind damage to the rood of my home. Smoke inhalation. • Wind event caused roof damage then rains came that caused ceiling collapse. Wildfire caused smoke damage to inside of my home. • Mt St. Helens 1980 debris&crop loss flood of 1996 infrastructure loss • High winds caused a tree to fall on our back deck. No one was hurt; however, the damage required major repairs. • Wind damage, falling tree limbs • Minor flooding • Snow load damage to buildings Hail damage to crops • Lost my granddaughter's swing set to the wind and many shade devices. • Smoke damage to our grape vines • Damage to gutters/roof from ice/snow • Mt St Helen's in 1980-self-explanatory. Snowstorm/melting/flooding in early 1996- major roof damage and flooding at our home. • Windstorm and rain that caused damage to the roof of my home. • Mt St. Helens • None • High wind has removed siding on 2 sides of the house on two different occasions. • Flood of 1996, and Mt. St Helen's. • Wind knocked down big trees and my carport. • Wildfire damage, heavy snowfall, and icing damages. • Wind damage, excess snow damage • Flooding • wind and snow damage to vegetation around home. • Wind damaged roofing, outbuildings • Had a roof collapse from heavy snow, Tree blows down causing property damage from windstorm, concrete displacement cracks from earthquakes, severe ashfall from volcano, radon in the soil, lung damage from wildfire smoke Appendix B B-38 260 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • None • Our neighborhood was struck by Evans Canyon fire in 2020, we had just moved in 5 days prior. We are, and will be prepared, always. Fire is a terrifying experience. Thank you for all you do to keep us safe. • Extreme snowfall quickly has made it almost impossible to go anywhere. Sometimes even with a 4-wheeldrive vehicle. Appendix B B-39 261 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan , 2022 13. Based on YOUR PERCEPTION of your jurisdiction's hazards,to what degree of emphasis would you expect your jurisdiction to mitigate the following hazards? • Mitigation definition: The purpose of mitigation planning is to identify policies and actions that can be implemented over the long term to reduce risk and future losses. Mitigation forms the foundation for a community's long-term strategy to reduce disaster losses and break the cycle of disaster damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. o No Mitigation Needed = No mitigation on this hazard is expected or needed o Low Priority=This hazard should be mitigated, but is not a high priority compared to other hazards o Medium Priority= It is important to mitigate this hazard o High Priority= It is a high priority to emphasize mitigation for this hazard Respondents' Hazard Perceptions 180 - 160 — 140 . 120 c 100 I i ! r! 0l IIIIIIII' 'I III I 0 .. ���Q�a���40.4•,c• ��i�oJ� GP �e�0 o��\�i'rae sae 4 2. �6 , \a�4,0 b g roeP ,�� �O ac9a J� �c �o 0 •cP kso , •<<• ���� GPz. � �al� -6 Joy del' C. iz 1 No mitigation needed ■Low Priority Medium Priority •High Priority Appendix B B-40 262 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 14. Which of the following best describes your race/ethnicity?Please select ALL that apply. Respondents' Race/Ethnicity 90 80 78.1 70 60 5 50 a 40 30 20 12.2 10 5.2 3 7 - 0.4 — 1.5 0 — Nza , 0(s4a G� � � �`� c � � i` yQ 0Q a e �o Ov ` Pyo \ftk tp Table C.12. Respondents' Race/Ethnicity Value Percent Count American Indian or Alaska Native 5.2% 14 Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0.4% 1 Asian or Asian American 3.0% 8 Black or African American 1.5% 4 Hispanic or Latino 12.2% 33 Non-Hispanic White 78.1% 211 Other(please specify) 7.0% 19 Appendix B B-41 263 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Responses for Other Count White 4 American 1 Caucasian 1 Dutch American 1 European American 1 Human 1 Jewish 1 More than one 11 White American 1 1 White/Mexican 1 Who cares? I'm a human being 1 Does not matter 1 Total 15 Appendix B B-42 264 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 15. Please indicate the language(s)spoken in your household. Please select ALL that apply. Languages Spoken in Households 120 99.6 100 80 c 60 a 40 20 Spanish,8.2 Other(please specify),3.2 0 English Spanish Other(please specify) Table C.13. Languages Spoken in Households Value Percent Count English 99.6% 278 Spanish 8.2% 23 Other(please specify) 3.2% 9 Responses for Other Count French 1 German, Italian,Japanese, Korean 1 Japanese 1 Javanese 1 Korean 1 Russian 1 Russian, Latin and Portuguese 1 Appendix B B-43 265 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 1.ZVive ylo trabaja en el condado de Yakima?Seleccione la mejor respuesta que aplique a su situacibn actual. No, no vivo ni trabajo en el Living and Work Situation condado de Yakima Q% —mgr.Si,trabajo en el condado de Yakima, pero vivo it en otra area 25% Si,vivo en el condado de LI Si, vivo y trabajo Yakima. en el condado de 50% Yakima 25% Table C.14. Living and Work Situation Value Percent Count Si, vivo en el condado de Yakima. 50% 2 Si,vivo y trabajo en el condado de Yakima 25% 1 Si, trabajo en el condado de Yakima, pero vivo en otra area 25% 1 No, no vivo ni trabajo en el condado de Yakima 0% 0 Total 4 Appendix B B-44 266 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 2. Indique en que comunidad vive dentro del condado de Yakima. Community Representation ■Yakima Table C.15. Community Representation Value Percent Count Yakima 100.0% 1 Total 1 Appendix B B-45 267 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 3.Indique en que comunidad trabaja dentro del condado de Yakima. Community Representation IP& Otra ciudad(por favor Yakima especifique): 50% 50% ..wililW Table C.16. Community Representation Value v Percent Count Yakima 50.0% 1 Otra ciudad (por favor especifique): 50.0% 1 Total 2 Appendix B B-46 268 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 4.Indique las actividades que ha realizado para prepararse para emergencias y desastres. Seleccione todas las respuestas que correspondan a su situacidn. Yo.... Preparedness Activities 120 100 100 100 80 c 60 50 50 50 50 a 40 20 0 Me he suscrito Tengo un plan Tengo seguro Tengo un kit de He visitado los Tengo un plan a las de preparedbn contra 72 horas o un sitios web del de evacuacion notificaciones para inundaciones kit de gobiemo local de alerta a emergencies suministros para obtener troves de Alert para desastres informedbn Yakima sobre pr Table C.17. Preparedness Activities Value Percent Count Me he suscrito a las notificaciones de alerta a travels de Alert 50.0% 1 Yakima Tengo un plan de preparacidn pars emergencies 100.0% 2 Tengo seguro contra inundaciones 50.0% 1 Tengo un kit de 72 horas o un kit de suministros pars desastres 50.0% 1 He visitado los sitios web del gobiemo local para obtener 50.0% 1 informacidn sobre preparacidn para emergencies Tengo un plan de evacuacion 100.0% 2 Appendix B B-47 269 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 5.2,Que le ha impedido prepararse pars un desastre? Por favor seleccione todas las respuestas que correspondan a su situacibn. Preparedness Preventing Reasons 60 50 50 50 50 r 40 PI c p 30 co a 20 10 0 No tengo tiempo Cuesta mucho dinero Nada de to anterior aplica a mf Table C.18. Preparedness Preventing Reasons Value Percent Count No tengo tiempo 50.0% 1 Cuesta mucho dinero 50.0% 1 Nada de to anterior aplica a 50.0% 1 mi Appendix B B-48 270 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 6.2,De ddnde obtiene su informacidn sobre Ia preparacibn para desastres? Por favor seleccione todas las respuestas que correspondan a su situacidn. Preparedness Preventing Reasons 60 50 50 50 50 40 t c p 30 a) a 20 10 0 Sitios web del gobiemo federal Redes sociales Grupos de voluntarios o sin (ejemplo:www.fema.gov) fines de lucro(por ejemplo, la Cruz Roja Americana, Table C.19. Preparedness Preventing Reasons Value Percent Count Sitios web del gobiemo federal (ejemplo: www.fema.gov) 50.0% 1 Redes sociales 50.0% 1 Grupos de voluntarios o sin fines de lucro (por ejemplo, Ia Cruz Roja 50.0% 1 Americana, el Ejdreito de Salvacidn, etc.) Appendix B B-49 271 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 74,Estaria de acuerdo o en desacuerdo con las siguientes declaraciones? ' d 'lIT El condado de Yakima Conozco el sitlo web del Durante tiempos de Puedo acceder esta brindando los condado de Yakima y emergencia,la faalmente a informacibn servicios necesarios puedo obtener informaciOn que se de emergencia en para prepararme para facilmente informaadn proporciona esta en un tiempos de crisis. un desastre. sobre emergencias y idioma y formato que desastres. puedo entender. •Totalmente de acuerdo •De acuerdo •Ni de acuerdo ni en desacuerdo ■Desacuerdo ■Muy en desacuerdo Appendix B B-50 272 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 8.Indique coma el condado de Yakima puede mejor ayudarlo a prepararse para emergencias y desastres. • Provide access to information. Appendix B B-51 273 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 9. Si un desastre (es decir, una torments de nieve) impacta el condado de Yakima y los deja sin electricidad ni agua corriente, Lpodria su hogar valerse por si mismo durante al menos siete (7) dias? Household Impact After Disaster ' No 50% Table C.20. Household Impact After Disaster Value Percent Count Si 50.0% 1 No 50.0% 1 Total 2 Appendix B B-52 274 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 10. ,Cree que su hogar ylo lugar de trabajo podria alguna vez verse amenazado por los siguientes peligros?Califique que peligros presentan el mayor riesgo. • Bajo Riesgo =Baja impacto en Ia amenaza a Ia vida y danos a Ia propiedad • Riesgo Media= Impacto medio en Ia amenaza a Ia vida y danos a Ia propiedad • Alto Riesgo=Alto impacto en Ia amenaza a Ia vida y daf os a Ia propiedad Respondents' Hazard Perceptions 2.5 2 1.5 0 1 - 0.5 — -- II- 0 ' � c1/4o , 00k• 3,9 4# 4, qr.\ 54 •`bc? 0� a` mkrfr 5oaa � at o 0o okl `e ao � � \`edb. e � ta \ eeS � a a is e �o � ip1r-4\d) OP/ ((/'6% _to e •Bajo Riesgo •Medio Riesgo Alto Riesgo •No me aplica Appendix B B-53 275 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 11. Seleccione Ia respuesta que mejor describa su experiencia. Respondents' Damage Experiences He sufrido danos menores a la propiedad y Nunca he tenido perdidas a causa (Janos o perdidas de un desastre a la propiedad a 50% cause de un desastre 50% Al6P . Table C.21. Respondents' Damage Experiences Value Percent Count Nunca he tenido(Janos a perdidas a Ia propiedad a cause de un 50.0% 1 desastre He sufrido(Janos menores a Ia propiedad y perdidas a causa de un 50.0% 1 desastre Total 2 Appendix B B-54 276 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 1 2022 12. Si ha sufrido danos a causa de un desastre en el condado de Yakima, anote los peligros y describa brevemente los daf os, perdidas ylo lesiones? (Ejemplo: Inundacibn que causb daf os a mi hogar) • Flooding Appendix B B-55 277 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 13.Con base en SU PERCEPCION de los peligros de su jurisdiccibn, thasta que grado esperaria que su jurisdiccibn mitigara los siguientes peligros? • Definicion de mitigacibn: El propbsito de Ia planificacion de Ia mitigacibn es identificar pblizas y acciones que puedan implementarse a largo plazo para reducir el riesgo y las perdidas futuras. La mitigacibn forma Ia base de Ia estrategia a largo plazo de una comunidad para reducir las perdidas por desastres y romper el ciclo de darnos por desastres, reconstruccibn y darnos repetidos. o No se necesita mitigacibn = No se espera ni se necesita mitigacibn de este peligro o Prioridad baja= Este peligro debe mitigarse, pero no es de alta prioridad en comparacibn con otros peligros o Prioridad media = Es importante mitigar este peligro o Prioridad alta = Es de alta prioridad enfatizar Ia mitigacibn de este peligro Respondents' Hazard Perceptions 2.5 2 - 1.5 0 1 0.5 I II-1-- I I li 0 a irP c'� ia ce of ♦o c3• 0 0 'q 0 S\e• P �e�aG` ♦tea 0 ♦c a�F♦tie�`��a �6@ goo ,�� a♦a �643 �bca • �� ♦� ee o �c�` co ' ee �Q�o��� �m�� ♦� Gam' Nose necesita mitigacidn Prioridad baja Prioridad media ■Prioridad alta Appendix B B-56 278 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 144,Cual de las siguientes describe mejor su raza/origen etnico? Por favor seleccione todas las respuestas que correspondan a su persona. Respondents' Race/Ethnicity 60 50 50 50 40 c p 30 o 20 10 0 Indio americano o nativo de Alaska Blanco no hispano Table C.22. Respondents' Race/Ethnicity Value Percent Count Indio americano o nativo de Alaska 50.0% 1 Blanco no hispano 50.0% 1 Total 2 Appendix B B-57 279 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 15. Indique los idiomas que se hablan en su hogar. Por favor seleccione todas las respuestas que correspondan a su situacibn. Languages Spoken in Households 120 100 100 80 c a) 60 a) 0_ 40 20 0 Ingles Table C.23. 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I II o o '� o 0 0 0 0 . a) m m m m m m m N c CO N N m > ro a a a a a a c a) ca c c s co ca p co CO CO a 02 C o o § § § § § § § § _ _ § § 'x = = m = _ = o 0 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 0) CD 0) 0) CT) 0) 0) E O r r r r r r r r r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 NNNNNNNN N N N N NNNNNNNNN f+ a r r c� r r n in N N C� . C� a a r O� fA en 35 36 r 8 8 cn N r CV r r N N N N r r N N h a r N N r -V N N O) r r r L. CI 03 Z Z = Z = Z Z 2 2 2 2 2 cn Z = Z = Z Z 2 I 0 0 ,_ O ,_ 0 0 ,_ ,_ ,_ ,_ ,_ ❑ 0 ,_ 0 ,_ O O 1_ w m .N.. N LL N. LL N. N LL LL LL LL LL Z N LL N. LL N N. LL _• o >- >- 0 >- 0 >- >- 0 0 0 0 0 g > 0 >- 0 >- >- 0 Q N J J co J V) J J V) co Cl) co cn = J co J V) J J Cl) E c d ¢ a ¢ a ¢ ¢ a a a a a C7 Q a a s a a p a O > > > 0 > 0 > > 0 0 0 0 0 = > 0 > 0 > > 00 O O� � 1— 1— �Y Y cn Y V Y Y NcncnV) cn0Y coo n 0 - > � - > u]� � � m } .a C m 0. Q. Z Z W Z W Z Z W W W W W Z W 11.1 W Z ZI W Q 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 cn 2 2 2 O O 0 O O ❑ O O 00 C N, N, LL LL .N.. .N.. 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C 0 Q .fir i o Z. 10 2C Y _NC _NC Z LWn W W uu W i cp ) LnW cCD 2 r. 2in 0 ' • . 3 C C 3 3 V € 3 3 g € 3 3 i _ 2 CI q .. v 0C C N c c N cn c cn c c y m C L L L L L L L V 3 } O O C m O O O m L m O O C m S m O S K f! 0 = _ § _ LI LI L1 _ F- _ _ _ § _ _ 22 = W W w ma) m o 0 0 0 0 o O o o O o _ `t. — ' E N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N G L� O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 2 O i N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N — �o in N. m a r` r` n c3 a N. M N 0 u� c3 03 W 0 N N N N N a- CO Cal , , ch , N N N = o r N r N ID r~ 0 a- N a- N Cr) CD r T r T r T 12 L IIn 0 ° W W ° ° ° W W W 0 0 e m IV N L LL N t N U- U Z u Z IV N O N W W ° ° J W W W ° ° ° c'icI J LU LU J J W W J J J au. au. (n W ° J J c a a a a o 0 0 > o a e a a a a O 3 > > 0 0 O O O N 0 > > > 0 0 1 0 1 N 0 8 a a - c, _ < Z4— ;aa - c, _ W .4 : W .,a . a a C 2 2 2 2 2 I- 2 2 2 2 N44 00z ~ 2 2� 0 �N Z � � -z � u, z K W YO cnW cnOYO 41C .a C w a. O. iri Z W W Z Z Z Z W W LU Z Z Z a o o 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 I 0 ° 0 0 c } >- 0 0 w S >- 0 0 g 0 g w r7 N N J J J> N N N J JJ J C > > ifil Q 0. > > 00 Q 0 0 < 0 0 0 00W N Cl) W 0WN 10 ci) (11N2f2 z aQ � 0O0O a)0- Y Y 0ccn IL U rx P ° Y Y Y U0U)cnUU)cnV _ Y Y Q U a >- >- � � a � >- >-� YD � � Y Q 297 CO m r g C iv In 0 40 o 0 0 o u) 0 o 0 0 o u, N O O O O N N O N ). m C o a dD 40 .0 0 0 0 0 T C C 0 0 0 o u�i O 40 W C m o 0 0 0 01 F. a •= a 0 W 0 o 0 0 o cn N OSI ml W N 0 C Z.s a a Z crs 2 cr) .` 7 c 7 O gto v a c° c° 3 2' c6 W cD as 0 ` 2 2 I I 03 E a' o D 0 0 2 O N N N N 03 V N fA N T °) cy O T N N T T T T 12 L 03 I 0 0 W 0.. m N N Z U- O N W >- 0 Q _ J J 0 W O > > > = 0 o 8 a a w O c Y Y 2Oc¢¢na > > C N W C m 0. O. W la O o co„ = H C N N. LL W W g 0 _ 0 : 298 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 APPENDIX E. DETAILED MITIGATION STRATEGY The following pages include the detailed hazard mitigation strategy for the 2022 Plan Update. Appendix E E-1 299 �� it 81= ;11 1 11s 1 I III II III ! i 1 it 1 I III 11 111 . 1 F S I F I F I I I F I I i f III I I ! Miheillil filth 1 ill 1 1 i g 1 . Ld5 E5 5 � aE�.40 Fy b ac 5 g 1 s,1 f 1 . 41, F i1 1m 8 : ii gg g g§lE g V i a t kE� lid bEey i It! F aa� g8ggig 2 � ii gLL$rs g to fiS' ' fl f iq 8II ■■„■„B ■� a g @@ a�a @@ asss anal Igigi B; tg■„ ;1 4,1 1s ■ I [ 333� 3F h OFSCRs s'ia6F6� II 6iis' 6F6� 3 �s' ioFnaif 3 s'f ii WI �� 1 1 1 i 1 11 1 1 .1 1 ; l A p HH 1 HH g g fE 11 ; 1 1 1 i i � �t F s is i 1 it yy F EE �$ „ O; o o a a ,. E o d £ € E? E a € ! r E g i 8 a Ili i� � I € hfsi E€ f l i . ia i z i s 9 ii a @ 1a 6 si' s E § A As as lei 1 1 s g a E= jr � 3 1 if e!$ i! b 1 it 8l I a e !I/ i' _9 -`6 � F g 11 it m 0 /11 /I 11 11 i 4f ill " 11 I . 112 3 g'B EY-0 E'" ga 2 g}gi s'E 8C3 i 1111111 l§; !I$ 1E l Ul e a 1 iii ! 1E 7tl 1 sil 3 ;1 3 p1 g g g g / IJ t t t MI in m H e n A m 2 2 .. 300 s a Ei a. s� B� 11 i 6 H H ! P i i i i i i i i i i s i B B i B s 4 IIIIIII 1; MI 1 Ilill I I I i Ido s1s1s 3M p8 WO ! fil I ! i 1 B k ill g e1 i g ig h h I' I Ie I i 1 1 I 1 1 1 11 il i . ill i ! i “si eg 4s d t “s.1 V4 d i t x 1 i 4 gss11s i g% .14fIlic1et i 1 1 a1r i Ali 4.6f ag Ili "1 ;1 I i Igisa4 11111y il iii4 of 88f € 6 gt Eea sas" € g iv g; .,€ si ■ 0 beye a aas ao icy F ee(F ii S 4 e gB o of of O O of II it it II 6 71 e v 'jg a li 2 4.e ti ill ii 4 ii.1 Ig ;,, 3 1 U z 11 illq a •e s B aY � � I ig 3 s P it Ei it -ii i 11 $ Qj $1 bI lIP li 8 1! ii!t 1 8 l55 t S E D 1111 5; a i_; 1ifl 4E! S !r. lii; 1 3 ifs HH II lit H�gl i� 1 a sg11 R 16 RR 6 5 6 W W 6 6 1 I I I 1 1111 In 1111 1111 111 11 I! II; In r . ! a g N R R K 301 z 1 1 11 ii ill RE RE If! £5 iii iii I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii I I I lUU I i ; ; ; ; IL i 1 ; i i XII 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ f • _ f = _ = f e fi J tg t g ! 1 gE , g Il Et 3 ! Et, E.g., t 3 Ido 11111 IF p8. litin € 1 ! i i i € i P I _ i l VI 1 Jill! 1 1 t fts i :" i' ; ; W i y y yI I 1 W W W 1 1 g sg°1 _$ a It o 1; 8 B i@ X i g §� gg5 ga; ig.4f, ;, ; of € 1 g§ �, ig 6 1,1 saga F iif Ili gs 9i ; 8 a P' 2 4 i g95 8li glIhRZ. 0f6# s gig g9 g off go g g3 g: T. I 1 1- itig 1 i-1 18 $ 2- ty 11 il I:I �j a 1 E ill II 8 IR 1E i! !I e 1 a 1 li' Bi 11 if i $ 6 i4 If It' i 1 f I lit h 11 ;q 1 lE i El t 11 s Iti 1 R ill Ii l` i :I 1E 8; sip I 11 V i Li 1 49 11;1 1 ill! it !I Ii IA ER 6t m rA R X 2 AS AIR 302 g 1 1 1E.: '';'i gi il Wa a s it li $ 4 1 1 1 e 1 1g 10 Is iill i i i i it i i it 1 ; I I I ; I ilig i l l Ig ! ! at 1 ! ! 1 ! 0 g ! gi 1 gi 1 Ili i 1! i ! 1 i ii i ii Ido Full Imp* Im.# A A 5 A ! IiIM 1 1 1 ii ! ! i ! ! ! ! 1 diZp g N I i i i - 1 . ",Il sas4 jsi .g.,IL55 f, i a A a8£ x8£ b 1 ggasa 6. 8a a l asi8 i$ S E@8 @ @ @ g oBg a >B as iij i Z If 8 ! is a0 1 a a $ a $5g HMI' ! �5f _a 5 a g �5f 5f= f= f= ]i[ tai t@@siggg sai¢ g@.igg @�[i.gat-Iggnsfigg *3 a @ g @g.h s @@�j @ i @ g @ f g gl A A A E #y 4 4 p72 C & ¢ a a ,§ ,§ a 1 d1 12 a 4 _ _ 1 1 g a s i is 2 68 58 58 1 1 g g g a i a it a;„ ;e 1 II s i i L cgs i• 11 I el lilt ii I i a� ki i ; a PPP a g 'a 1il 1� Na2 fr A g 1 .1 / .9Lo_ 1# .a1 - I g 1 q 1 i3 it1 ileig$ ill$ it PCB g 1 .ii 1T I I; 111E . 68 '? 33 , �IV III ei 1 i 1 11 ilei it it li 11 1 iildlliind li i t 1 // a ; ; ja V. a a S a s . 5 a a MR 303 1 a s ,� 1v 1 lE 1 1 1 I I 1 1 ! ! 1I 1 ii 1 it ; / / / / / / / / i i i i i I I I I i i i I i. a I. 1. 1. 1 i if 11 till 1111 1111 1111 a 1 tratoi Isis 1MpW g fitM I 1 1 € # g i P i 1 1 VI e € € € m s e gf 1 It I 1 11. 11 , t 1 ili ii r rs Ate,-@ i 211 iVg 2 k its , ao bo. a�if _ @ !ail E i fm= �fge ; g,!%g a a' 'EEA IA e i III A A i I4 4 I ti 9 8 Of ti tili 8 8 3' M . a B ? 7 il6 it 211 1 1 11 f E; it fill!! H� I p 11 ii ap a� n6e I. iWill' ees� a s9 2 1412; 8 B1 SSSS i 13 l l alj' i pp I q ; 88511 u$g6 6; 1e pg 1111.1 el~ e 5 !BE 1-11; Ilig pf li g E1 �8 E a B£ iti ep ILa6 a 31 �e 1 S1; ivte$F $$ # {, a g Gg I sLL gy 5i 14 1; d ;I ri ; lt Hh4 _ i CGS fliii nil e e e e e a a a i Ia a a a a a a a a a a 304 f i I i I I I i i S i ; i z 5 _ _ _ _ 1 1 1 I iiiliiiii i i Iglii 11111 figingligg g g 1 f 1 gy e 1 i € 111111 II 1 S n n 6 t �i 6't l z ,y O x,1 t 1 1,41 to J sf_ 013i ggt.Bg 2_ a d , 4'B s I S s gli t 88ai IOU I' °s i �� tit ��GG�(1111 ' s iigi s 1 s1 g OF32 s1OJ bbbbs�tsl,,g Of;t O ¢ i 1 i 1 O O O O p If ai li Q 1 3l i i 9 9 gs 3e g�a sb g ill ; P Si 21 iE 1- ll 3a a iS E$i t iE �� ll 1/ El PiP li Via# P II- - g i n F @� i Ili 31 lit 111 {�i i@ $8 i Ih 11 II ;I II 1 11 305 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 APPENDIX F. HAZARD MAPS The following pages include the full-size hazard maps for the 2022 Plan Update. 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SP } - I _ _ , 323 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 JURISDICTION ANNEXES Each jurisdiction participating in the 2022 HMP Update has an individual annex to be adopted by their respective governing bodies. Each annex details the unique hazard risks, vulnerabilities, capabilities, and mitigation strategy for the jurisdiction. Please note that the Yakima County Fire Districts are included together in one annex. Jurisdiction annexes include the following: • City of Granger Annex • City of Grandview Annex • City of Moxee Annex • City of Selah Annex • City of Sunnyside Annex • City of Tieton Annex • City of Toppenish Annex • City of Union Gap Annex • City of Yakima Annex • Town of Harrah Annex • Town of Naches Annex • Yakima County Fire Districts Annex • Yakima County Flood Control Zone District Annex Jurisdiction Annexes Annexes - 1 324 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Annex 1 . City of Grandview Grandview is located near the eastern border of Yakima County in south-central Washington State. Grandview is equidistant, 40 miles, from the city of Yakima and the Tri-Cities of Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick. Grandview is located along 1-82, north of the Yakima River and surrounded by agricultural lands. The City's neighbors include Sunnyside to the northwest and Prosser to the southeast, both along 1-82. As of the 2020 Census, the City's population was 11,075. Grandview encompasses about 6.3 square miles. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Representatives of the City of Grandview actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as members of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the City of Grandview identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 1-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the City of Grandview. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 1-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment— City of Grandview 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Natural Hazards Risk Ranking Grandview Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Medium Torrent/Erosion Public Health Emergency Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Weather III Volcanic Eruption Low Wildfire Huh Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Hazards Risk Ranking Grandview Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure High Hazardous Materials Incident Hi•h High Nuclear/Radiological Incident Lo,, Low Terrorism Low Low Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Grandview Annexes -2 325 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Both Flood and Dam/Levee Failure risk levels are lower for Grandview than Yakima County as a whole, given the higher elevation of the city and location outside of both the 100-year floodplain and any mapped dam inundation areas. Risk levels for other hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche:The City of Grandview is located outside of the identified avalanche hazard area and is not located along a transportation corridor that may be disrupted from a significant incident. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Grandview. Irrigation water sources are split between city-owned wells and the Sunnyside Valley Irrigation District(Sunnyside Canal). The Grandview Municipal Code includes a provision for water conversation measures during a drought declaration, which has not been implemented since the 1990's. • Earthquake: The seismic risk for Grandview is consistent with all of Yakima County. There are no active fault lines within or surrounding Grandview. The city's downtown core would be vulnerable to a significant earthquake event, given the age of most buildings. Critical facilities in Grandview, including water and wastewater, are built to current seismic standards. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Grandview. Grandview has two assisted living facilities—The Orchards and Grandview Assisted Living —who's residents may be more vulnerable to extreme heat events. There are also several group homes in the city and a large elderly population that are considered vulnerable. Extreme temperatures are expected to have an impact on the local agricultural industry if they are long duration or particularly severe. • Flood: Grandview does not have any land located within the 100-year floodplain. The Euclid Lift Station, part of the City's wastewater treatment system, was at risk to flooding during the 1996 flooding event. The facility did not ultimately flood, but flooding at the facility could cause significant disruptions to the wastewater infrastructure. As noted above, the Sunnyside Canal is a potential source of flooding if it were to fail or be otherwise compromised. • Landslide: Grandview has a low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. There is no history of landslides or other geologic hazards in Grandview. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Grandview. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Grandview(including hail and wind events), but no specific damages within city limits. Vulnerable populations are noted above under the Extreme Temperatures hazard. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Grandview. Heavy snow fall in 2001 caused some property damage, including collapsed roofs. Most critical facilities in Grandview are prepared with back-up power sources, including the fire station and police station, as well as some wells and lift stations. Grandview has identified the need for back-up power at several additional well sites, as well as local sheltering facilities. Vulnerable populations are noted above under the Extreme Temperatures hazard. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Grandview Annexes - 3 326 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Grandview. The city is not located within the Mt. Adams volcano hazard zone. • Wildfire: Grandview does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities. Large fires have burned in the Rattlesnake Hills north of the city, including the 2016 Range 12 fire. Due to its location on 1-82, Grandview experiences limited impacts from transportation disruptions from wildfires. Grandview owns a wastewater facility site, about 1,000 acres of land,just south of the city. The facility is mostly surrounded by wildland, including sagebrush and grasses. In July 2022, about 500 acres of the property burned after a wildland fire jumped over the Yakima River. At the time of plan development, the City estimated approximately $1 million in insurance claims. The Grandview Fire Department is still assessing potential mitigation actions, but there is a need to increased preparedness planning to protect the site, increase fire breaks, and potentially secure specialized firefighting resources to mitigate wildfire damages in the future. • Dam/Levee Failure: Grandview is not located directly within the inundation area of any dams. • Hazardous Materials: Grandview is at risk from hazardous materials traveling on 1-82 and on the Burlington Northern Railroad, both of which pass through the city. Grandview experienced a fire in the early 2000's at the Wilbur-Ellis Site that closed 1-82 for approximately 24 hours and required nearby evacuations. The Wilbur-Ellis site is one of two large suppliers of agricultural chemicals and fertilizers. Grandview is also home to several cold storage warehouses that are known to store anhydrous ammonia. Grandview experiences occasional hazardous materials releases from fixed facilities as well as from agricultural transportation along local roadways. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Grandview Annexes -4 327 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities Grandview last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2016, and the municipal code was last updated and adopted in November 2021. Table 1-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the City of Grandview. Table 1-B. City of Grandview Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 15 of the Grandview Municipal Code establishes building and Building Code Yes construction codes and regulations. Grandview has adopted the 2015 International Building Code. Title 17 of the Grandview Municipal Zoning Yes Code establishes the local zoning ordinance. Title 18 of the Grandview Municipal Code adopts the Yakima County Hazard-specific Yes Critical Areas Ordinance, which establishes standards for Frequently Flooded Areas and Geologically Hazardous Areas. Title 16 of the Grandview Municipal Subdivisions Yes Code establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Stormwater management and Stormwater standards are addressed within Title Management Yes 18 as part of the Critical Areas Ordinance. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Yes 36.70A) directs growth management Management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Some public safety and health Public Health ordinances are included in Title 8 of and Safety Yes the Grandview Municipal Code. Title 2 establishes police and fire department authorities. Grandview adopted a Critical Areas Environmental Ordinance which includes procedures Protection Yes for protecting wetlands, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, areas Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Grandview Annexes - 5 328 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 1-B. City of Grandview Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority subject to certain hazards, and other environmental) sensitive lands. Planning Documents Comprehensive Yes Grandview last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2016. Environmental Grandview is in the process of Protection Yes updating the Water and Sewer Comprehensive Plan. The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. Response/Recovery Planning Comprehensive The City of Grandview is a member of Emergency the Yakima Valley Emergency Management Management and Yakima County Plan (CEMP) Yes Emergency Services Council. Grandview is a party to the 2019 CEMP. Community Grandview is represented within the Wildfire Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Protection Plan Yes Communities Coalition, which was (CWPP) revising the CWPP at the time of HMP development(2022). Continuity of The City of Grandview last updated its Operations Plan Yes COOP more than five years ago and (COOP) does not have a Continuity of Government Plan. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Grandview Annexes - 6 329 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities Grandview has a full-time City Administrator who manages the Public Works Department. The Grandview Police Department and Grandview Fire Department co-lead emergency operations for the city. Outside of these three positions, hazard mitigation administrative and technical capabilities are supported by contracted services as well as the Yakima Valley Council of Governments and Yakima County departments. Table 1-C. City of Grandview Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with Yakima Valley Council of Governments; knowledge of land development Yes Contracted Services and land management Engineers or professionals trained in building or infrastructure Yes Contracted Services construction Planners or engineers with an Yes Contracted Services understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Yakima County GIS Shared responsibility of the Fire Chief and Emergency manager Yes Police Chief, supported through Yakima Valley Emergency Management Floodplain manager No Yakima Valley Council of Governments; Grant writers Yes Contracted Services Other National Flood Insurance Program The City of Grandview participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)(CID #530218) and the last FIRM map for the area was issued on 11/18/2009 (FEMA, 2022). The City of Grandview does not currently participate in the Community Rating System (CRS) program. Table 1-D describes floodplain management capabilities and NFIP program compliance for Grandview. Table 1-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities What department is responsible for floodplain management in your Public Works jurisdiction? Department Are any certified floodplain managers on staff in your jurisdiction? No Does your jurisdiction have any outstanding NFIP compliance violations No that need to be addressed? If so, please state what they are. Do your flood hazard maps adequately address the flood risk within Yes your jurisdiction? (If no, please state why) Does your floodplain management staff need any assistance or training to support its floodplain management program? If so, what type of No assistance/training is needed? Does your jurisdiction participate in the Community Rating System No (CRS)? If so, is your jurisdiction seeking to improve its CRS Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Grandview Annexes - 7 330 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 1-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities Classification? If not, is your jurisdiction interested in joining the CRS program? Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Grandview Annexes - 8 331 W Qs • Z4 Ili W e _ . I I k 70 0 C7 C9 C L 0 N a _ _ = Q N D 2 c .c- c 3 t9N 4 ai om aci oocH paces f1 = o E t c �� � cvo aEioo 'j � �o.�- 'gym co a) _ U _ t OU t c. m mC � � = 3 c ' a) o c5Z'' as 02 7, �. E as c 0 o co U v;2 .�' co U 3 ;a Z,± as O H 2 •0 c 1- 2 ui too O 2 ui u) •- O oo C70as �. 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Sa �U' . o v bi ca co g g o 12 2 I I c 2 2 o x U_ N. co v coM co a4t 337 10 _ go• I al o c 2 2 I N k c % a`b c A�c ƒ 0 o 13 gE ■ ® § / % f§ § co opt F. co o n a/ 2 © % Z" � E � 'a I ■ 5R2 ° I- � 22 O4o � t N 0 �j c52 ai co .2 f O z,5 c co E al 2 o a 0 $ $ g •0 g= O / mi- . 0 a oaOEm ■ O. 2 a # .525D2 7 la § co 2 2 7 � > 2E ■ o e ® oo m � �0 co S / O 00 /Rw2 0 0 0 E-I-. E c id k -05 0 0 E k 3 a •a \7ƒ 2 tc0 ' -D 0 fatoRo § g� § � 4 m0U � ? 0 Z' U 2 a, Ma) 2 I 0 < I 2 0 / . 7 k 338 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Annex 2. City of Granger The City of Granger is located along the Lower Yakima River on the west side of 1-82. Its neighboring cities include Zillah and Sunnyside along 1-82. As of the 2020 Census, the City's population was 3,806. Granger encompasses about 1.8 square miles. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Representatives of the City of Granger actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as members of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the City of Granger identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 2-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the City of Granger. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 2-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment—City of Granger Natural Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Granger Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Medium Torrent/Erosion Public Health Emergency Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Weather Volcanic Eruption Wildfire Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Granger Hazards Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure Hazardous Materials Incident Nuclear/Radiological Incident _ Terrorism Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Granger Annexes - 16 339 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Granger has a lower risk of landslides and other geologic hazards than Yakima County as a whole, given its distance from major ridgelines or mountains. Risk levels for other hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche:The City of Granger is located outside of the identified avalanche hazard area and is not located along one of the main transportation corridors that may be disrupted from a significant incident. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Granger. There are some local concerns over adequate water rights during a severe drought, as well as misuse of limited water resources given the lack of a water provisioning ordinance. Granger relies on a system of wells for drinking water, which may be impacted by reduced recharge in area aquifers. According to Granger's most recent Water System Plan, improvements are needed to waterlines, as well as permanent standby power equipment at their primary well site and upper zone booster station. • Earthquake: The seismic risk for Granger is consistent with all of Yakima County. There are no active fault lines within or surrounding Granger. The city is in the midst of a multi- year project to improve the drinking water system, which would not sustain significant groundshaking. The water line upgrade program has been ongoing for six years and will improve the system's resiliency. The City of Granger is at risk of isolation during an earthquake given the number of bridges connecting ingress/egress routes, including SR- 223 from Toppenish and 1-82. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Granger. • Flood: The very southern section of Granger is located in the 100-year floodplain along the Lower Yakima River. There are very few buildings located in the floodplain. The ponds serving the wastewater treatment plant at Hisey Park are subject to raising along with the Yakima River, creating some flooding in the area, as well as erosion to nearby walking trails. Significant flooding in this area could impact SR-223, a main ingress/egress route for the city. • Landslide: Granger has moderate susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. There is no history of landslides or other geologic hazards in Granger. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Granger. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Granger(including hail and wind events), but no specific damages within city limits. In recent years, Granger has experienced some downed trees and short-duration power outages due to severe weather. Most critical facilities have back-up power sources, except for the emergency shelters and some water and wastewater infrastructure. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Granger. The city is vulnerable to road closures due to dangerous ice and snow conditions, including 1-82 which sees frequent crashes, as well as SR-223. • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Granger. The city is not located within the Mt. Adams volcano hazard zone. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Granger Annexes - 17 340 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Wildfire: Granger does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities. Large fires have burned on the Toppenish Ridge south of the city, including the 2016 Tule#6 fire. Fires are common on US-97, and highway closures can cause some disruption. Due to its location on 1-82, Granger experiences limited impacts from transportation disruptions. • Cyber Threat/Attack: While Granger does not have direct experience with a cyberattack, it is of growing concern locally. There is a need to better understand the potential vulnerability of critical infrastructure systems, including water and wastewater, to a cyberattack. • Dam/Levee Failure: Granger is located within the Sunnyside Dam inundation area and would be impacted by dam-related flooding along the Lower Yakima River. The Cle Elum and Tieton dams are expected to impact the Lower Yakima. • Hazardous Materials: Granger is at risk from hazardous materials traveling on 1-82, SR- 223, and on the Burlington Northern Railroad, all of which pass through the city. There are limited fixed facilities of concern within Granger, but nearby incidents in Zillah and Sunnyside have led to alert and warnings locally. Some facilities of concern may include Cargill and fuel storage facilities. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Granger Annexes - 18 341 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities Granger last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2017, and the municipal code was last updated and adopted in March 2022. Table 2-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the City of Granger. Table 2-B. City of Granger Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 15 of the Granger Municipal Code establishes building and construction Building Code Yes codes and regulations. Granger has adopted the 2018 International Building Code. Zoning Yes Title 18 of the Granger Municipal Code establishes the local zoning ordinance. Title 16 of the Granger Municipal Code adopts the Yakima County Critical Hazard-specific Yes Areas Ordinance, which establishes standards for Frequently Flooded Areas and Geologically Hazardous Areas. Title 17 of the Granger Municipal Code Subdivisions Yes establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Stormwater management and Stormwater Yes standards are addressed within Title Management 16 as part of the Critical Areas Ordinance. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Management Yes 36.70A) directs growth management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Public Health Some public safety and health and Safety Yes ordinances are included in Title 8 of the Granger Municipal Code. Granger adopted a Critical Areas Ordinance which includes procedures Environmental Yes for protecting wetlands, fish and wildlife Protection habitat conservation areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmentall sensitive lands. Planning Documents Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Granger Annexes - 19 342 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 2-B. City of Granger Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority Comprehensive Yes Granger last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Environmental Granger participates in local and Protection Yes county-wide planning as relevant. The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. Comprehensive The City of Granger is a member of the Emergency Yakima Valley Emergency Management Yes Management and Yakima County Plan (CEMP) Emergency Services Council. Granger is a party to the 2019 CEMP. Granger is represented through Community Yakima County Fire District#5 in the Wildfire Yes Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Protection Plan Communities Coalition, which was (CWPP) revising the CWPP at the time of HMP development(2022). Continuity of The City of Granger does not have a Operations Plan Yes COOP or Continuity of Government (COOP) Plan in place currently. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Granger Annexes -20 343 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities Granger is governed by a Mayor and City Council, and includes several municipal departments —administration, fire, parks and recreation, police, and public works. Hazard mitigation projects are primarily to responsibility of the Public Works Department and the Mayor, who is a part of the Yakima Valley Emergency Management Board. Table 2-C. City of Granger Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with knowledge of land development Yes Yakima Valley Council of Governments and land management Engineers or professionals trained in building or infrastructure Yes Contracted Services construction Planners or engineers with an Yes Contracted Services understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Yakima County GIS Shared responsibility of the Fire Chief and Emergency manager Yes Police Chief, supported through Yakima Valley Emergency Management Floodplain manager No Grant writers Yes Contracted Services; Mayor and Department Directors Other National Flood Insurance Program The City of Granger participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) (CID#530219) and the last FIRM map for the area was issued on 11/18/2009 (FEMA, 2022). The City of Granger does not currently participate in the Community Rating System (CRS) program. Table 2-D describes floodplain management capabilities and NFIP program compliance for Granger. Table 2-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities What department is responsible for floodplain management in your Public Works jurisdiction? Department Are any certified floodplain managers on staff in your jurisdiction? No Does your jurisdiction have any outstanding NFIP compliance No violations that need to be addressed? If so, please state what they are. Do your flood hazard maps adequately address the flood risk within Yes your jurisdiction? (If no, please state why) Does your floodplain management staff need any assistance or training to support its floodplain management program? If so, what No type of assistance/training is needed? Does your jurisdiction participate in the Community Rating System No (CRS)? If so, is your jurisdiction seeking to improve its CRS Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Granger Annexes -21 344 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Classification? If not, is your jurisdiction interested in joining the CRS program? Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Granger Annexes -22 345 r N A W W CO Do c) W .5 0 t7 0 a Nc c 'C 0 N y o a 2 _I 2 c _ Q N o) O �` C N p C E co C' 63 Ea as a) U �>' Q~ i'UOZ' '� � N C 5, N C C7 Utz co >, D 3 -.jUV co � W Co �_ i s .N .o = a) � -0 a) cY 0 c o 0) eN ac) voice "— ' E `3X >. 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City of Moxee The City of Moxee is located about five miles southeast of Yakima at the eastern border of Yakima County. Moxee is located along SR-24 connecting Yakima County communities with the neighboring Tri-Cities of Richland, Pasco, and Kennewich in Benton County. The City of Moxee is located in the fertile Moxee Valley on a relatively flat portion to the east of the Yakima River floodplain. Moxee is situated between Yakima Ridge to the north and Rattlesnake Hills to the south. The Yakima River lies approximately four miles to the west of the city. As of the 2020 Census, Moxee's population was 4,111. Moxee encompasses about 2.4 square miles. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A representative of the City of Moxee actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as member of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the City of Moxee identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 3-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the City of Moxee. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 3-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment—City of Moxee Natural Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Moxee Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Medium Torrent/Erosion Public Health Emergency Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Storm '"" 11 Volcanic Eruption Wildfire __I_ 11-1 Technological and Human Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Moxee Risk Ranking Risk Ranking C ber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure Hi• 1 Hazardous Materials Incident High Medium Nuclear/Radiolo.ical Incident Low Terrorism Low Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Moxee Annexes - 30 353 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Both Flood and Dam/Levee Failure risk levels are lower for Moxee than Yakima County as a whole, given the location outside of both the 100-year floodplain and any mapped dam inundation areas. Moxee is the only Yakima County community with an elevated risk of a Nuclear/Radiological Incident as it is the closest city to the Hanford Site, and would be the first city receiving evacuees in the case of an incident. Landslide risk in Moxee is also lower than the county as a whole. Risk levels for other hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche: Moxee is located outside of the identified avalanche hazard area and is not along a transportation corridor that may be disrupted from a significant incident. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Moxee. Agricultural products make up a significant portion of Moxees's local economy, which may be vulnerable to prolonged drought conditions. The aquifer that provides the area's essential groundwater is losing re-charge capacity, reducing the amount of available water. In 2019, Moxee completed emergency replacement of a well site. A suspected reason for the well site's failure is drought. Moxee allocated its American Rescue Plan Act funding for additional water storage, and is participating in a feasibility study for an aquifer recharge program through the Washington Dept. of Ecology. Additionally, the city's wells are vulnerable to a loss of power due to a lack of emergency generators. • Earthquake: Seismic risk is slightly higher for Moxee compared to neighboring communities, as there are several small active faults through Union Gap to the west. Moxee does not have a record of historic earthquake damages. Emergency services facilities, including the police station and fire station, are built to modern seismic standards, but the City Hall building may be vulnerable. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Moxee. The city has a significant elderly population living in private residences who may be vulnerable to extreme heat due to isolation. Like the rest of the county, agricultural resources and the broader economy are vulnerable to unseasonable and long-duration extreme temperatures. • Flood: Moxee is located several miles east of the Yakima River and has no land within the Special Flood Hazard Area. There is the potential for flooding from the Moxee Drain, a natural drain running through the city, due to seasonal snowmelt. Moxee has not experienced any localized flooding since the 1996 winter flooding event that impacted the entire county. • Landslide: Moxee has low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. There is no history of landslides or other geologic hazards in Moxee. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Moxee. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Moxee (including hail and wind events), but no specific damages within city limits. In recent years, the city has experienced downed trees from wind events that closed local roadways and caused damage to residences and cars. SR-24 is subject to closures east of Moxee due to dust storms. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Moxee. Moxee does not have recent experience with long-duration power outages, but its critical facilities are not typically equipped with back-up power, Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Moxee Annexes - 31 354 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 including the police station and wells(as noted above). Moxee is vulnerable to any severe weather that closes SR-24, which is the main connector to other cities in Yakima County as well as Benton County to the east. Many residents commute between cities along SR-24. • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Moxee. Moxee is not located within the Mt. Adams hazard zone. • Wildfire: Moxee does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities and would be similarly impacted by smoke and poor air quality. As noted above, closures of SR-24 can significantly impact Moxee, and the highway has closed due to wildfires almost every year in recent history. Air quality is a growing concern, and the city is in the process of identifying a formal clean air shelter and emergency shelter for all-hazards incidents. Much of the wildiand areas east of Moxee are uninhabited scrub brush which is allowed to burn without fire suppression until it approaches properties. Much of this area is not a part of a county fire district. Wildland fires in this area can burn quickly and interrupt commuter traffic on SR-24 and economic productivity from fruit processing facilities and agricultural areas. • Dam/Levee Failure: Moxee is not located in any dam inundation areas.As noted above, localized flooding can sometimes occur from irrigation canals and ditches managed by the local irrigation district. There is a large levee running along the SR-24 bridge into Yakima that would cause significant impacts if it were to fail. • Hazardous Materials: Moxee is at a comparable risk to hazardous materials incidents than the rest of Yakima County's communities. Transport-related incidents could occur on SR-24 as well as along the railway passing through the city. The city also experiences a significant level of traveling farm equipment that causes some transportation safety concerns. Moxee has a centralized industrial area where there are fixed facilities of concern related to agricultural production, including agricultural chemicals, apple warehousing and production, and fuel storage. • Nuclear/Radiological Incident: SR-24 connects Moxee with the Hanford Site in Benton County. Moxee is the first city outside of the 50-mile radius of the site. If there was an incident at the Hanford Site, evacuees would reach Moxee first, requiring mass care services and resources. Additionally, agricultural products in the area may be put under embargo, significantly impacting the local and regional economy. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Moxee Annexes -32 355 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities Moxee last adopted its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Table 3-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the City of Moxee. Table 3-B. City of Moxee Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 15 of the Moxee Municipal Code establishes building and construction Building Code Yes codes and regulations. Moxee last updated the 2018 International Building Code. Zoning Yes Title 16 of the Moxee Municipal Code establishes the local zoning ordinance. • Title 16 is inclusive of the Critical Areas Hazard-specific Yes Ordinance, which establishes standards for Flood Hazard Areas and Geologically Hazardous Areas. Title 16 of the Moxee Municipal Code Subdivisions Yes establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Title 13 of the Stormwater Municipal Stormwater Yes Code establishes standards for Management construction to ensure stormwater management and control. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Management Yes 36.70A) directs growth management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Public Health Title 8 of the Moxee Municipal Code and Safety Yes includes some public health and safety elements. Moxee adopted the Yakima County Critical Areas Ordinance, which Environmental includes procedures for protecting Protection Yes wetlands, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmental) sensitive lands. Planning Documents Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Moxee Annexes -33 356 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 3-B. City of Moxee Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority Comprehensive Yes Moxee last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Environmental Moxee participates in county-wide and Protection Yes regional environmental protection planning as staff capacity allows. The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. Response/Recovery Planning Comprehensive The City of Moxee is a member of the Yakima Valley Emergency Emergency Yes Management and Yakima County Management Emergency Services Council. Moxee is Plan (CEMP) a party to the 2019 CEMP. The City of Moxee is represented by Community Yakima County Fire District#4 within Wildfire the Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Protection Plan Yes Communities Coalition, which was (CWPP) revising the CWPP at the time of HMP development(2022). Continuity of Moxee does not have a COOP or Operations Plan Yes Continuity of Government Plan in place (COOP) currently. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Moxee Annexes - 34 357 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities Moxee has 3.5 administrative staff, including the City Supervisor, Clerk, Deputy Clerk, and a part time administrative position. Additional public employees include the Public Works Department(4 staff)and Police Department(6 staff and volunteers). The City Supervisor leads emergency operations and planning for the city. Outside of these positions, hazard mitigation administrative and technical capabilities are supported through contracted services and Yakima County departments. Moxee has an agreement with neighboring Terrace Heights for wastewater and solid waste services. Table 3-C. City of Moxee Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with knowledge of land development Yes Contracted Services and land management Engineers or professionals trained The City Supervisor supports plan and in building or infrastructure Yes construction building inspections Planners or engineers with an Yes Contracted Services understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Yakima County GIS Responsibility of the City Supervisor, Emergency manager Yes supported through Yakima Valley Emergency Management Floodplain manager No Grant writers Yes Contracted Services, City Supervisor, and Department Heads Other National Flood Insurance Program The City of Moxee does not currently participate in the National Flood Insurance Program or the Community Rating System program. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Moxee Annexes - 35 358 >. 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E E •c o o c aE c o oo c aE c :a m 7 m m ,_ ,_ 3 0 m m z O m m ' Wav) � � ❑ U ocnI- ›- z 0 ou) I- >- z 2 c o N c °� c x c a) N c � �a � aEi caoa) aa' 3 o � co Em °' ccoo cm o E_ 0 " CCO o N O m U m c - U m c CEO —coOw � >- OW as x E o Ye g o As o0o cEo ¢m>- U co a) 4 LCjCC , 0. y C� a� ' L UOOaCm COC C o-O mH CC Od Cl) mc C N _U O a.-. 0 O �0 d m 'c . � a ui .72 50 Fm- N 'E o w 50 E' -0 = y a� C ' Oo f 46 O C : �, cc .^ E a) rno PS2ZeL, - $ -` o 13 22ETm2 - ,O zco 4 tL m m ut aaw() u) 00 0 Z' U N .2 12 a) CO ca K m N a) 'o i i c i A a o c x 2 2 o U_ 5 _ Cl) v CO 3 4gt 363 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation PlanI 2022 Annex 4. City of Selah The City of Selah is located just north of the City of Yakima,just north of the junction of Highway 12 and 1-82, as well as the confluence of the Yakima River and Neches River. Selah is a predominantly agricultural services community, home to several large apple processing and manufacturing facilities. Selah has several major transportation routes passing through the city that, along with the orchards of surrounding valley, support the regional agricultural economy. As of the 2020 Census, Selah's population was 7,957. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A representative of the City of Selah actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as member of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the City of Selah identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 4-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the City of Selah. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 4-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment—City of Selah Natural Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Selah Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake _Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Medium Medium Torrent/Erosion Public Health Emergency Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Storm Volcanic Eruption Wildfire InII,_II Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Selah Hazards Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure High III il r Hazardous Materials Incident Hi•h HI, ll__ Nuclear/Radiological Incident Terrorism Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Selah Annexes -41 364 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Given the City of Selah's concentration of agricultural production and warehousing facilities, as well as location at the confluence of both major transportation corridors, the city is at higher risk to hazardous materials releases than the county as a whole. Risk levels for other hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche: Selah is not located within the avalanche hazard area and does not have a history of avalanches impacting the city. Selah is located along Highway 12, which can be closed due to avalanches further west. A long duration closure of Highway 12 could affect residents and businesses. SR-410 and SR-821 are also routes of concern and are often closed due to poor travel and weather conditions. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Selah. Agricultural products make up a significant portion of Selah's local economy, which may be vulnerable to prolonged drought conditions. Adequate water for irrigation is a continued concern, including orchards around the city. • Earthquake: The seismic risk for Selah is consistent with all of Yakima County. There are no active faults that run through Selah and no record of historic earthquake damages. Selah's downtown district, wastewater infrastructure, and the Selah Civic Center are most vulnerable to a significant earthquake. The water system is well- prepared with bypass trailers and pumps. Selah Civic Center is designated as an emergency shelter but would not withstand a major earthquake and does not currently have adequate, accessible shower facilities. Most of the critical facilities in the community have back-up power, including the fire station, police station, and water infrastructure. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Selah. Some community members, including the elderly population, may be more vulnerable to extreme weather events. • Flood: Sections of Selah along its eastern boundary are located within the 100-year floodplain of the Upper Yakima River. Most of the floodplain is made up of open space, including a golf course. The floodplain does encompass SR-823 entering the city from I- 82. Several fruit warehouse facilities are in the floodplain along the railroad. Some localized flooding of streets and properties has occurred due to irrigation facilities. • Landslide: Selah has low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. Major transportation corridors north of the city, including US-12, SR-410, and SR-821 may be impacted by landslides or similar incidents. While these routes are not directly within Selah, they can disrupt primary transportation corridors and the local supply chain. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Selah. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Selah (including hail and wind events), but no specific damages within city limits outside of downed trees. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Selah. Some primary transportation corridors may be closed during severe winter storms given their steep grade. There is one assisted living and memory care facility and a state residential facility whose residents would be vulnerable to a long- duration power outage. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Selah Annexes -42 365 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Selah. Selah is not located within the Mt. Adams volcano hazard zone. • Wildfire: A significant amount of Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) is present within and surrounding Selah, including unincorporated communities north of the city within the Wenas Valley. Given the irrigation system supporting orchards in the valley, Selah is somewhat protected from encroaching wildfires. Large fires, including the 2020 Evans Canyon Fire, have burned directly north of Selah along the border with Kittitas County. Selah often receives evacuees in its emergency shelters and experiences road closures, including Highway 12, due to wildfires in the area. Selah does not have any critical facilities located in the WUI and participates in the Wildfire Ready Neighbors program to improve readiness. • Dam/Levee Failure: Selah, along the Upper Yakima River, is located in the inundation area for the Cle Elum Dam, Keechelus Dam, and Roza Dam. The dams are operated by the U.S. Bureau of Land Reclamation and considered High Hazard Potential dams, with a class rating of 1A by the Washington Department of Ecology, indicating more than 300 lives are at risk due to failure. • Hazardous Materials: Given Selah's location along several major transportation corridors, including the Burlington Northern Railroad, the city is at increased risk to a transportation-based hazardous materials release. Additionally, the apple warehouses and processing facilities in and around town store large amounts of chemicals including ammonia. Typically, prevailing winds move away from the city, but the Public Works Department is located downwind from most fixed facilities, and employees may need to shelter-in-place for some certain incidents, impeding response. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Selah Annexes -43 366 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities Selah last adopted its municipal code in November 2021 and its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Table 4-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the City of Selah. Table 4-B. City of Selah Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 11 of the Selah Municipal Code establishes building and construction Building Code Yes codes and regulations. Selah has adopted the 2018 International Building Code. Zoning Yes Title 10 of the Selah Municipal Code establishes the local zoning ordinance. Title 11 is inclusive of the Critical Areas Ordinance, which establishes Hazard-specific Yes standards for Frequently Flooded Areas and Geologically Hazardous Areas. Selah also adopted the 2018 Wildland Urban Interface (WUI)Code. Title 10 of the Selah Municipal Code Subdivisions Yes establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Title 9 of the Selah Municipal Code Stormwater establishes stormwater management Management Yes requirements for development and redevelopment. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Management Yes 36.70A) directs growth management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Title 1 of the Selah Municipal Code Public Health establishes some relevant public safety and Safety Yes standards, including adopting the Emergency Operations Plan. Selah adopted a Critical Areas Ordinance which includes procedures Environmental for protecting wetlands, fish and wildlife Protection Yes habitat conservation areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmentally sensitive lands. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Selah Annexes -44 367 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 4-B. City of Selah Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Pla ping Documents Comprehensive Yes The City of Selah last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Environmental Selah is a participant in the Yakima Protection Yes Basin Integrated Plan. The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. N , e/Recove Plannln r The City of Selah is a member of the Yakima Valley Emergency Comprehensive Management and Yakima County Emergency Emergency Services Council. Selah Yes has its own Emergency Operations Management Plan and is included in various Plan (CEMP) emergency action plans for area dams, the railroad corridor, and air terminal pipeline. Community The City of Selah is represented within Wildfire the Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Protection Plan Yes Communities Coalition, which was (CWPP) revising the CWPP at the time of HMP development(2022). Continuity of The City of Selah does not have a Operations Plan Yes COOP or Continuity of Government (COOP) Plan in place. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Selah Annexes -45 368 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities Selah has a small municipal structure, including administration, public works, police, fire, planning, parks and recreation, public transit, and local utilities. Hazard mitigation projects are mainly the responsibility of the Public Works Department, City Administrator, and Fire Department. Selah works closely with Yakima Valley Emergency Management to support local emergency planning and grantwriting. Table 4-C. City of Selah Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with Planning staff member and City knowledge of land development Yes Administrator; Contracted Services and land management Engineers or professionals trained in building or infrastructure Yes Contracted Services construction Planners or engineers with an Planning staff member and City understanding of natural hazards Yes Administrator Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Yakima County GIS; Contracted Services Responsibility of the Fire Chief, supported Emergency manager Yes through Yakima Valley Emergency Management Floodplain manager No Grant writers Yes Department Heads; Contracted Services Other National Flood Insurance Program The City of Selah participates in the National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP) (CID#530226D) and the last FIRM map for the area was issued on 10/21/2021 (FEMA, 2022). The City of Selah does not currently participate in the Community Rating System (CRS) program. Table 4-D describes floodplain management capabilities and NFIP program compliance for Selah. Table 4-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities What department is responsible for floodplain management in your Public Works Director jurisdiction? Are any certified floodplain managers on staff in your jurisdiction? No Does your jurisdiction have any outstanding NFIP compliance violations that need to be addressed? If so, please state what they No are. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Selah Annexes -46 369 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Do your flood hazard maps adequately address the flood risk Yes within your jurisdiction?(If no, please state why) Does your floodplain management staff need any assistance or training to support its floodplain management program? If so, what No type of assistance/training is needed? Does your jurisdiction participate in the Community Rating System (CRS)? If so, is your jurisdiction seeking to improve its CRS No Classification? If not, is your jurisdiction interested in joining the CRS program? Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Selah Annexes -47 370 >s W CO o 0 co cob I W I I as N CO U 0 C7 C� w N O 0. 2 2 2 I C N - -- c N co Q 0 c .m "� U o z..4-O as o _ c 03 43 0. � a c .c � ' o U C i� 1..� O o o E cao c0 co o 0 o u) 0 O � U (r E. y, � 3VUU co›' o W mN a � oii4g .o a aa)) U •0 a) . -V a`)i C co m '.� a) c � co ° a) yc0t D F. "+ a a Uz U 0 D CD E rn xo C a> C o RI Ec 0 3 '00o E � 02Coo ? Z' a a? of O c a) 0 ›, , c w � o o(7) 1_ ' o U N w. 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N CA ^ 03 R5 c OEE cc3Q u toDc co Eg " •-ec1zd 0 p ai 2 c .4 � ' U U C 'C c` ` L1 ++ c Co Ja) '- i .c > cN ' � caa�0 Qaicd lU o a) EE tri �ia� 'C � ° � '� � oto � �y,d : ao0 CO Q ❑ . G. E 1- IL a.0 d �. .,, 000 aoU cn DU... 4- v iii Pm co -2to a) g g g a) -a I I I C " J. ¢ z 2 2 2 o U_ 5 * t�0 t�0 cc .cv aIt 377 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Annex 5. City of Sunnyside Sunnyside is located in eastern Yakima County near the border with Benton County in south central Washington. Sunnyside is located along 1-82, three miles north of the Yakima River and surrounded by agricultural lands. The cities neighbors include Granger to the northwest and Grandview to the southeast, both along 1-82. As of the 2020 Census, the City's population was 16,703. Sunnyside's municipal boundaries are approximately 7 square miles. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Representatives of the City of Sunnyside actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as members of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the City of Sunnyside identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 5-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the City of Sunnyside. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 5-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment—City of Sunnyside 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Natural Hazards Risk Ranking Sunnyside Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake IL; ,,:; Extreme Tem eratures Medium Medium Flood • Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Medium Torrent/Erosion Public Health Eme •enc High 11-1 ,ilH Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Weather - y,IL = IHII ,11 1_ Volcanic Eruption Wildfire - 1 1 I[ ;II Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Hazards Risk Ranking Sunnyside Risk Ranking C ber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure --'I Li Hazardous Materials Incident - �� �Ils,il� Nuclear/Radiological Incident Terrorism Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Sunnyside Annexes - 55 378 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Both Flood and Dam/Levee Failure risk levels are lower for Sunnyside than Yakima County as a whole, given the higher elevation of the city and location outside of both the 100-year floodplain and any mapped dam inundation areas. Risk levels for other hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche: Sunnyside is located outside of the identified avalanche hazard area and is not located along a transportation corridor that may be disrupted from a significant incident. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Sunnyside. Irrigation water sources are split between city-owned wells and the Sunnyside Valley Irrigation District(Sunnyside Canal). • Earthquake: The seismic risk for Sunnyside is consistent with all of Yakima County. There are no active fault lines within or surrounding Sunnyside. Most of downtown Sunnyside was built prior to moderns seismic standards, and may be vulnerable to a significant earthquake. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Sunnyside. The areas surrounding Sunnyside are home to large dairy farms, and livestock may be vulnerable to extreme heat or extreme cold events. During a 2019 blizzard, dairy farms in and around Sunnyside lost over 1,850 cattle due to exposure to freezing temperatures and high winds. Extreme temperatures are expected to have an impact on the local agricultural industry if they are long duration or particularly severe. Vulnerable residents may include those living in one nursing home, an assisted living facility, and a few small 50+ living communities. The critical access hospital in Sunnyside, due to its design, is extremely vulnerable to extreme heat waves. • Flood: Sunnyside does not have any land located within the 100-year floodplain. The Sunnyside Canal passes one mile north of the City and is a potential source of flooding if it were to fail or be otherwise compromised. Sunnyside has experienced localized flooding along the Snipes Canal and across SR-241, which has historically led to road closures. • Landslide: Sunnyside has a low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. There is no history of landslides or other geologic hazards in Sunnyside. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Sunnyside. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Sunnyside (including hail and wind events), but no specific damage within city limits. Sunnyside has a low median income(approximately $19,000/year)which results in people living in cars or other unsuitable forms of shelter. These residents are more vulnerable to severe weather, as well as many other natural hazards. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Sunnyside. Most critical facilities in Sunnyside are prepared with back- up power sources, including the fire station and police station, as well as some wells and lift stations. Vulnerable populations and agricultural risks are noted above under the Extreme Temperatures and Severe Weather hazards. Additionally, SR-241 is subject to closure during heavy snowfall, which limits commuters and shipment of commodities. These heavy storms also create a burden on first responders to rescue stranded motorists and respond to crashes. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Sunnyside Annexes - 56 379 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Sunnyside. The city is not located within the Mt. Adams volcano hazard zone. • Wildfire: Sunnyside does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities. Large fires have burned in the Rattlesnake Hills north of the city, including the 2016 Range 12 fire. Due to its location on 1-82, Sunnyside experiences limited impacts from transportation disruptions from wildfires. North/South transportation along SR-241 is more likely to experience disruptions from poor air quality and smoke, as well as operations at the airport. • Dam/Levee Failure: Sunnyside is not located directly within the inundation area of any dams. • Hazardous Materials: Sunnyside is at risk from hazardous materials traveling on 1-82, SR-241, and on the Burlington Northern Railroad, all of which pass through the city. Various chemicals and hazardous materials travel to and from the Hanford Nuclear Site on SR-241, as well as medical waste. Sunnyside is also home to numerous fixed facilities that store and use chemicals on-site. In 2022, a fire at the Nutrien Ag Solutions Plant in Sunnyside burned 1.7 million pounds of Sulphur and other chemicals. The fire consumed the hazardous chemicals and released them into the air. Although no injuries were reported, 18 homes in the area were evacuated. Additionally, in 2015, an above ground storage tank failed in Sunnyside causing as roughly 1,500 gallons of used motor oil to seep into the Sulphur Creek and Yakima River. Sunnyside is home to several warehouses and a fertilizer mixing plant that are known to store anhydrous ammonia and experiences occasional hazardous materials releases from agricultural transportation along local roadways. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Sunnyside Annexes -57 380 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Sunnyside Public Works is tasked with keeping critical snow emergency routes and the runways at Sunnyside Municipal Airport during severe winter weather. Regulatory Capabilities Sunnyside updated both its municipal code and Comprehensive Plan in 2022. Table 5-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the City of Sunnyside. Table 5-B. City of Sunnyside Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 15 of the Sunnyside Municipal Code establishes building and Building Code Yes construction codes and regulations. Sunnyside automatically adopts the most recent version of the State and International Building Code. Title 17 of the Sunnyside Municipal Zoning Yes Code establishes the local zoning ordinance. Title 18 of the Sunnyside Municipal Code adopts the Yakima County Hazard-specific Yes Critical Areas Ordinance, which establishes standards for Geologically Hazardous Areas. Title 16 of the Sunnyside Municipal Subdivisions Yes Code establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Stormwater management and Stormwater standards are addressed within Title Management Yes 18 as part of the Critical Areas Ordinance. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Management Yes 36.70A) directs growth management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Some public safety and health Public Health ordinances are included in Title 8 of and Safety Yes the Sunnyside Municipal Code. Title 2 establishes police and fire department authorities. Environmental Sunnyside adopted the Yakima County Protection Yes Critical Areas Ordinance which Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Sunnyside Annexes -58 381 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 5-B. City of Sunnyside Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority includes procedures for protecting wetlands, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmental) sensitive lands. Planning Documen Sunnyside updated its Comprehensive Comprehensive Yes Plan in 2022. The Plan does not include a natural hazards element. Sunnyside Public Works manages a Environmental Water Comprehensive Plan and a Protection Yes Stormwater Management Program Plan. The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. Response/Recovery Planning The City of Sunnyside is a member of Comprehensive the Yakima Valley Emergency Emergency Management and Yakima County Management Yes Emergency Services Council. Plan (CEMP) Sunnyside is a party to the 2019 CEMP. Community Wildfire Sunnyside participated in an update to Protection Plan Yes the CWPP in 2022. (CWPP) Continuity of During plan development, Sunnyside Operations Plan Yes was undergoing a continuity planning (COOP) process. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Sunnyside Annexes - 59 382 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities Sunnyside has a larger city government than most of its neighboring communities in Yakima County. The Sunnyside Police Department and Sunnyside Fire& EMS co-lead emergency operations for the city. In addition to public safety agencies, hazard mitigation administrative and technical capabilities are supported by the City Manager, Public Works Department, contracted services, Port of Sunnyside, Yakima Valley Council of Governments, and county departments. Table 5-C. City of Sunnyside Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with Community& Economic Development knowledge of land development Yes Director; Yakima Valley Council of and land management Governments; Contracted Services Engineers or professionals trained Public Works Director; Building Department in building or infrastructure Yes and Code Enforcement; Contracted construction Services Planners or engineers with an Yes Public Works Director; Contracted Services understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Yakima County GIS Shared responsibility of the Fire Chief and Emergency manager Yes Police Chief, supported through Yakima Valley Emergency Management Floodplain manager No Fire and Police Chiefs; Yakima Valley Grant writers Yes Council of Governments; Contracted Services National Flood Insurance Program The City of Sunnyside participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)(CID #530227) and has no land within the Special Flood Hazard Area (FEMA, 2022). Sunnyside does not currently participate in the Community Rating System (CRS) program. Table 5-D describes floodplain management capabilities and NFIP program compliance. Table 5-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities What department is responsible for floodplain management in your Public Works jurisdiction? Department Are any certified floodplain managers on staff in your jurisdiction? No Does your jurisdiction have any outstanding NFIP compliance No violations that need to be addressed? If so, please state what they are. Do your flood hazard maps adequately address the flood risk within Yes your jurisdiction? (If no, please state why) Does your floodplain management staff need any assistance or training to support its floodplain management program? If so, what No type of assistance/training is needed? Does your jurisdiction participate in the Community Rating System (CRS)? If so, is your jurisdiction seeking to improve its CRS Na Classification? 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City of Tieton The City of Tieton is located 16 miles west of Yakima in a predominantly agricultural area near the confluence of the Tieton River and Naches River. The city is located at the "top"or northwest end of the Yakima Valley. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 2,053. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A representative of the City of Tieton actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as member of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the City of Tieton identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 6-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the City of Tieton. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 6-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment— City of Tieton Natural Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Tieton Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood High Medium Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Medium Medium Torrent/Erosion Public Health Emergency �Ils il� Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Storm III Volcanic Eruption Wildfire lull 11 Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Tieton Hazards Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure Hazardous Materials Incident Medium Nuclear/Radiological Incident _ Terrorism Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Tieton Annexes - 66 389 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 The City of Tieton has slightly lower flood risk than the rest of Yakima County, due to limited properties and land area within the floodplain. Similarly, the City has a lower risk of hazardous materials incidents given its location off of major transportation corridors and with relatively few fixed facilities. Risk levels for other hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche:Tieton is located at the edge of an avalanche hazard area, according to 2013 Washington State mapping. Tieton does not have a history of avalanches impacting the city itself and is not located along a major transportation corridor that may be impacted by avalanches. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Tieton. Orchards and other agricultural products make up a significant portion of Tieton's local economy, which may be vulnerable to prolonged drought conditions. Tieton has a robust irrigation system that supports the surrounding agricultural lands, but ground water levels have continued to diminish during recent long-duration droughts. • Earthquake: The seismic risk for Tieton is consistent with all of Yakima County. There are no active faults that run through Tieton and no record of historic earthquake damages. Most of Tieton's building stock is older and may not meet current seismic standards. Tieton City Hall is a cinder block building, which is Ikely to be damaged in a significant earthquake. Tieton could also be severely impacted by any damage to limited ingress/egress routes, including Naches-Tieton Road which traverses a steep slope. Additionally, the French Canyon Dam above Tieton is vulnerable to earthquake damage, which would cause catastrophic damage to the city. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Tieton. The city regularly experiences extreme cold events and has a record of severe water breaks due to freezing water pipes. • Flood: No land within the city is located within the floodplain of the Naches River, Tieton River, or Cowiche Creek. However, the North Fork of the Cowiche Creek flows through Tieton in the northern portion of the town and a narrow strip of land on either side of the creek has been designated as part of the floodplain. The North Fork of the Cowiche Creek, fed by the French Canyon Dam, is overgrown with natural debris, which has contributed to flooding in the eastern portion of the city, impacting bridges, one road, and one house in the past. There is some modest, non-recurring flooding in the southern part of the city. • Landslide:Tieton has low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. At the edge of the Yakima Valley, Tieton is near mountainous areas and ridgelines, but is not directly located within the hazard areas. Tieton is located just south of the Nile Valley landslide, and the major transportation corridors around the city may be impacted by landslides or similar incidents. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Tieton. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Tieton (including hail and wind events), but no specific damages within city limits. Tieton has experienced downed trees and powerlines from wind events, but there is no historic record of major damages. Power outages are typically resolved in under 24 hours. There is one retirement community in Tieton that is most vulnerable to long-duration power Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Tieton Annexes - 67 390 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 outages. The narrow driveway to the facility could be blocked from flooding or other debris, leading to isolation of residents. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Tieton. Community members are vulnerable to isolation during a significant winter storm, given their distance from other Yakima Valley communities and resources. Given its higher elevation, Tieton is accustomed to heavy snow events. As noted above, Naches-Tieton Road traverses a steep slope and is often closed due to inclement weather. With limited ingress/egress routes, the city is vulnerable to road closures from severe winter storms. Given its distance from more densely population parts of the county, Tieton is often isolated until county plows can reach the city limits. Tieton has not experienced long-duration power outages in the past, and wastewater and water facilities have back-up generators. Tieton City Hall, the Public Works facility, the Police Department, and the Fire Station do not have back-up power sources. • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Tieton. Tieton is not located within the Mt. Adams volcano hazard zone. • Wildfire: Tieton does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities but is more remote and therefore could be isolated due to a large wildfire incident. There is a history of large wildfires to the north and west of Tieton. Wildfire response is led by an all-volunteer fire district, which lacks adequate personnel. • Dam/Levee Failure: Tieton is located in the inundation area of the French Canyon Dam on the North Fork of the Cowiche, which is operated by the Yakima-Tieton Irrigation District. This is High Hazard Potential dam, inspected on an annual basis and with an Emergency Action Plan in place. The Washington Department of Ecology classifies this dam as a 1 B, which indicates 31 to 300 lives at risk due to failure. There is no current preparedness or public education programs to educate community members about the risk of dam failure, escape routes, or other preparedness measures. • Hazardous Materials: Very few hazardous materials are transported through Tieton due to its distance from major transportation corridors. There are two large warehouses in the city that have large propane takes and refrigeration chemicals in large quantities. These facilities are located near residential areas and the school. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Tieton Annexes - 68 391 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities Tieton last adopted its municipal code in November 2021 and its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Table 6-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the City of Tieton. Table 6-B. City of Tieton Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 15 of the Tieton Municipal Code Building Code Yes establishes building and construction codes and regulations. Zoning Yes Title 17 of the Tieton Municipal Code establishes the local zoning ordinance. Title 17 is inclusive of the Critical Areas Hazard-specific Yes Ordinance, which establishes standards for Flood Hazard Areas (Article 4). Title 16 of the Tieton Municipal Code Subdivisions Yes establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Stormwater Title 17 includes some stormwater Management Yes requirements for new construction. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Yes 36.70A) directs growth management Management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Title 8 of the Tieton Municipal Code Public Health establishes local health and safety and Safety Yes standards and authorities, including emergency management. Tieton adopted a Critical Areas Ordinance in 2009, which includes procedures for protecting wetlands, Environmental Yes fish and wildlife habitat conservation Protection areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmentally sensitive lands. Planning Documents Comprehensive Yes The City of Tieton last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Tieton Annexes - 69 392 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 6-B. City of Tieton Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority Tieton is a participant in the Yakima Environmental Wetland Protection Plan, and the Protection Yes Yakima-Tieton Irrigation District is a member of the Yakima Basin Integrated Plan. The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. ReaffielRecovery Planning Comprehensive The City of Tieton is a member of the Yakima Valley Emergency Emergency Yes Management and Yakima County Management Emergency Services Council. Tieton is Plan (CEMP) a party to the 2019 CEMP. Community The City of Tieton is represented within Wildfire the Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Protection Plan Yes Communities Coalition, which was (CWPP) revising the CWPP at the time of HMP development(2022). Continuity of The City of Tieton does not have a Operations Plan Yes COOP or Continuity of Government (COOP) Plan in place currently. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Tieton Annexes - 70 393 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities Tieton has a small municipal structure, including administration, public works, Tieton Police Department, Yakima County Fire District#1, and a branch of the Yakima Valley Libraries. Hazard mitigation projects are mainly the responsibility of the Public Works Department, made up of three staff. Other key staff include the Police Chief, three staff within city administration, and the Mayor. Table 6-C. City of Tieton Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with Yakima Valley Council of Governments; knowledge of land development Yes Contracted Services and land management Engineers or professionals trained in building or infrastructure Yes Contracted Services construction Planners or engineers with an Yes Contracted Services understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Yakima County GIS Responsibility of the Fire Chief, supported Emergency manager Yes through Yakima Valley Emergency Management Floodplain manager No Grant writers Yes Contracted Services Other National Flood Insurance Program The City of Tieton participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) (CID#530265D) and the last FIRM map for the area was issued on 10/21/2021 (FEMA, 2022). The City of Tieton does not currently participate in the Community Rating System (CRS) program. Table 6-D describes floodplain management capabilities and NFIP program compliance for Tieton. Table 6-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities What department is responsible for floodplain management in your Public Works jurisdiction? Director Are any certified floodplain managers on staff in your jurisdiction? No Does your jurisdiction have any outstanding NFIP compliance No violations that need to be addressed? If so, please state what they are. Do your flood hazard maps adequately address the flood risk within Yes your jurisdiction? (If no, please state why) Does your floodplain management staff need any assistance or training to support its floodplain management program? If so, what No type of assistance/training is needed? Does your jurisdiction participate in the Community Rating System (CRS)? If so, is your jurisdiction seeking to improve its CRS No Classification? If not, is your jurisdiction interested in joining the CRS program? 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Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Representatives of the City of Toppenish actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as members of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the City of Toppenish identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 7-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the City of Toppenish. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 7-A. Hazard Identification aid Risk Assessment—City of Toppenish 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Natural Hazards Risk Ranking Toppenish Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Medium Medium Torrent/Erosion Public Health Emergency 11-1r��1__ Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Weather - HLk Volcanic Eruption Wildfire Medium Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Hazards Risk Ranking Toppenish Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure Hazardous Materials Incident lir ICI[, Nuclear/Radiological Incident Terrorism Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Toppenish Annexes - 78 401 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Toppenish has a lower risk of WUI fires than the rest of Yakima County, with limited wildland areas at risk to burning. Risk levels for other hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche:The City of Toppenish is located outside of the identified avalanche hazard area and is not located along one of the main transportation corridors that may be disrupted from a significant incident. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Toppenish. The City's drinking water is sourced from deep well sites that are well-protected from drought conditions. Irrigation supplies, sourced from surface water sources, are of greater concern for Toppenish. A significant, long-duration drought could impact local agricultural production. • Earthquake: The seismic risk for Toppenish is consistent with all of Yakima County. There is a large earthquake fault that runs along the Toppenish Ridge to the south of Toppenish.An earthquake centered along this fault could increase impacts in the city. Several critical facilities in Toppenish may be at greater risk to a significant earthquake, including the downtown core, Toppenish City Hall, and the police department. The local fire station was damaged by a small earthquake in the early 2000's, resulting in cracks in the foundation that have not been improved. Toppenish has not completed a seismic risk assessment to understand which critical facilities need improvements. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Toppenish. The City has a higher population of houseless and transient people, and does not have a homeless shelter to provide services. The Yakima Valley Farmworkers Clinic operated an emergency shelter during COVID-19, but this service does not meet the entire community need. Houseless people or those with inadequate housing are more vulnerable to extreme heat and extreme cold events. • Flood: The entire north section of Toppenish above the railroad is within the FEMA 100- year floodplain of the Lower Yakima River, including two schools and many residences. During the 1996/1997 floods, the entirety of the 100-year floodplain was underwater. Several critical facilities, into several well sites, a Yakima County fire station, and the 911 Communications Center were impacted by the historic flooding. The 911 Communications Center has since been moved to Sunnyside outside of the floodplain, but the well sites and fire station remain, in addition to the wastewater treatment plant which was not impacted in 1996. • Landslide:Toppenish has low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. There is no history of landslides or other geologic hazards in Toppenish, but the Toppenish Ridge to the south of the city has a high susceptibility and high incidence of landslides. A landslide on the ridge blocking US-97 could create significant disruptions for the city. The ongoing, slow movement landslide on Rattlesnake Ridge could have created significant impacts in Toppenish, including river diversion and flooding and transportation disruptions. While the worst case scenario has not occurred for that landslide, the risk remains for future incidents. Toppenish is well connected to other Yakima Valley communities and would not experience supply chain impacts in a landslide event. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Toppenish Annexes - 79 402 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Toppenish. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Toppenish (including hail and wind events), but no specific damages within city limits. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Toppenish. Community members in Toppenish are vulnerable to isolation during a significant winter storm, given its distance from other Yakima Valley communities and resources. Toppenish has experienced long-duration power outages, in some cases up to three days, due to winter storms. Most critical facilities have back- up power sources, including the well sites, City Hall, hospitals, fire and police, and the emergency shelter located at the Yakama Nation Casino. Most of the school buildings do not have back-up power. As noted above, the houseless population is more vulnerable to winter weather events. Evacuation plans and back-up power sources are in place for the nursing home, hospital, and clinic in Toppenish. • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Toppenish. The city is not located within the Mt. Adams volcano hazard zone. • Wildfire: Toppenish does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities but is more remote and therefore could be isolated due to a large wildfire incident. Large fires have burned on the Toppenish Ridge south of the city, including the 2016 Tule#6 fire. Fires are common on US-97, and highway closures can cause significant disruptions for Toppenish residents, businesses, and emergency operations. • Dam/Levee Failure: Toppenish is in the inundation area of several dams, including the Tieton, Keechelus, and Cle Elum dams. All three dams are operated by the U.S. Bureau of Land Reclamation. All are considered High Hazard Potential dams, with a class rating of 1A by the Washington Department of Ecology, indicating more than 300 lives are at risk due to failure. Toppenish has identified a significant need to improve public education and preparedness for a dam failure, as the city would have just 16 hours before water levels reached 5 ft. from a failure at the Tieton Dam. • Hazardous Materials: Toppenish is at risk from hazardous materials traveling over US- 97 and on the Burlington Northern Railroad, both of which pass through the city. There are several fixed facilities of concern in Toppenish, including a fertilizer company with a chemical warehouse storing hydrous ammonia and sulfuric acid. The City has experienced several small hazardous materials releases of acid and ammonia in the past, as well as train derailments, although the rail cars were not carrying hazardous materials at the time. One derailment was in the town itself, after a rail car broke loose in Yakima and traveled 20 miles before stopping just outside of the town limits. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Toppenish Annexes - 80 403 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities Toppenish last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2018, and the municipal code was last updated and adopted in August 2022. Table 7-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the City of Toppenish. Table 7-B. City of Toppenish Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 15 of the Toppenish Municipal Code establishes building and Building Code Yes construction codes and regulations. Toppenish has adopted the 2018 International Building Code. Title 17 of the Toppenish Municipal Zoning Yes Code establishes the local zoning ordinance. Title 17 is inclusive of the Critical Areas Ordinance, which establishes Hazard-specific Yes standards for Frequently Flooded Areas. Toppenish has not adopted a WUI Code or code related to geologic hazards. Title 16 of the Toppenish Municipal Subdivisions Yes Code establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Stormwater management and Stormwater standards are addressed within Title Management Yes 17 as part of the Toppenish Critical Areas Ordinance. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Yes 36.70A) directs growth management Management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Public Health Some public safety and health and Safety Yes ordinances are included in Title 8 of the Toppenish Municipal Code. Toppenish adopted a Critical Areas Ordinance which includes procedures Environmental for protecting wetlands, fish and wildlife Protection Yes habitat conservation areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmentally sensitive lands. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Toppenish Annexes - 81 404 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 7-B. City of Toppenish Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Pla ping Documents Comprehensive Yes Toppenish last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2018. Environmental Yes Toppenish is a participant in the Protection Yakima Basin Integrated Plan. The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. e/Recove Rennin! Comprehensive The City of Toppenish is a member of Emergency the Yakima Valley Emergency Management Management and Yakima County Plan (CEMP) Yes Emergency Services Council. Toppenish is a party to the 2019 CEMP. Community The City of Toppenish is represented Wildfire within the Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Protection Plan Yes Communities Coalition, which was (CWPP) revising the CWPP at the time of HMP development(2022). The City of Toppenish does not have a COOP, but several critical service Continuity of providers, including the fire department Operations Plan Yes and police department, have COOPs. (COOP) A strategy for Continuity of Government is outlined in the municipal code. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Toppenish Annexes - 82 405 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities The Town is governed by a Mayor and City Council, and includes several municipal departments—administration, community development and permitting, fire, police, public works, parks and recreation, and local utilities. The Toppenish Police Department and Toppenish Fire Department co-lead emergency operations for the city. Hazard mitigation administrative and technical capabilities are supported by the Public Works Department, as well as contracted services and support from the Yakima Valley Council of Governments and Yakima County departments. Table 7-C. City of Toppenish Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with Zoning/Permit Technician; Contracted knowledge of land development Yes Services; Yakima Valley Council of and land management Governments Engineers or professionals trained Assistance City Manager; Contracted in building or infrastructure Yes construction Services Planners or engineers with an Yes Contracted Services understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Yakima County GIS Shared responsibility of the Fire Chief and Emergency manager Yes Police Chief, supported through Yakima Valley Emergency Management Floodplain manager No Toppenish relies on Yakima County and Yakama Nation for support Grant writers Yes Department Heads; Contracted Services Other Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Toppenish Annexes - 83 406 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 National Flood Insurance Program The City of Toppenish participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)(CID #530228) and the last FIRM map for the area was issued on 11/18/2009 (FEMA, 2022). The City of Toppenish does not currently participate in the Community Rating System (CRS) program. Table 7-D describes floodplain management capabilities and NFIP program compliance for Toppenish. Table 7-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities What department is responsible for floodplain management in your Building Official jurisdiction? Are any certified floodplain managers on staff in your jurisdiction? No Does your jurisdiction have any outstanding NFIP compliance No violations that need to be addressed? If so, please state what they are. Do your flood hazard maps adequately address the flood risk within Yes your jurisdiction? (If no, please state why) Does your floodplain management staff need any assistance or training to support its floodplain management program? If so, what No type of assistance/training is needed? Does your jurisdiction participate in the Community Rating System (CRS)? If so, is your jurisdiction seeking to improve its CRS Na Classification? If not, is your jurisdiction interested in joining the CRS program? 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City of Union Gap The City of Union Gap is bordered by the City of Yakima to the north, the Yakima River to the east, the Yakama Indian Reservation to the south, and unincorporated Yakima County to the west. The Union Pacific Railroad runs north/south through the city, dividing it into two distinct areas. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 6,568. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A representative of the City of Union Gap actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as member of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the City of Union Gap identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 8-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the City of Union Gap. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 8-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment—City of Union Gap 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Union Natural Hazards Risk Ranking Gap Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood �IIII� Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Torrent/Erosion Medium Medium Public Health Emergency Hi. �IIII� Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Storm HighI[, II__ Volcanic Eruption Lo Wildfire �Ilsil� Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Union Hazards Risk Ranking Gap Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure Hazardous Materials Incident --:_>1h Nuclear/Radiological Incident Terrorism Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Union Gap Annexes -90 413 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 All risk levels for Union Gap hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche: Union Gap is located outside of the identified avalanche hazard area. Union Gap could be impacted by a closure of US-12 and 1-90 due to avalanches if it was for a long duration. When Snoqualmie Pass (1-90) and White Pass (US-12)close for avalanches, Union Gap is impacted by local congestion and short-term supply chain disruptions. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Union Gap. Agricultural products make up a significant portion of Union Gap's local economy, which may be vulnerable to prolonged drought conditions. Union Gap has sufficient groundwater supplies that are protected from drought. The City completed a Water System Security Assessment in 2021. • Earthquake: The seismic risk is slightly higher for Union Gap compared to neighboring communities, as there are several small active faults that run along its southern boundary. Union Gap does not have a record of historic earthquake damages. Most critical facilities in Union Gap have been built to modern seismic standards, including the City Hall and police department. The fire station is an older building but is only one story. Major transportation corridors have been recently updated, including an overpass bridge on Valley Mall Blvd. and several smaller bridges over the Ahtanum-Wide Hollow Creek. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Union Gap. The city is home to many light industrial facilities where people work outside or in warehouses without climate control. These workers could be more vulnerable to extreme temperatures, as well as the local nursing home. • Flood: Union Gap is located at the confluence of Ahtanum Creek, Wide Hollow Creek, and the Lower Yakima River, with several floodplains passing through the city. The Yakima River makes up the eastern boundary of the city, running along 1-82, creating significant flooding risk. In 2016-2017, the Ahtanum Creek flooded and damaged one home in Union Gap. Since, the City has completed some mitigation work to clear debris and remove trees. Ahtanum Creek experiences significant spring run-off every year, but 100-year flooding events as occurred in 1996/1997 can lead to major damages and disruptions to critical infrastructure and transportation corridors. The south end of Main Street at 1-82 and 1-97 is subject to standing water, which can isolate a 55+ manufactured home community on Leisure Hill Dr. with vulnerable residents. There is a second manufactured home community just west of 1-82 between Holiday Avenue and Freeway Avenue that is also located in the floodplain. Since the 1996 floods, 1-82 has been raised, which alleviates some disruptions during moderate flooding. • Landslide: Union Gap has low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. Major transportation corridors north of the city may be impacted by landslides or similar incidents. The ongoing, slow movement landslide on Rattlesnake Ridge could have created significant impacts in Union Gap, including a 72-hour river diversion and flooding and transportation disruptions. While the worst case scenario has not occurred for that landslide,the risk remains for future incidents. Ahtanum Ridge at the south end of the city limits could pose similar risks. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Union Gap Annexes -91 414 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Union Gap. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Union Gap (including hail and wind events), but no specific damages within city limits. Union Gap has not experienced long-duration power outages, but the nursing home and 55+ community do not have back-up emergency power sources. Critical facilities, including the fire station, police station, and schools have back-up power. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Union Gap. Residents in the city have seen some damages to roofs from heavy snow events, including in 1996. The City has adequate resources for plowing and clearing critical roadways, including contracted services for redundancy. Limited fuel supplies may pose some challenges during a long-duration event. • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Union Gap. Union Gap is not located within the Mt. Adams hazard zone. • Wildfire: Union Gap does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities and would be similarly impacted by smoke and poor air quality. Elderly people in the community are vulnerable to poor air quality and may benefit from clean air shelters. • Dam/Levee Failure: Union Gap is located in the inundation area of several dams, including the Bumping, Keechelus, Tieton, and Cle Elum dams. All four dams are operated by the U.S. Bureau of Land Reclamation. All three are considered High Hazard Potential dams, with a class rating of 1A by the Washington Department of Ecology, indicating more than 300 lives are at risk due to failure. The Public Safety Answering Point is located in the inundation area of the Tieton Dam and associated flooding would significantly restrict emergency response operations. Union Gap has identified a need for more public education and information about dam failure. • Hazardous Materials: Union Gap is at high risk to hazardous materials incidents due to its location along 1-82 and the crossing of the Union Pacific Railroad, both major transportation routes for hazardous materials. Additionally, there are many fixed facilities that store hazardous materials within the city. Union Gap is home to three large fruit warehousing operations that store chemicals on-site and have experienced minor leaks in the past. The city has also seen train derailments, including one just south of Ahtanum Road that impacted the local transportation network. Yakima and Union Gap have a combined fire department that is well-equipped to respond to hazardous materials incidents and drill regularly. There are two school buildings downwind of most of these fixed facilities that may need to shelter-in-place. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Union Gap Annexes -92 415 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities Union Gap last adopted its municipal code in December2021 and its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Table 8-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the City of Union Gap. Table 8-B. City of Union Gap Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 14 of the Union Gap Municipal Building Code Yes Code establishes building and construction codes and regulations. Title 17 of the Union Gap Municipal Zoning Yes Code establishes the local zoning ordinance. Title 17 is inclusive of the Critical Areas Ordinance, which establishes Hazard-specific Yes standards for Flood Hazard Areas (Article 4) and Geologically Hazardous Areas (Article 6). Title 16 of the Union Gap Municipal Subdivisions Yes Code establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Title 14 of the Union Gap Municipal Code establishes standards for construction to ensure stormwater Stormwater management and control. Union Gap Management Yes also participates in the Yakima Regional Stormwater Group. This interagency group reviews regional stormwater policies and permitting processes. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Yes 36.70A) directs growth management Management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Title 2 of the Union Gap Municipal Code establishes various Public Health administrative departments and and Safety Yes authorities, including emergency management and public safety agencies(fire and police). Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Union Gap Annexes -93 416 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 8-B. City of Union Gap Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority Union Gap adopted a Critical Areas Ordinance in 2012, which includes procedures for protecting wetlands, Environmental Yes fish and wildlife habitat conservation Protection areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmentally sensitive lands. Pla ning Documents Comprehensive Yes Union Gap last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2022. Union Gap implements strategies to Environmental filter and capture run-off. The Public Protection Yes Works Department is responsible for stormwater mitigation planning. The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. Comprehensive The City of Union Gap is a member of Emergency the Yakima Valley Emergency Management Yes Management and Yakima County Plan (CEMP) Emergency Services Council. Union Gap is a party to the 2019 CEMP. Community Union Gap is represented within the Wildfire Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Protection Plan Yes Communities Coalition, which was (CWPP) revising the CWPP at the time of HMP development(2022). Continuity of The City of Union Gap has a city-wide Operations Plan COOP last updated in 2007, as well as (COOP) Yes a Continuity of Government Plan last updated in 2015. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Union Gap Annexes -94 417 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities Union Gap has a larger municipal structure than some of its neighboring cities, with various departments including community development, community services, finance, parks, public works, transit, City of Union Gap Police Department, and the combined Union Gap and Yakima Fire Department. Hazard mitigation administrative and technical capacity is primarily supported by the City Administrator, Public Works Department, fire and police, and some contracted services. Table 8-C. City of Union Gap Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with Public Works and Community knowledge of land development Yes Development; Yakima Valley Council of and land management Governments Engineers or professionals trained Building Official and City Engineer; in building or infrastructure Yes construction Contracted Services Planners or engineers with an Yes Contracted Services understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Yakima County GIS The Union Gap Police Chief fills this role Emergency manager Yes with support from Yakima Valley Emergency Management Floodplain manager Yes Public Works and Community Development Grant writers Yes Department Heads; Contracted Services Other Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Union Gap Annexes -95 418 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 National Flood Insurance Program The City of Union Gap participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)(CID #530229D)and the last FIRM map for the area was issued on 06/16/16 (FEMA, 2022). The City of Union Gap does not currently participate in the Community Rating System(CRS) program. Table 8-D describes floodplain management capabilities and NFIP program compliance for the City of Union Gap. Table 8-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities What department is responsible for floodplain management in Public Works and your jurisdiction? Community Development Department Are any certified floodplain managers on staff in your No jurisdiction? Does your jurisdiction have any outstanding NFIP compliance violations that need to be addressed? If so, please state what No they are. Do your flood hazard maps adequately address the flood risk Yes within your jurisdiction? (If no, please state why) Does your floodplain management staff need any assistance or training to support its floodplain management program? If so, No what type of assistance/training is needed? Does your jurisdiction participate in the Community Rating System (CRS)? If so, is your jurisdiction seeking to improve its No CRS Classification? If not, is your jurisdiction interested in joining the CRS program? Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Union Gap Annexes -96 419 r LI.1 t+ IY �• WII aA N Q.i p t7 C� t7 U I e N N d I I I I c N c i . . 4 N O 'ui .'4- E 4_ rn "— o E 4- U t' Z' c 7' 0 IW; 11 IflI to to Utf1. 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City of Yakima Yakima is located in south-central Washington. Yakima has 27.18 square miles of land area and 0.51 square miles of water area. As of the 2020 Census, the City of Yakima population is 96,968. Yakima is the county seat for Yakima County, and includes essential critical facilities and infrastructure, including Yakima Airport, 1-82, Highway 24, and Highway 12, as well as two railways. The cities of Selah and Union Gap lie immediately to the north and south of Yakima. In addition, the unincorporated suburban areas of West Valley and Terrace Heights are considered a part of greater Yakima. The primary irrigation source for the Yakima Valley, the Yakima River, runs through Yakima from its source at Lake Keechelus, Lake Kachess, Lake Cle Elum, Bumping Lake, and Rimrock Lake in the Cascade Range to the Columbia River at Richland. In Yakima, the river is used for both fishing and recreation. A 30-mile walking and cycling trail and wildlife sanctuary, Greenway Park, is located at the river's edge. The Naches River forms the northern border and the Yakima River the eastern border of the city. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Representatives from the City of Yakima actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as members of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the City of Yakima identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 9-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the City of Yakima. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 9-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment—City of Yakima Natural Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Yakima Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Low Low Drou•ht Medium Medium Earthquake Low Low Extreme Tem eratures Medium Medium Flood Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Torrent/Erosion Medium Medium Public Health Emergency Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Storm Volcanic Eruption Wildfire Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 City of Yakima Hazards Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure Hazardous Materials Incident Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes - 102 425 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 9-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment—City of Yakima Nuclear/Radiological Incident Low Terrorism Low All risk levels for the City of Yakima hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche:Yakima is located outside of the identified avalanche hazard area. Yakima could be impacted by a closure of US-12 and 1-90 due to avalanches if it was for a long duration. When Snoqualmie Pass (1-90)and White Pass (US-12)close for avalanches, Yakima is impacted by local congestion and short-term supply chain disruptions. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including the City of Yakima. Agricultural products make up a significant portion of Yakima's local economy, which may be vulnerable to prolonged drought conditions. Yakima's Water/Irrigation Division has an emergency plan that integrates drought considerations.This emergency plan focuses on minimizing interruptions to city municipal water sources, affecting industries, businesses and homeowners. Mitigation efforts include an underground water storage project. The City currently has 4 wells that store water underground that can be tapped into during dry weather. Yakima is working to expand this water storage to incorporate two more wells and create an Aquifer Storage and Recovery site. This project started in 1988. In the next 3-5 years, two more well sites will be completed. Project completion is anticipated by 2030. • Earthquake: The seismic risk for City of Yakima is consistent to the rest of Yakima County. There are no active faults running through Yakima, and the city does not have a record of historic earthquake damages. Most critical facilities in Yakima have been built to modern seismic standards, and there are no critical facilities of acute concern, although the City has not conducted a comprehensive assessment of seismic risk. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Yakima. Vulnerable populations include people living in nursing homes or care facilities, elderly, people working outside, and people experiencing homelessness. • Flood: The City of Yakima is bounded by the Yakima River to the east and the Naches River to the north. Additionally, the Ahtanum, Wide-Hollow, Cowiche, and Bachelor creeks run along the south and southwestern section of the city. Flooding from these creeks led to flooding in Yakima in 2016 and 2017, the most significant flooding during the HMP analysis period (2015-2021). A complete summary of this flood event is provided as Appendix 9-A. Frequency analysis for the Yakima, Cowiche Creek, and Naches Rivers indicate that the 100-year flood has not been attained within the current flow record. Flooding in 1996 was estimated at a 50-year flood on the Naches and 70- year flood on the Yakima River. The tributaries located on the western city limits Cowiche Creek, and southern city limits Ahtanum, and Wide-Hollow, have produced significant flood damage and are considered most flood prone. Substantial residential, commercial, and industrial development lies within these various 100-year floodplains. New development in the floodplain increases the likelihood of flood damages in two ways. First, new developments near a flood plain add structures and people in flood Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes - 103 426 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 areas. Secondly, new construction alters surface water flows by diverting water to new courses or increases the amount of water that runs off impermeable pavement and roof surfaces. This second effect diverts waters to places previously safe from flooding. Developments in the City's flood hazard areas are regulated by Title 15 Urban Area Zoning Ordinance. • Landslide: Yakima has low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. Major transportation corridors north of the city may be impacted by landslides or similar incidents. The ongoing, slow movement landslide on Rattlesnake Ridge near Union Gap had the potential to created significant impacts in Yakima, including a 72-hour river diversion and subsequent flooding and transportation disruptions. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including the City. There is some historic record of severe storms within Yakima, including hail, wind events, and an EF-2 tornado in 1957. Yakima has a limited history of long-duration power outages. Most critical facilities have some back-up power, but the power sources are only adequate for limited operations. One Yakima Fire Department station requires a generator replacement, as indicated in the Capital Improvement Plan. Other critical facilities that may require improvements in back-up power are well sites and emergency shelters. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Yakima. Residents in the city have seen some damages to roofs from heavy snow events, including in 1996. The City has adequate resources for plowing and clearing critical roadways, including contracted services for redundancy. Limited fuel supplies may pose some challenges during a long-duration event. Vulnerable populations are noted in the Extreme Temperatures hazard above. • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Yakima. The city is not located within the Mt. Adams hazard zone but would be impacted by ash fall from numerous Cascades volcanoes, including Mt. Rainier, Mt. St. Helens, and Mt. Adams. • Wildfire: Yakima does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities and would be similarly impacted by smoke and poor air quality. Elderly people in the community are vulnerable to poor air quality and may benefit from clean air shelters. Yakima has four areas of concern along its urban boundary, including the Yakima Greenway, Scenic Drive area (including steep sloped and undeveloped areas), Cowiche Canyon, and Ahtanum Ridge to the south. • Dam/Levee Failure: Yakima is located in the inundation area of several dams, including the Bumping, Keechelus, Kachess, Roza, Tieton, and Cle Elum dams. All four dams are operated by the U.S. Bureau of Land Reclamation. All are considered High Hazard Potential dams, with a class rating of 1A by the Washington Department of Ecology, indicating more than 300 lives are at risk due to failure. During the 2017 flooding event described above, high flows on Cowiche Creek caused a section of a levee that had previously been damaged to breech, opening a 20-foot-wide gap. The water followed along Highway 12 with the bulk of the water flowing into an irrigation canal. • Hazardous Materials: Yakima is at high risk to hazardous materials incidents due to its location along 1-82 and the crossing of the Union Pacific Railroad, both major Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes - 104 427 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 transportation routes for hazardous materials. Additionally, there are many fixed facilities that store hazardous materials within the city, including more than 45 facilities storing anhydrous ammonia, five propane distributors, and multiple facilities storing chlorine. Yakima and Union Gap have a combined fire department that is well-equipped to respond to hazardous materials incidents and drill regularly. Yakima does not have a recent history of significant hazardous materials incidents. Two small incidents, including a semi-truck turnover and a leaking rail car, required initial incident response by Yakima Fire Department. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes - 105 428 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities The City of Yakima last adopted its municipal code in July 2022 and its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Table 9-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the City of Yakima. Table 9-B. City of Yakima Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 11 of the Yakima Municipal Code Building Code Yes (YMC)establishes building and construction codes and regulations. Zoning Yes Title 15 of the YMC establishes the local zoning ordinance. Title 17 of the YMC is inclusive of the Critical Areas Ordinance, which Hazard-specific Yes establishes standards for Flood Hazard Areas and Geologically Hazardous Areas. Subdivisions Yes Title 14 of the YMC establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Title 12 of the YMC addresses development standards, including mechanisms to ensure stormwater management and control. Title 7 Stormwater Yes addresses stormwater management by Management city utilities. Yakima also participates in the Yakima Regional Stormwater Group which reviews regional stormwater policies and permitting processes. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Management Yes 36.70A) directs growth management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Title 6 of the YMC addresses some Public Health public health and safety standards, and Safety Yes while Title 1 outlines the administration of public safety agencies, including police and fire. Environmental Yakima adopted a critical areas Protection Yes ordinance as a part of the Shoreline Master Program, which includes Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes - 106 429 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 9-B. City of Yakima Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority procedures for protecting wetlands, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmentally sensitive lands. Planning Documents Comprehensive Yes Yakima last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Environmental Yakima last updated its Stormwater Protection Yes Management Plan in 2022. The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. Response/Recovery Planning Yakima is a member of the Yakima Valley Emergency Management and Comprehensive Yakima County Emergency Services Emergency Council. The Yakima CEMP is an Management Yes Annex to the Yakima County CEMP Plan (CEMP) and was updated in 2019. Various annexes to the City of Yakima CEMP have been updated more recently. Community Wildfire Yakima Fire Department participated in Protection Plan Yes the 2022 update of the CWPP. (CWPP) Various City of Yakima departments Continuity of have COOPs, including the Public Operations Plan Yes Works Department. Yakima has not (COOP) adopted a Continuity of Government plan. Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes - 107 430 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities As the County seat and largest city, Yakima has a larger municipal structure than some of its neighboring cities, with various departments including community development, community services, engineering, finance, parks, public works, transit, Yakima Police Department, and the combined Yakima Fire Department. Hazard mitigation administrative and technical capacity is primarily supported by the City Administrator, Public Works Department, fire and police, and some contracted services. Table 9-C. City of Yakima Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with knowledge of land development Yes Public Works and Community Development and land management Engineers or professionals trained in building or infrastructure Yes Building Official and City Engineer construction Planners or engineers with an Yes Building Official and City Engineer understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes City GIS Department The Yakima Fire Chief leads emergency management for the city, with support from Yakima Valley Emergency Management. Emergency manager Yes The Public Works Department activates a Department Operations Center, and the Department Director serves as liaison to city Emergency Operations Center. YMC 15.27.400 identifies the Division of Community and Economic Development as Floodplain manager Yes the Administrative Official/Floodplain, and Floodplain management is an auxiliary duty of this position or designee. Grant writers Yes City Grantwriter; Department Heads; Contracted Services Other Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes - 108 431 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 National Flood Insurance Program The City of Yakima participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)(CID #530311 D) and the last FIRM map for the area was issued on 10/21/21 (FEMA, 2022). The City of Yakima does not currently participate in the Community Rating System (CRS) program. Table 9-D describes floodplain management capabilities and NFIP program compliance for the City of Yakima. The City of Yakima Department of Community and Economic Development currently provides permit review of construction of structures within the floodplain through its Critical Area Ordinance and building codes, inspection of structures built within the FEMA 100- year floodplain, review of flood elevation certificates and retention, GIS mapping of FEMA Floodplain maps, and public outreach through funding of the Yakima County Flood Control District. Table 9-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities What department is responsible for floodplain management in Community and Economic you Jurisdiction? Development Are any certified floodplain managers on staff in your Yes jurisdiction? Does your jurisdiction have any outstanding NFIP compliance violations that need to be addressed? If so, please state what No they are. Do your flood hazard maps adequately address the flood risk Yes within your jurisdiction? 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E as E o k E % ) 0\ E E E 200 » L2 >- O > w2 >- ° 'o.\ $E . e a A 2 E 0 § k & u CO co g § .- ° § g � > a $- 9- � k \ k § k % k 4 a>- $ -0 I _ ; ■ 3 a E ' E c � E� � tlz,: `k @ o ag6o 2 -0 � 2 E iq I) § ._ e2 / '5 co 4 mz0 � 026 : m : 0 Z' 0 2 2 acca) © ° b i i J 2 2 o o § 7 % co 2 4gt -, 440 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Appendix 9.1 . 2016 and 2017 Flooding — An Historic Perspective This appendix summarizes two significant flood events during the HMP analysis period (2015- 2021), as well as associated costs for the City of Yakima. 2016 Flood Event The February 15, 2016, flood was caused by a persistent late-season snowpack in the lower elevation portions of the Cowiche Creek watershed (from 1500 feet to 3500 feet), coupled with a pronounced, multi-day warm-up event. Low temperatures overnight at the WSU Ag Station near the town of Cowiche went from generally near or below freezing before February 14th to over 43 °F on the night of February 14th. Daytime peak temperatures went from the low 40's on February 13th to nearly 60 °F on the afternoon of February 15th. From 10pm on the 14th, to 10pm on the 15th, the temperature did not drop below 50 °F. Flows peaked at around 12:15pm at the Ecology gage and around 4:45pm at the Bureau of Reclamation gage on Powerhouse Road. The peak stage recorded at the Ecology gage was 9.14 ft. The peak stage recorded at the BOR gage was 6.94 ft. The rating curve for the Ecology gage ends around 7.2 feet, but extrapolation of the rating curve suggests a peak flow of approximately 1,200 cubic feet per second. Snow Water Equivalent (SWE)records at the Green Lake SNOTEL site indicate that very little snowmelt-related runoff occurred at the higher elevations of the watershed. No significant precipitation occurred with this flood event. Flood flows overtopped the east-west berm between Powerhouse Road and Highway 12. This overflow volume accumulated behind the north-south berm until it burst(the break caused a 25 foot, full-height opening in the 10-foothigh structure). There was some damage to the east-west berm from piping and overtopping as well as to the City's concrete irrigation reservoir due to the overflow heights and duration. This dam-break event(and continued overflow from the rising Creek)sent water through the adjoining orchard, along the south side of Highway 12, through the northern end of the Riverview Manor mobile home park, and then east on along the south side of the Highway 12 offramp. Flows temporarily went northwards under Highway 12 to the Naches River via the Fruitvale canal (running backward). By early evening the peaking floodwaters had overwhelmed the canal and had reached the Fruitvale Blvd and 40th Avenue interchange. The intersection was shut-down to traffic. Floodwaters continued causing damage along the south side of Fruitvale Blvd as far eastward as Revolution Cycles and to a number of businesses along the primary overflow path between Fruitvale Blvd and Myron Lake. Flows receded overnight. By early morning on the 16th, the intersection was largely re-opened and flows were fully contained by the creek banks. Post-flood debris was removed from the upstream face of the Highway 12 bridge and also from the channel and channel bank just upstream. 2017 Flood Event The March 14-16, 2017, flood event on Cowiche Creek occurred with peak flows observed on both the evening of March 14th (approximately 1,200 cfs)and again the evening of March 15th/morning of March 16th (approximately 1,100 cfs). The event was largely caused by the rapid melt of a persistent(late-season), low-elevation snowpack, plus a moderate rain on snow event at the upper elevations. This yielded a more sustained high-water event, with a significantly larger total runoff volume than the 2016 event, with a bimodal or`double-peak' hydrograph occurring over two days. Overnight low temperatures at the Green Lake SNOTEL Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes - 118 441 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 site went from around 20°F on March 7th to above freezing on the evenings of March 13th and March 14th. Daytime temperatures at the Green Lake SNOTEL site went from below freezing on the 7th, to nearly 50°F on the 13th. Approximately 0.6 inches or rain was recorded at the site on March 14th. The recorded Snow Water Equivalent(SWE) dropped nearly 2 inches from March 14th to March 17th. Conditions were even warmer in the lower portion of the watershed. At the WSU Ag Station near Cowiche, the average temperature went from 31°F on March 7th, to 50°F on March 15th. Peak temperatures on the 15th reached 62°F. In 2017, flood flows overwhelmed the south bank of the creek between Powerhouse Rd and US Highway 12, breached the east-west and north-south berms and flowed eastward toward the City of Yakima along the southern side of the highway. Flows did not pass over/through the City's irrigation reservoir as was observed in 2016, but breached the south bank of the creek approximately 230 feet upstream, immediately upstream of a significant woody debris jam. The initial breach occurred on the morning of the 15th and continued until City crews were able to locate and remove the debris jam on the 16th. The peak flow rate into town may have been as high as 300 cfs. The Fruitvale Canal (again) conveyed a portion of the flows back under Highway 12 and into the Naches River before it was overwhelmed allowing flood flows to head towards the 40th and Fruitvale intersection. The extended duration of the hydrograph and the breached berm resulted in larger runoff volumes reaching Myron Lake which overflowed into Willow Lake and then Aspen Lake. The higher water level in the lakes caused considerable street and structure flooding in the surrounding commercial and residential area. A portion of the overland flood flows eventually crossed 16th Avenue. Urban stormwater drainage systems and infiltration into the ground diminished overland flows and prevented further damages to the east. Summary of Flood Costs The 2017 floods were primarily a result of extremely heavy snow pack and rapid warm up experienced in the week leading up to March 10th which exacerbated the snow melt. Creeks and streams rechanneled when inundated. Between March 10th and 15th, three major creeks in the west and northwest of the City of Yakima overtopped their banks threatening residents and businesses within these impacted areas. In the ensuing days that followed, the City legislature's leadership and emergency management officials undertook an unprecedented effort to coordinate the response to, and recovery from major high water and flooding. The City coordinated in-depth assessments of the area's infrastructure; provided residents, businesses, and property owners with information and assistance; and provided controlled access to their properties. Much effort was expended restoring and stabilizing public infrastructure. At this time the city began collecting damage costs. The Washington State Emergency Management Division (WaEMD) required an assessment to begin the Public Assistance (PA}/Preliminary Damage Assessment(PDA)phase for the state's major disaster declaration. There was no assurance for declaration by FEMA. Hence, no opportunity for reimbursement. The WaEMD provided the city the following: 'Dated May 22nd, "we were unable to go forward with a request for a joint FEMA-State PDA as the reported damage assessment numbers were well short of the `state threshold' needed to qualify for a major disaster declaration". This Summary of Flood Costs, Table 9.1-A for the City and Table 9.1-B for the private sector, should provide city leadership, i.e., legislature and emergency officials, with an understanding of the costs that this flood event placed on the city. To be good stewards of city funds and ensure Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes- 119 442 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 effective and efficient operations, it is important that the city employ sound management practices and ensure the effectiveness of its own operations as it carries out its disaster management missions, including things like managing its workforce, and logistics systems to support disaster response and recovery; and ensuring the most appropriate distribution of city resources by controlling administrative costs and effectively managing the disaster declaration process. Table 9.1-A. City of Yakima Flood Costs Summary Cost Type Total Employee Time $136,046.76 Purchasing $256,605.87 Total $492,652.63 The levee failure at Cowiche Creek impacted residential properties at Riverside Manor Mobile Home Park and businesses along 40th and Fruitvale Blvd. The influx of water from Cowiche Creek flowed along 40th and Fruitvale Blvd; River Road from 34th to 16th Avenue; and Willow Lake and Lake Aspen areas. Numerous homes and businesses sustained damage. Table 9.1-B. Private Sector with Insured Losses Flood Costs Summary Cost Type Total Thirteen Businesses $458,039 Sixteen Residences $106,663 Total $564,702 Jurisdiction Annexes: City of Yakima Annexes - 120 443 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Annex 10. Town of Harrah The Town of Harrah is a small community in Yakima County, WA. As of the 2020 Census, the town's population was 585. The Town is located within the Yakama Indian Reservation and encompasses less than .25 square miles. The Town is governed by a Mayor and Town Council but has very limited staff. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Representatives of the Town of Harrah actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as members of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the Town of Harrah identified the hazards that affect the Town and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 10-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the Town of Harrah. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 10-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment—Town of Harrah Natural Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 Town of Harrah Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Agricultural Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake ;. Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood High Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Torrent/Erosion Medium Public Health Emergency 1.31 III, Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Weather High �Ils 11 Volcanic Eruption Wildfire --:_>1L Medium Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 Town of Harrah Hazards Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure Hazardous Materials Incident Medium Nuclear/Radiological Incident Terrorism Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Harrah Annexes - 121 444 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 The Town of Harrah has a lower risk of many hazards due to the small size of the community and distance from hazard risk areas, including landslides and wildfires. Additionally, Harrah has no land within the 100-year floodplain and is not located in any mapped dam inundation areas. Risk levels for other hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche:The Town of Harrah is located outside of the identified avalanche hazard area and is not located along one of the main transportation corridors that may be disrupted from a significant incident. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Harrah. The orchards surrounding Harrah are served through the Wapato Irrigation Project and are adequately served, reducing risk from drought. As an agricultural community, a severe drought still poses some risk to Harrah. • Earthquake: The seismic risk for Harrah is consistent with all of Yakima County. There are no active faults that run through Harrah and no record of historic earthquake damages. Most critical facilities in Harrah are built to modern seismic standards, including the wastewater treatment facility and school. The Harrah Town Hall is an older cinder block building and may be vulnerable to a severe incident, as well as the old school building. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Harrah. The Town has not experienced major impacts from extreme cold or heat events in recent years. • Flood: The Town of Harrah does not have any Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) in its jurisdiction. The Town may experience localized flooding due to failures of irrigation infrastructure, but past issues have been minimal. • Landslide: Harrah has low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. There is no history of landslides or other geologic hazards in Harrah, and the town is not located along one of the main transportation corridors that may be disrupted from a significant incident. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Harrah. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Harrah (including hail and wind events), but no specific damages within town limits. Harrah has seen some minor damages from wind, including downed trees and power disruptions. Some critical facilities have back-up power sources, including the wastewater treatment plant and well site. The Town has identified the need for improved redundancy in the water supply and is pursing construction of a second well site. The school serves as the emergency shelter, which has limited back-up power capabilities. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Harrah. Community members in Harrah are vulnerable to isolation during a significant winter storm, given the town's distance from other Yakima Valley communities and resources. Harrah has limited resources for plowing during heavy snow events, and relies on informal coordination with local residents and Yakima County Public Works to clear roads. With a sole Public Works Director, there is limited redundancy for critical infrastructure maintenance and services, including plowing and maintaining operations for water and wastewater service. Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Harrah Annexes - 122 445 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Harrah. Harrah may be slightly more vulnerable to ash fall as it is located further west and closer to Mt. Adams and other volcanoes. Harrah is not located within the Mt.Adams volcano hazard zone. • Wildfire: Harrah does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities but is more remote and therefore could be isolated due to a large wildfire incident. Agricultural workers may be more vulnerable to poor air quality. The Town proactively monitors fire hazards within the town limits. • Dam/Levee Failure: There are no dams or levees located in or around Harrah, and the town is not located within any inundation areas. • Hazardous Materials: Very few hazardous materials are transported through Harrah due to its distance from major transportation corridors. Hazardous materials may travel through the town via railway. There are no known fixed facilities of concern in Harrah. Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Harrah Annexes - 123 446 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities Table 10-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the Town of Harrah. Table 10-B.Town of Harrah Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority Building Code Harrah has adopted the International Building Code. Zoning Yes Harrah last adopted its zoning ordinance in 2001. Harrah has adopted the Yakima County Critical Areas Ordinance which includes procedures for protecting Hazard-specific Yes wetlands, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmentally sensitive lands. Subdivisions Yes Stormwater Yes Management The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Management Yes 36.70A) directs growth management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Harrah contracted with the Yakima Public Health County Sheriffs Office to support and Safety Yes public health and safety measures in town. Environmental Yes Protection Planning Documents Harrah last updated its comprehensive Comprehensive Yes plan in 2017, and another update was underway at the time of HMP development(2022). Environmental Yes Protection The Yakima Valley Conference of Transportation Yes Governments manages the Yakima Valley Metropolitan and Regional Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Harrah Annexes - 124 447 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 10-B.Town of Harrah Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. Response/Recovery Planning Comprehensive The Town of Harrah is a member of Emergency the Yakima Valley Emergency anagement Yes Management and Yakima County Man gement Emergency Services Council. Harrah is Pla party to the 2019 CEMP. Harrah is represented by Yakima Community County Fire District#5 within the Wildfire Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Protection Plan Yes Communities Coalition, which was (CWPP) revising the CWPP at the time of HMP development(2022). Continuity of The Town of Harrah does not have a Operations Plan Yes COOP or Continuity of Government (COOP) Plan in place currently. Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Harrah Annexes - 125 448 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities Harrah has limited full-time staff, including a Public Works Director and a Town Clerk, as well as a part-time Public Works Assistant. The Town has agreements with neighboring communities, Yakama Nation, Yakima County, and contracted service providers to supplement community services. These support relationships include a contract with Toppenish Public Works for redundancy, as well as an agreement with Union Gap for building inspections as needed. Hazard Mitigation administrative and technical capabilities are supported by the Mayor, Public Works, and contracted service providers. Harrah is located within the Yakama Indian Reservation, and partners closely with Yakama Nation for some services. The Yakima County Sheriff's Department coordinates with Yakama Nation police officers, and Harrah is subject to federal guidelines and services. Table 10-C. Town of Harrah Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with Yakima Valley Council of Governments; knowledge of land development Yes Contracted Services and land management Engineers or professionals trained in building or infrastructure Yes Contracted Services construction Planners or engineers with an Yes Contracted Services understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Available through Yakima County GIS Emergency manager Yes Available through Yakima Valley Emergency Management The Town of Harrah does not have any Floodplain manager No Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) in its jurisdiction. Grant writers Yes Contracted Services Other National Flood Insurance Program The Town of Harrah participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) (CID #530220)and has no special flood hazard area (FEMA, 2022). 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CO) c a) 0 2 a) " a) Cn - [t C0 a0) aE) E0 � 2 c y aEi � a0 � � = 0.alaC7 2 'fit c) ao N • N o 'm -0 y00 �' c 0 0 0 co Q 0 ..- a t .. 0..0 d as caO 0.0- c0i ._ Cl) o 0 U c 3 0 H N P P P a) as cca aa)) K 12 i i i c Q = 2 2 2 0 U_ 0 t..00 CEO c00o 'c a4t 454 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Annex 11. Town of Naches The Town of Naches is located in a valley at the foothills of the Cascade Mountains, 12 miles west of Yakima on U.S. Highway 12. The Town is a small residential community, with a population of 805 as of the 2020 Census. The town's roots are in agriculture and logging and a multitude of nearby outdoor recreational opportunities. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment A representative of the Town of Naches actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as member of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the Town of Naches identified the hazards that affect the city and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability, frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 11-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards that are unique to the Town of Naches. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 11-A. Hazard Identification aid Risk Assessment—Town of Neches Natural Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 Town of Neches Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Drought Medium Medium Earthquake Low Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood High Hi•h Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Torrent/Erosion Medium Medium Public Health Emergency High High Severe Winter Storm Huh Hi•h Volcanic Eruption Low Wildfire Hi•h High Technological and Human-caused 2022 Countywide 2022 Town of Neches Hazards Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure Hazardous Materials Incident Medium Nuclear/Radiological Incident Terrorism Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Naches Annexes - 132 455 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 The risk of a hazardous materials incident is slightly lower in Naches than the county as a whole, given its distance from major transportation corridors and relatively few fixed facilities. Risk levels for other hazards/threats are consistent with the county rankings. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche: Naches is located at the edge of an avalanche hazard area, according to 2013 Washington State mapping. Naches does not have a history of avalanches impacting the city, but avalanches can lead to closures of US-12 that can create disruptions for residents, businesses, and emergency services. Nearby Snoqualmie Pass(1-90) closes frequently to avalanches, leading to an increase in traffic on White Pass(US-12). Naches provides some emergency sheltering due to road closures on these mountain passes at the local school buildings. Naches cannot accommodate travelers or truck drivers if Snoqualmie Pass and White Pass are both closed, and most turn trucks around as there is no local holding or queuing area. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Naches. Orchards and other agricultural products make up a significant portion of Naches' local economy, which may be vulnerable to prolonged drought conditions. Naches is served by several well-established irrigation districts which limits residents and farms vulnerability to drought. • Earthquake: The seismic risk for Naches is consistent with all of Yakima County. There are no active faults that run through Naches and no record of historic earthquake damages. Most critical facilities are built to modern seismic standards, including a new fire station, upgraded wastewater treatment plant, and school buildings. Naches City Hall and existing well sites may be vulnerable to a significant earthquake. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Naches. The Town has not experienced any significant impacts from extreme temperatures in recent years. • Flood: Sections of Naches lie in the 100-year floodplain of the Naches River, most to the south of US-12. Naches regularly experiences winter and spring flooding from snowmelt run off and rain-on-snow events, including in 2017 and 2020. After significant county-wide flooding in 1996/1997, Naches has enhanced the dike infrastructure and reduced in-town flooding. Two critical facilities of concern that may experience flooding in a 100-year event are the existing wastewater treatment plant outflow and US-12 going east out of Naches into the county. • Landslide: Naches has low susceptibility and low incidence of landslides. However, located at the edge of the Yakima Valley, Naches is near mountainous areas and ridgelines. Naches is located just south of the 2009 Nile Valley Landslide, which blocked SR-410 and the Naches River. Naches can be significantly impacted by landslides on neighboring ridges that disrupt critical transportation corridors or alter waterways. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Naches. There is some historic record of severe storms in the areas surrounding Naches (including hail and wind events), but no specific damages within city limits. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Naches. Community members are vulnerable to isolation during a significant winter storm, given limited ingress/egress and the potential for road closures. Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Naches Annexes - 133 456 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 During heavy snow events in recent years, Naches has hired contractors to support snow removal and plowing operations, amounting to $30,000 in costs during one major storm in 2020. Naches relies on WSDOT to plow US-12 outside of town limits and maintain connectivity with the rest of the county. Naches-Tieton Road is frequently closed to poor weather conditions, disrupting commuter and industry traffic between Naches and Tieton. The Town may also be impacted by power outages. The fire station has back-up power through a generator, but the Town does not have portable generators and the schools (which also serve as emergency shelters)do not have back- up power. • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County, including Naches. Naches is not located within the Mt. Adams volcano hazard zone. • Wildfire: Naches does not have a higher wildfire hazard potential than other Yakima County communities, but there is a large history of fires burning immediately north of the city, including the 2020 Evans Canyon Fire. Both Evans Canyon and the 2018 Conrad Fire reached within a few miles of the city and US-12. A fire closing the highway could significantly isolate the town. Community members are most impacted by poor air quality and smoke from nearby wildfires, and the school buildings often serve as shelter for fire suppression teams. • Dam/Levee Failure: Naches is in the inundation area of the Tieton and Bumping Lake dams. Both dams are operated by the U.S. Bureau of Land Reclamation. Both are considered High Hazard Potential dams, with a class rating of 1A by the Washington Department of Ecology, indicating more than 300 lives are at risk due to failure. • Hazardous Materials: Naches is at risk from hazardous materials traveling along US- 12. There are some fixed facilities in town, including fuel storage, but Naches does not have a recent history of hazardous materials incidents. Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Naches Annexes- 134 457 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities Naches last adopted its municipal code in December 2021. Table 11-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the Town of Naches. Table 11-B.Town of Naches Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authori Run Authori Codes and Ordinances Title 15 of the Naches Municipal Code Building Code Yes establishes building and construction codes and regulations. Zoning Yes Title 17 of the Naches Municipal Code establishes the local zoning ordinance. Title 15 of the Naches Municipal Code Hazard-specific Yes includes regulations to reduce flood hazards and prevent flood-related damage. Title 16 of the Naches Municipal Code Subdivisions Yes establishes the local subdivision ordinance. Stormwater Naches adopted the Eastern Management Yes Washington Stormwater regulations. The Washington State Growth Growth Management Act(RCW Chapter Yes 36.70A) directs growth management Management and comprehensive planning for Washington cities and counties. Public Health Title 8 of the Naches Municipal Code and Safety Yes establishes local health and safety standards and authorities. Naches adopted the Yakima County Critical Areas Ordinance which Environmental includes procedures for protecting Protection Yes wetlands, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmentally sensitive lands. In. Docu #, Comprehensive Yes The City of Naches last updated its Comprehensive Plan in 2017. Environmental Yes Protection Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Naches Annexes - 135 458 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 11-B.Town of Naches Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Local County Other Comments Authority Run Authority The Yakima Valley Conference of Governments manages the Yakima Transportation Yes Valley Metropolitan and Regional Transportation Plan, last updated in 2020. Response/Recovery Planning Naches is a member of the Yakima Comprehensive Emergency Valley Emergency Management and anagement Yes Yakima County Emergency Services Man (CEMP) Council. The city is a party to the 2019 PlCEMP. Community Naches is represented within the Wildfire Yakima Valley Fire Adapted Protection Plan Yes Communities Coalition, which was (CWPP) revising the CWPP at the time of HMP development(2022). Continuity of Naches does not have a COOP or Operations Plan Yes Continuity of Government Plan in place (COOP) currently. Jurisdiction Annexes: Town of Naches Annexes - 136 459 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities Naches has a small municipal structure, including administration, community development, public works, and local utilities. Fire (Yakima County Fire District#3) and police (YSO)service are both provided through contracts. Hazard mitigation administrative and technical capabilities are primarily supported by the City Administrator, Public Works Director, and through contracted services and support from the Yakima Valley Council of Governments and Yakima County departments. Table 11-C.Town of Naches Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with knowledge of land development Yes City Administrator; Contracted Services and land management Engineers or professionals trained in building or infrastructure Yes Contracted Services construction Planners or engineers with an Yes Contracted Services understanding of natural hazards Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Yes Yakima County GIS Emergency manager No Supported through Yakima Valley Emergency Management Floodplain manager Yes City Administrator Grant writers Yes City Administrator; Contracted Services Other National Flood Insurance Program The Town of Naches participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)(CID #530223) and the last FIRM map for the area was issued on 11/18/2009 (FEMA, 2022). Naches does not currently participate in the Community Rating System (CRS) program. Table 11-D describes floodplain management capabilities and NFIP program compliance for Naches. Table 11-D. National Flood Insurance Program Compliance and Capabilities What department is responsible for floodplain management in your City Administrator jurisdiction? Are any certified floodplain managers on staff in your jurisdiction? No Does your jurisdiction have any outstanding NFIP compliance violations that need to be addressed? If so, please state what they No are. Do your flood hazard maps adequately address the flood risk Yes within your jurisdiction? (If no, please state why) Does your floodplain management staff need any assistance or training to support its floodplain management program? If so, what No type of assistance/training is needed? Does your jurisdiction participate in the Community Rating System (CRS)? If so, is your jurisdiction seeking to improve its CRS No Classification? If not, is your jurisdiction interested in joining the CRS program? 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CO a) d 3 _ co y L c > O 0 c C g c a a�i Q-'� U c ° •E O To E c .c ° 0)— co m W V c u) 0 ,..c u) c N 0 o w co .c ._0 5 E E -5 u) 4 -0 > as , c � , Z }, CO pN 0 -' 0C9 b E a .CtS g O y 0 d . c� O C c O c u) a) �' as oaf � OcU2a " m ^ ca o L c a � a) c a) a ¢ c�,d 't c D 0 p c y � 2 as c 06 g 'p U Z 0 •c 7 D u) E V a0 CO o p_ O O p 4 aan d co a) 2O acs0 0UV c 3 0 H N -2 -2 a) Co CO K 'O i iI A C 3 3 aC _ 2 2 O U_ 5 _ N o O 4gt 465 co st 0 X N 0 O C N C a C 40 a C 0 40 0I P 2 a ro N 0 W C 0 O a 0 .` 7 47, C 0 0 as E . as N N t 0 Co Z .4- C 3 0 H C,) K Co C C Q C 0 U_ co -L m 466 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Annex 12. Yakima County Fire Districts Twelve (12)fire districts and 14 cities provide fire and life safety services in Yakima County. Four of these cities contract with the fire district that surrounds their city to meet this responsibility. Each of the entities operates independently under policy direction from either their City Council or a Commission in the case of districts. Table 12-A summarizes the fire districts and fire departments that participated in the HMP Update. Fire districts are governed by a board of nonpartisan, elected commissioners. Each board manages the affairs of the fire protection district, including maintenance and preservation of facilities and systems. Commissioners ensure that the district operates within statutory requirements and establish policies under which the district operates. Each board selects their respective fire chief and delegates authority to manage day-to-day operations of the fire district. Table 12-A. Summary of Participating Yakima County Fire Districts& Departments District Name Service Area Fire District#1 Cowiche and City of Tieton Highland Fire Department Fire District#2 City of Selah and Yakima County Fire Protection District#2; Selah Fire Department approximately 65 square miles Fire District#4 Terrace Heights, Moxee, and the area east of the Yakima East Valley Fire Department River; approximately 125 square miles Fire District#6 Gleed and Yakima County Fire Protection #6; approximately Gleed Fire Department 12 square miles Fire District#10 City of Yakima and City of Union Gap- Yakima Fire Fire District#11 Department is included in the City of Yakima's Annex. Yakima Fire Department Fire District#12 Rural area west of the City of Yakima, including Harwood, West Valley Fire Department Tampico, Wiley City, and Ahtanum; approximately 90 square miles Grandview Fire Department City of Grandview- Grandview Fire Department is including in the City of Grandview's Annex. Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County Fire Districts Annexes- 144 467 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 12022 Figure 12-A illustrates the Yakima County Fire Districts. For the purposes of this plan update, fire departments are considered a part of their respective cities, whereas fire districts are distinct entities with their own governing bodies. Figure 12-A.Yakima County Fire Districts \�J-6p E Washington State , Yakima Courtin 1 i`1 if_ I-90 Sources EBCO. N HERE i G armi min,HERE, .. • `1. .5 L Gleed-: Sela � CP f Yakimal, I r �-- — Union Gap. Moxee J. i,. 1i Yakima County - - --------m_ - ° Fire Districts -- * OCounty Boundary f 7 Harrah, Wapato Zillah r.-=:Munici alines - �.. '-92 Granger ICI' P 1 r Toppenish ' Sunnyside —Interstate '' —Major Road - Grandview• Fire Districts u" I- ! � orir ---ca, Fire District#1 Fire District#2 Fire District#3 it Fire District#5 Fire District#6 Fire District#7 Fire District#9 Ij Fire District#11 0 4.75 ss is zas le Fire Fire District#12 ---: — i Miles Fire District#14 a"` S41, a' 'c ,erar4c at ;c0. ,en -©.794 ' nit,SR IJAGTC,tatnitSgpt RIGOR ihrHitutiir9°°Glic chg silt Ris ir1Bsty' Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County Fire Districts Annexes - 145 468 y -6ac II cc, o — o N E E E N c 4 3 3 2 2 2 0 000cO 0 Ja I`' a a 0A WI N a) L la- N .Q — 2 co .z c 2 m E vi c NL O ram.. 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J Cl) cc, ca c o Z O o U s 3 0 D U a 2 C a O 2 0 U_ L cA 0 a) 0 9 3 c 07 E y C cc, L cc, O U '` -o co o .0 0I) .0 N 3 V o O o N N o 41 N cc, o O 0 L �. C 0 o C O c > > U �_ Z Q E NZZ03 t �4 a) o o N N Z ❑ LU W LL J cn cn > 5 OP U ❑ 2 Z d 2Ce E a 469 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Fire district risks are generally consistent with the cities and unincorporated county areas they serve. While fire districts play an important role in all-hazards response, for the purpose of hazard mitigation, they are primarily concerned with hazardous materials incidents and wildfires. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities most relevant to the FCZD are described below. Hazardous Materials: For the fire districts' purpose, hazardous materials are a main hazard of concern and one for which the districts have key responsibilities. More information about how hazardous materials impact Yakima County is provided in Section 3.19. City of Yakima is currently a part of a tri-county South Central Special Operations Hazardous Materials Response Team. Ongoing changes to the response team have illustrated a need for a locally organized hazardous materials response team to increase the availability of mitigation and response resources. The Yakima Fire Department(District#10/#11)has nine hazardous materials technicians and would lead any re-organization of hazardous materials response for Yakima County. Washington State Patrol lead incident response of all hazardous materials incidents, unless they have a prior agreement with a city/fire district to lead their own response(RCW 70.136). Wildfire: For the fire districts' purpose, wildfire is a main hazard of concern and one for which the districts have key responsibilities. More information about how wildfire impacts Yakima County is provided in Section 3.16. Residential development continues to occur in the wildland- urban interface where limited access, lack of a central water supply with fire hydrants, and longer response times elevate the risk associated with a wildfire event. Development in wildland-urban interface areas is regulated through the building code and land use planning policies of the jurisdiction in which the development is located. Fire districts require additional personnel and volunteers that are trained in wildland firefighting and wildland mitigation measures. The Yakima County Community Wildfire Protection Plan provides much more detail as Annex 14 to this HMP. Other hazard areas and vulnerabilities are described below. • Avalanche: Fire districts may be impacted by avalanche hazards if major roadways or water systems are blocked, limiting services. Emergency medical services may also be required to respond to severe avalanches that threaten life safety. For the most part, the avalanche hazard poses a risk to the mountainous areas of Yakima County, which are served by state and federal fire agencies. Nile-Cliffdell Fire Department responds to emergency calls on Highway 410 and Naches Fire Department responds to calls on Highway 12, which are both vulnerable to avalanches. Neither department is included in the 2022 HMP. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County. Fire districts may be vulnerable to drought given restricted water supply for firefighting and secondary wildfire hazards. • Earthquake: Seismic risk is consistent across all of Yakima County. Some fire stations may be vulnerable to a significant earthquake event, including Station 2 (Fire District#5) and Station 62 (Fire District#6). There has not been an analysis of seismic improvement needs for fire districts across the county. • Extreme Temperatures: Extreme temperatures can impact the entirety of Yakima County. Fire districts may play a role in supporting vulnerable community members impacted by extreme temperatures. Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County Fire Districts Annexes - 147 470 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 • Flood: Several fire districts have buildings located in the 100-year floodplain. Selah Fire Department(District#2) reported potential access issues due to flooding, and Yakima Fire Department(District#10/11) and Gleed Fire Department(District#6) experienced disruptions to critical emergency operations during the 2016/2017 flooding, including blocked roadways, damaged fuel and power infrastructure, and a lack of accessibility to stations and vulnerable community members. • Landslide: Fire districts may be impacted by landslides and other geologic hazards if major roadways or waterways are blocked, limiting services. Emergency medical services may also be required to respond to landslides that threaten life safety. For the most part, the landslide hazard poses a risk to the mountainous areas of Yakima County, which are served by state and federal fire agencies. • Severe Weather: Severe weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County. Many of the fire stations do not have adequate back-up power, including three stations in District #12 and several in District#2. Fire districts have been challenged to secure generators given delays in grant programs, supply chain disruptions, and the impacts of COVID-19. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County. Community members are vulnerable to isolation during a significant winter storm, given their distance from other Yakima Valley communities and resources. During the 1996/1997 winter storm, several buildings storing hazardous materials collapsed in District#12. Additionally, District#12 has two buildings vulnerable to heavy snow and spring flooding, in addition to those without back-up power noted above. • Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic hazards, specifically ash fall, can impact the entirety of Yakima County. • Cyber Threat/Attack: Cyber threats are of growing concern for all local government agencies but can be particularly catastrophic for emergency services. Any disruption to dispatch or public safety communications infrastructure could significantly impact the effectiveness of public safety response. All the Fire Districts are vulnerable to cyber threats and have not conducted adequate vulnerability assessments to their critical technology and communications. • Dam/Levee Failure: Several of the fire districts are located within dam inundation areas. The Bumping, Keechelus, Roza, Tieton, and Cle Elum dams are operated by the U.S. Bureau of Land Reclamation, and districts/departments within their inundation areas include Fire District#5, Yakima Fire Department(District#10/11), Selah Fire Department (District#2), and Gleed Fire Department(District#6). All four dams are considered High Hazard Potential dams, with a class rating of 1A by the Washington Department of Ecology, indicating more than 300 lives are at risk due to failure. Fire District#1 is located in the inundation area of the French Canyon Dam on the North Fork of the Cowiche, which is operated by the Yakima-Tieton Irrigation District. This is High Hazard Potential dam, inspected on an annual basis and with an Emergency Action Plan in place. The Washington Department of Ecology classifies this dam as a 1 B, which indicates 31 to 300 lives at risk due to failure. Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County Fire Districts Annexes - 148 471 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Vulnerability Assessment The intent of this section is to assess the vulnerability of the fire district facilities separate from that of the planning area, which has already been assessed in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment). Fire stations are included in the critical facilities exposure analysis. City fire department assets are considered as a part of their respective jurisdiction annexes. Table 12-C. Critical Assets and Facilities—Selah Fire Department/Fire District#2 Critical Asset Estimated Value Type 1 Engines(6) $4.25 million Type 6 Engines(6) $1.5 million Type 1 Emergency Medical Services Transport(1) $200,000 _Type 2 Water Tender(3) $600,000 Aerial Fire Apparatus (1) $1.75 million Air Support/Rehab Truck(1) $250,000 Utility Truck(1) $75,000 Utility Terrain Vehicle (1) $30,000 Command Vehicles (3) $275,000 Critical Facilities Estimated Value 21 -206 W. Fremont Ave $5 million 22— 1830 Harrison Rd $2.5 million 24—4251 N. Wenas Rd $1.5 million 26— 121 Fink Rd $1.5 million Total Assets $19,430,000 Table 12-D. Critical Assets and Facilities— Fire District#4 Critical Asset Estimated Value Type 1 Engines(4) $2.8 million Type 6 Engines(5) $1.25 million Type 2 Water Tenders (2) $300,000 Air Support/Rehab Truck(1) $200,000 Utility Truck(1) $80,000 Command Vehicles (3) $250,000 Critical Facilities Estimated Value Station 40 -2003 Beaudry Road, Moxee $5 million Station 41 - 104 Rivard Road, Moxee $1.2 million Station 42 -4007 Commonwealth Dr., Terrace Heights $3.5 million Total Assets $14,580,000 Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County Fire Districts Annexes - 149 472 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 12-E. Critical Assets and Facilities— Gleed Fire DepartmentlFire District#6 Critical Asset Estimated Value Type 1 Engines (2) $750,000 Type 6 Engines (2) . $270,000 Type 1 Emergency Medical Services Transport(1) $175,000 Type 2 Water Tender(2) $576,000 Command Vehicles (2) $105,000 Critical Facilities Estimated Value 61 — 80 North Gleed Rd. $1.6 million _ 62— 320 Old Naches Hwy. $650,000 Total Assets 4,126,000 Table 12-F. Critical Assets and Facilities— Fire District#12 Critical Asset Estimated Value Type 1 Engines(6) $4.2 million Type 6 Engines(6) $1.5 million Type 1 Emergency Medical Services Transport(1) $225,000 Emergency Medical Services Non-transport(2) $130,000 Type 2 Water Tender(2) $600,000 Type 1 Pumper/Tender(1) $850,000 Type 2 Aerial Fire Apparatus (1) $250,000 Air Support Truck(1) $250,000 Firefighter On-Scene Rehab Support Bus (1) $150,000 Command Vehicles (5) $450,000 Critical Facilities Estimated Value 51- 10000 Zier Rd. $5 million 52 9102 Ahtanum Rd. (flat membrane roof) $1.5 million 53 14901 Tieton Drive (flat membrane roof) $1.5 million 54 11 North Fork Rd. $1.5 million Total Assets $18,055,000 Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County Fire Districts Annexes - 150 473 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Table 12-G provides a summary of the resources within each district. Table 12-G. Summary of District Resources Department Number of Number of Firefighters District Name Type Stations (Career,Volunteer, Paid per Call) Fire District#1 Volunteer 2 14 Highland Fire Department Fire District#2 Combination 4 60 Selah Fire Department Fire District#4 Combination 3 29 East Valley Fire Department Fire District#6 Combination 2 25 Gleed Fire Department Fire District#12 Combination 4 86 West Valley Fire Department Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County Fire Districts Annexes - 151 474 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Regulatory Capabilities The fire districts are governed under the policies and programs of Yakima County, while the structural fire departments are governed under the policies of their respective cities, including building codes and land use planning. Yakima County's regulatory capabilities are summarized in Section 5 (Implementation and Plan Integration), while each municipality's regulatory capabilities are described in their respective Annexes. Relevant codes and ordinances include: • 2018 International Fire Code • 2018 Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Code Relevant programs to advance mitigation projects include: • Wildfire Ready Neighbors:Wildfire Ready Neighbors is a program of the Washington Department of Natural Resources. It is a coalition of partners across six counties, including Yakima County. The program encourages defensible space and other protective actions by property owners and provides in-person home visits and forest health consultations. • Firewise USA: Yakima County and local fire districts encourage communities to participate in Firewise Communities USA. This program helps homeowners to reduce their wildfire risk by completing an assessment of their community and identifying opportunities to reduce risk. Relevant planning documents include: • Emergency Service Plans: Various emergency plans are relevant to the fire districts, including transportation plans and water supply plans. Emergency service plans are updated as needed. • Capital Improvement Plans (CIP): Each fire district has a CIP that is updated annually and often includes mitigation project implementation. • Strategic Plans: Each fire district updates its strategic plan annually, which includes a description of capabilities. • Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP): The CWPP is an in-depth risk assessment for the hazards of wildland fire in Yakima County. In tandem with the 2022 HMP Update, a Planning Committee, made up of Yakima Valley Office of Emergency Management, Yakima Fire Department, Senator Murray's Office, Yakima County Fire Marshal's Office, Yakima County Commissioners, Washington Department of Natural Resources, and other agencies updated the Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP)for Yakima County. The 2022 CWPP will be adopted by the Yakima County Commissioners as an Annex to the HMP. The CWPP identifies and prioritizes wildland- urban interface(WUI)areas within Yakima County(including state, county, federal and other lands)for hazardous fuels reduction treatments and recommends methods for achieving hazardous fuels reduction. • Mutual Aid Agreements: The fire districts and city departments participate in the Yakima County Mutual Aid Agreement to provide emergency response. Some departments also have automatic aid agreements. District#12 has automatic aid with District#1, District#6, and Yakima Fire Department(District#10/11). Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County Fire Districts Annexes - 152 475 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Administrative and Technical Capabilities The fire districts work with Yakima County and city departments of engineering, emergency management, and GIS on activities related to hazard mitigation and loss prevention. Table 12-H. Fire Districts Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with knowledge of land development Yes and land management Fire districts rely on Yakima County and Engineers or professionals trained their cities for planning services as needed, in building or infrastructure Yes as well as contracted services for planning construction and engineering projects Planners or engineers with an Yes understanding of natural hazards Surveyors No Personnel skilled or trained in GIS . Yes Yakima County GIS Many fire departments/districts are responsible for leading/co-leading Emergency manager Yes emergency management in their communities. They are supported by Yakima Valley Emergency Management. Floodplain manager No Yakima Valley Emergency Management Grant writers Yes employs a grantwriter who supports the fire districts. Other Fiscal Capabilities The fire protection districts are funded through property taxes. Fiscal mitigation capabilities are financial tools or resources that the fire protection districts could or already do use to help fund mitigation activities. 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V la t.. o0E -o '5ZV 'c ° � � -c E CQ N N a) C a >+ +.+ N " +�-+ C7I'Q u�� Co 'C N co Q, 0 •5 N_ Co N ate-. o p 'D V N .� C `a 2 us Z O ' a .0 C u) a) n 'S O o _ ,c .- , 0 C C ,3 o N i E N .O O Q C Co -O N v'° O f° - ta I.L as y+ a- ui N - CC Oao a) cCo ca) a�i � � °�) >-. _p E Co a o �' -° w a073 0.O `v�TO N 3 c 12 Co 13 C 0 — � C E o ° ai C >`000 a1 c o 0 4 w o E o a) o a co as ao � °c 0 as E ca -E m co x g m 'O 2 � I c 4. x 'S 2 o U_ 5 co v co co co 4gt 482 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Annex 13. Yakima County-wide Flood Control Zone District As a result of Yakima County being declared a federal disaster area seven times because of flooding, and the devastating flood events of 1995 and 1996, the Yakima County-wide Flood Control Zone District(FCZD)was established in 1998 as a special district to address flood management needs in Yakima County, as allowed by RCW 86.15. The FCZD is responsible for flood planning, flood proofing and elevation of structures, flood warning and emergency response, property acquisition, and identifying and implementing other flood-related mitigation projects and regulations in both unincorporated Yakima County and within municipalities. The District works under the direction of the Yakima County Board of County Commissioners (acting as the Board of Supervisors) and the County Engineer. FCZD maintains Comprehensive Flood Hazard Management Plans for the Upper Yakima River(2018), Naches River(2006), and Ahtanum-Wide Hollow (2012). The FCZD can implement projects within municipalities as well as in cooperation with agencies, individuals, and property owners. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Representatives of the FCZD actively participated in the 2022 HMP Update as members of the planning committee. In addition to the countywide risk assessment, the FCZD identified the hazards that affect the District and revised the risk assessment to reflect probability,frequency, and potential impacts, as summarized in Table 13-A below. In the context of the countywide planning area, there are no hazards unique to the FCZD. Information on past events for each hazard can be found in Section 3 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) in the base plan. Table 13-A. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment—Flood Control Zone District Natural Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 FCZD Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Agriculture Disease Outbreak Medium Medium Avalanche Low Drought Medium Medium Earthquake :.: Low Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Flood - ,1 High Landslide/Mudslide/Debris Torrent/Erosion Medium High Public Health Emergency Severe Weather Medium Medium Severe Winter Storm Volcanic Eruption Wildfire • Technological and Human Hazards 2022 Countywide 2022 FCZD Risk Ranking Risk Ranking Cyber Incident Medium Medium Dam and Levee Failure Hazardous Materials Incident Medium Medium Nuclear/Radiological Incident Terrorism Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County-wide Flood Control Zone District Annexes - 160 483 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 As a county-wide district, FCZD risks are generally consistent with the county rankings. Risk of landslides, erosion, and other geologic hazards is slightly higher for the District, given the potential for stream and river diversions and subsequent flooding. Specific hazard areas and vulnerabilities most relevant to the FCZD are described below. • Drought: Drought can impact the entirety of Yakima County. The county's irrigation diversions and surface water sources are most vulnerable to drought. There is a need for increased coordination and cooperation across the county to prepare for more frequent and longer duration drought events. The FCZD is an integral partner in the Yakima Basin Integrated Plan, which seeks to balance groundwater and surface water uses. There is a need across the county for more planning and technical studies and support for smaller jurisdictions to invest in resilient water sources. • Flood: Many of the FCZD's critical facilities are located within the 100-year floodplain. Flood risk is a priority concern to the District, and specific risks and vulnerabilities are further detailed in the Comprehensive Flood Hazard Management Plans. The highest flood levels have historically occurred between November through June. • Landslides: Historically, landslides in Yakima County have posed a risk to riverine systems, leading to blockages and resultant flooding. The Nile Valley Landslide disrupted the Nachos River and required millions of dollars in improvements, a process facilitated by the FCZD. Additionally, most FCZD critical facilities and properties are located in landslide hazard areas or would experience flooding if a waterway was blocked or disrupted. The FCZD also experiences significant operational impacts from landslides, requiring emergency response actions and implementation of recovery and mitigation projects. • Severe Winter Weather: Severe winter weather can impact the entirety of Yakima County. The FCZD is most concerned about flooding caused by ice jams or frozen creeks during extreme, long duration winter events. This unseasonable flooding is less predictable than seasonal snowmelt or riverine flooding. • Dam/Levee Failure: Many of the FCZD's critical facilities are located within dam inundation areas. A dam failure of any of the area's dams could create catastrophic flooding, river diversions, and significant damage to flood control infrastructure. Levee failures could create similar issues on a smaller, more localized scale. Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County-wide Flood Control Zone District Annexes - 161 484 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Capability Assessment Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use that could be used to implement the hazard mitigation strategy. Local capabilities may include regulatory tools such as plans and ordinances, administrative and technical expertise, or fiscal resources. Regulatory Capabilities The FCZD is governed under the policies and programs of Yakima County, including building codes, zoning ordinances, and land use planning. Table 13-B lists key indicators of legal and regulatory capability to implement mitigation projects that are specific to the FCZD. Table 13-B. FCZD Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Comments Codes and Ordinances Governance RCW 86.15 allows for the creation of Flood Control Zone Districts in Washington and details their authorities. FCZD supports cities in their National Flood Insurance Program Hazard-Specific (NFIP) compliance, as well as compliance with the Yakima County Critical Areas Ordinance and Shoreline Management Program, which most cities have adopted. The Yakima County Critical Areas Ordinance includes procedures for protecting wetlands, fish and wildlife habitat conservation Environmental areas, areas subject to certain hazards, and other environmentally Protection sensitive lands. FCZD also consults on Endangered Species Act compliance and environmental assessments/reviews as required b the National Environmental Polic Act NEPA . Plans Comprehensive Plan FCZD participates in comprehensive planning for Yakima County as well as individual cities/towns. The Yakima County-wide Flood Control Zone District manages Comprehensive Flood three CFHMPs—Upper Yakima River, Naches River, and Comerzard Management Ahtanum-Wide Hollow. These plans identify mitigation strategies Plans (CFHMP) and regulatory needs for flooding in Yakima County. The Lower Yakima River CFHMP will be initiated concurrent with flood map updates and consultation with the Yakama Nation. Each year, the FCZD updates a plan outlining Capital Capital Improvement Improvement Projects(CIP) in the District over the next six years. Plan Many priority CIPs are included in the countywide mitigation strategy. The annual plan includes the status of projects, roadblocks, and funding strategies. Continuity of Operations FCZD does not have a COOP in place at this time. Plan (COOP) FCZD provides technical and grantwriting expertise for flood Flood Insurance Study insurance studies on behalf of Yakima County. Yakima County is a Cooperating Technical Partner that works with FEMA to maintain up-to-date flood hazard maps and other flood hazard information. Other Engineering As needed, FCZD creates geotechnical, geomorphic, and Studies engineering studies and assessments for specific watersheds, planning areas, and infrastructure projects that affect water Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County-wide Flood Control Zone District Annexes - 162 485 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 13-B. FCZD Legal and Regulatory Capability Assessment Indicator Comments courses or floodplains. These studies inform mitigation projects and support the prioritization of structural improvements and other investments. FCZD also provides HAZUS analysis for priority mitigation projects. FCZD last updated its Flood Emergency Response Plan in October of 2021 and produces flood risk reports as needed. FCZD Emergency Response staff work closely with the National Weather Service, Yakima Plans Valley Emergency Management, Yakima County Roads, and the US Army Corps of Engineers on flood forecasting, observation and response measures. Benefit-Cost Analysis FCZD develops BCAs for specific mitigation projects as needed. (BCA) Administrative and Technical Capabilities The FCZD works closely with the Yakima County Engineer and other county departments, including Public Services(Planning and Building), County Roads, Emergency Management, and GIS to carry out its duties. The FCZD also works with municipalities and special purpose districts within the county to implement flood control improvement projects and identify mitigation project needs. Additionally, FCZD coordinates with state and federal agencies in the design and management of water related infrastructure such as bridges and irrigation diversions. FCZD is the qualified entity for many procedures required as a part of mitigation projects, including permitting (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wilidfe Service, SEPA/Shorelines, Washington State Department of Ecology, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, NFIP), HAZUS/GIS analysis, Benefit-Cost Analysis (FEMA), grant writing, engineering studies, and NEPA environmental reviews. Given the above, the FCZD strives to incorporate ecological, economical, and operational benefits into projects or plans that create a suite of comprehensive and integrated benefits for the community. FCZD is unique in its authority and capability to implement projects within municipalities and across the county, given these administrative and technical resources. Cities within Yakima County rely heavily on the FCZD for scoping and implementation of flood mitigation projects. FCZD also acts as a data repository for water-related information such as hydraulic models, topographic studies, flood permits and changes to flood maps, and distributes these materials to the public and local, state, and federal agencies as required or requested. Table 13-C. FCZD Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Planners or engineers with Staff expertise in code development and knowledge of land development Yes planning; authority lies with Yakima County and land management or municipalities Engineers or professionals trained in building or infrastructure Yes Staff expertise supplemented with contract construction services Planners or engineers with an Yes Staff expertise understanding of natural hazards Jurisdiction Annexes: Yakima County-wide Flood Control Zone District Annexes - 163 486 Yakima County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 Table 13-C. FCZD Administrative and Technical Capability Assessment Indicator Available Comments Surveyors Yes Contracted Services Personnel skilled or trained in GIS Staff expertise; supported by Yakima and HAZUS Yes County GIS FCZD Senior Manager is responsible for Emergency manager Yes emergency flood response; authority lies with Yakima Valley Emergency Management Water Resources Manager(Certified Floodplain manager Yes Floodplain Manager through American Society of Floodplain Managers) Grant writers Yes Staff expertise Other staff capabilities related to mitigation include riverine management, natural and Other Yes environmental resources, biologic/geomorphic resources, and disaster recovery Fiscal Capabilities The FCZD receives revenue through an assessed property tax levy at$0.10/$1,000 as well as grants from state and federal agencies. The tax levy covers existing staffing resources, who then work to access grant funding from state and federal programs to implement local projects. The tax levy also covers maintenance of flood control facilities and stewardship of FCZD owned properties, and typically covers studies, plans, grant matching funds, public education, administration, multi jurisdictional coordination and review of development proposals and code. FCZD also has an emergency fund for flood response and mitigation projects. The FCZD levy typically generates approximately$1.6M in funds. Through aggressive grant writing, comprehensive planning, and coordination, the FCZD has been successful in being awarded competitive state and federal flood risk reduction and floodplain restoration grants, averaging several million dollars each biennium over the past 10 years. This budget grows significantly during emergency response and recovery periods. For example, FCZD processed $17 million in response for response, recovery, and mitigation projects after the Nile Landslide. FCZD also owns property throughout Yakima County. 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